Mechanisms of variability and predictability of the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system

A conceptual model is proposed to explain the observed aperiodicity in the short term climate fluctuations of the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system. This is based on the evidence presented here that the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system sustains a low frequency inter-annual mode and a host of higher frequency intra-seasonal unstable modes. At long wavelengths, the low frequency mode is dominant while at short wavelengths, the high frequency modes are dominant resulting in the co-existence of a long wave low frequency mode with some short wave intra-seasonal modes in the tropical coupled system. It is argued that due to its long wavelength, the low frequency mode would behave like a linear oscillator while the higher frequency short wave modes would be nonlinear. The conceptual model envisages that an interaction between the low frequency linear oscillator and the high frequency nonlinear oscillations results in the observed aperiodicity of the tropical coupled system. This is illustrated by representing the higher frequency intra-seasonal oscillations by a nonlinear low order model which is then coupled to a linear oscillator with a periodicity of four years. The physical mechanism resulting in the aperiodicity in the low frequency oscillations and implications of these results on the predictability of the coupled system are discussed.     

Implementation of a hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model for fully coupled dynamic analysis of unsaturated soils and its validation using centrifuge test results

Prediction of unsaturated soil behavior during earthquake loading has received increasing attention in geotechnical engineering research and practice in recent years. Development of a fully coupled analysis procedure incorporating a coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model for dynamic analysis of unsaturated soils has, however, been limited. This paper presents the implementation of a coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model into a fully coupled dynamic analysis procedure and its validation using a centrifuge test. First, the fully coupled finite element equations governing the dynamic behavior of unsaturated soils with the solid skeleton displacement, pore water pressure, and pore air pressure as nodal unknowns are briefly presented. The closest point projection method is then utilized to implement the coupled hydromechanical elastoplastic constitutive model into the finite element equations. The constitutive model includes hysteresis in soil–water characteristic curves, cyclic elastoplasticity of the solid skeleton, and the coupling mechanisms between the SWCCs and the solid skeleton. Finally, the analysis procedure is validated using the results from a dynamic centrifuge test on an embankment constructed of compacted unsaturated silt subjected to base shaking. Reasonable comparisons between the predicted and measured accelerations, settlements, and deformed shapes are obtained.

     

岩体结构与岩体水力耦合计算模型

水力耦合作用是岩体中力学过程与渗流过程相互作用的物理过程。水力耦合机理的理解是水力耦合分析的关键问题,其耦合机理是由岩体结构特性决定的。在分析岩体水力耦合过程基础上,根据岩体的基本结构及代表性单元体（REV）是否存在提出了建立水力耦合模型的方法。当裂隙岩体中不存在代表性单元体（REV）时,提出了裂隙岩体多重介质流固耦合分析的全耦合数学模型,给出流固耦合模型数值方法求解的数学模型及有限元计算表达式。程序编制和验证工作正在进行中。     

Comparative analysis of some geomechanics problems using finite and infinite element methods

Four classical geomechanics problems involving semi-infinite linear elastic media have been solved numerically using recently developed mapped infinite elements coupled to finite elements.The effect of the remoteness of the truncated boundary and the location of infinite element coupling on solution accuracy has been studied. The results of conventional analyses using finite elements over a relatively large but restricted region are compared to the coupled analyses. Comparison of the results shows that for the same number of degrees of freedom the performance of the coupled solutions is superior to the conventional approach with respect to accuracy of solution and computational efficiency. Finally, some general guidelines are proposed for the efficient numerical solution of these types of problems using the coupled finite/infinite element approach.     

黏土岩温度-渗流-应力耦合特性试验与本构模型研究进展

高放废物处置库、垃圾填埋场等工程中常常涉及到温度场（T）、渗流场（H）和应力场（M）的耦合作用的问题。从试验和理论模型两个角度综述国内外黏土岩温度-渗流-应力耦合特性的研究进展,主要包括其传热特性、温度影响下的渗流特性、变形、强度、蠕变特性。在此基础上,重点分析了黏土岩水-热迁移模型以及热-力耦合本构模型的适应性。基于上述认识,通过试验研究了比利时Boom clay在温度作用下的强度、渗透性、蠕变性等特征。结果表明：随着温度升高,Boom clay的强度有所降低,渗透性显著增强,蠕变速率明显加快。提出了适用于Boom clay的THM耦合弹塑性损伤模型,计算结果验证了模型能合理反映温度的影响。最后,探讨了黏土岩THM耦合机理研究的不足和今后的研究方向。     

弹塑性变形条件下围岩-支护相互作用全过程解析

围岩-支护作用机制是正确认识支护结构对围岩进行有效支护作用的基础理论问题。根据开挖面的空间效应及Hoek拟合方程计算了某工程实例的巷道顶板径向位移沿巷道纵向剖面方向分布的曲线,建立了围岩-支护耦合作用的力学模型,进而建立了描述巷道顶板径向位移与力学模型中的虚拟支护力的关系的数学模型。通过对数学、力学模型的解析与分析,研究了围岩-支护在其相互作用的全过程中的相互作用路径。在此基础上,对弹塑性变形阶段围岩-支护的相互作用原理给出了最新的认识。应用该研究成果,对某工程实例进行了支护作用效果的计算与分析研究。本文的研究成果实现了对围岩-支护耦合作用的全过程解耦,可以对围岩-支护的相互作用进行实时地预测或再现。     

渗流应力耦合分析在溪洛渡电站坝址区的应用

把裂隙岩体概化为等效连续介质,建立了统一的渗流－弹塑性应力全耦合控制议程。坝区耦合分析表明耦合和不耦合分析所得的坝区渗流场有一定差别,耦合分析的厂房地下洞室顶部的水压力值增大,且洞室壁面的出渗量也增大。考虑耦合作用的地下洞室群区域的渗探优化布置仍需进一步的研究。     

等效连续岩体流固耦合流变分析模型

位于地下水位线以下的岩体洞室围岩承受应力场与渗流场的耦合作用,而且其变形随时间的持续而发展。本文以岩体水力学和流变力学的基本理论为基础,研究建立了岩体应力场与渗流场耦合作用下的流变分析模型,导出了相应的流变有限元计算格式。所建立的两场耦合有限元流变分析模型,可用于对地下洞室和边坡工程等进行两场耦合流变条件下的长期稳定性分析。     

冻土水热力耦合研究现状及进展

开展冻土水热力三场耦合研究对解决寒区工程问题具有重要的理论指导意义。归纳了冻土水热力耦合的理论基础,认为目前的水分迁移驱动力假说仍然不能很好地解释水分迁移现象,分凝冰的形成机制及判据仍需进行深入的研究。分类和评价了常见的正冻土水热力耦合模型,发现流体动力学模型虽然能够很好地描述水热迁移现象,但未考虑非连续冰透镜体;而较复杂的刚冰模型虽然考虑了冻结缘内水热迁移耦合现象,但是参数众多;热力学模型从微观角度描述了冻土水热力并考虑孔隙吸力,但仍存在参数众多的问题。同时,对预融膜理论在冻土水热力耦合问题中的应用进行了分析和展望,认为可以借助预融膜理论对冻土水热力耦合中的能量、水分迁移驱动力以及迁移速率等进行描述。最后,基于冻土水热力三场耦合研究现状及存在的问题,提出了冻土水热力耦合研究的总体构想：研究与实际情况相符同时适用于稳态及非稳态的通用数学表达式,开展冻土物理学各个参数的动态变化研究,纳入非饱和土体在冻融过程中的水热力相互作用研究,实现水热力在真正意义上的耦合,同时,加强预融膜理论在大尺度、陆面过程以及水热边界等方面的应用研究。     

核废料处置概念库开挖及封闭后近场热-水-应力耦合数值分析

考虑了缓冲层中温度梯度水分扩散、水蒸汽扩散对水连续性及能量守恒的影响,进一步完善了饱和-非饱和介质中热-水-应力耦合现象的控制方程。应用缓冲材料的实验资料,对核废料处置概念库开挖及封闭后近场的热-水-应力耦合过程进行了数值模拟,以考察围岩中的位移、塑性区、主应力、孔隙水压力和温度的分布及变化。认为开挖是引起洞室围岩中的变形及应力重新分布的主要原因,但坑道封闭后的热-水-应力耦合过程对变形及应力状态也产生了明显的影响。     

A Lattice Spring Model for Coupled Fluid Flow and Deformation Problems in Geomechanics

A lattice spring model is developed for coupled fluid flow and deformation problems. The model has an underlying structure consisting of particles connected by springs for the solid and fluid bubbles, connected by fluid pipelines for fluid flow. Formulations of the model to describe the coupled fluid flow and deformation behavior of a solid are derived. A few examples of consolidation problems are presented and compared with analytical solutions with good agreement being obtained, which means that the lattice model developed in this study can correctly simulate the coupled fluid flow and deformation response of a solid.     

A micromechanical finite element model for linear and damage‐coupled viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt mixture

This study presents a finite element (FE) micromechanical modelling approach for the simulation of linear and damage‐coupled viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt mixture. Asphalt mixture is a composite material of graded aggregates bound with mastic (asphalt and fine aggregates). The microstructural model of asphalt mixture incorporates an equivalent lattice network structure whereby intergranular load transfer is simulated through an effective asphalt mastic zone. The finite element model integrates the ABAQUS user material subroutine with continuum elements for the effective asphalt mastic and rigid body elements for each aggregate. A unified approach is proposed using Schapery non‐linear viscoelastic model for the rate‐independent and rate‐dependent damage behaviour. A finite element incremental algorithm with a recursive relationship for three‐dimensional (3D) linear and damage‐coupled viscoelastic behaviour is developed. This algorithm is used in a 3D user‐defined material model for the asphalt mastic to predict global linear and damage‐coupled viscoelastic behaviour of asphalt mixture. For linear viscoelastic study, the creep stiffnesses of mastic and asphalt mixture at different temperatures are measured in laboratory. A regression‐fitting method is employed to calibrate generalized Maxwell models with Prony series and generate master stiffness curves for mastic and asphalt mixture. A computational model is developed with image analysis of sectioned surface of a test specimen. The viscoelastic prediction of mixture creep stiffness with the calibrated mastic material parameters is compared with mixture master stiffness curve over a reduced time period. In regard to damage‐coupled viscoelastic behaviour, cyclic loading responses of linear and rate‐independent damage‐coupled viscoelastic materials are compared. Effects of particular microstructure parameters on the rate‐independent damage‐coupled viscoelastic behaviour are also investigated with finite element simulations of asphalt numerical samples. Further study describes loading rate effects on the asphalt viscoelastic properties and rate‐dependent damage behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupled formulation and algorithms for the simulation of non‐planar three‐dimensional hydraulic fractures using the generalized finite element method

This paper presents a coupled hydro‐mechanical formulation for the simulation of non‐planar three‐dimensional hydraulic fractures. Deformation in the rock is modeled using linear elasticity, and the lubrication theory is adopted for the fluid flow in the fracture. The governing equations of the fluid flow and elasticity and the subsequent discretization are fully coupled. A Generalized/eXtended Finite Element Method (G/XFEM) is adopted for the discretization of the coupled system of equations. A Newton–Raphson method is used to solve the resulting system of nonlinear equations. A discretization strategy for the fluid flow problem on non‐planar three‐dimensional surfaces and a computationally efficient strategy for handling time integration combined with mesh adaptivity are also presented. Several three‐dimensional numerical verification examples are solved. The examples illustrate the generality and accuracy of the proposed coupled formulation and discretization strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Inclusion of Some Biological Impacts and Influences in Coupled Transport Phenomena in Unsaturated Soil

This paper presents a first attempt at the inclusion of some biological impacts and influences in the authors’ continued research on coupled transport phenomena through unsaturated porous media. The work presented here forms an extension to an existing coupled Thermo-Hydraulic-Chemical–Mechanical Model (THCM) to include the biological aspects, as a first attempt towards a new THCMB framework. The biological model incorporates biodegradation kinetics of organic substrates and resultant effects in the inorganic geochemistry. In order to achieve this, the biological aspects of the model are coupled to an equilibrium geochemical model following a two-step partial equilibrium approach. Additionally, of concern in contaminant/pollutant transport studies, including the biological aspects, is the effect on human health. This paper therefore also presents some aspects of a health impact analysis model adopted in this study.     

斜坡降雨入渗在Flac中模拟

为了简化分析,在模拟斜坡降雨入渗暂态渗流时,通常没有考虑入渗和产流的耦合过程,通过施加流量边界或零水头边界进行地下水渗流计算,通过在FALC中利用内嵌的fish语言,考虑地表径流和地下渗流的耦合以及雨向影响下斜坡降雨入渗过程,并通过算例分析了考虑和不考虑耦合、对斜坡孔隙水压力分布以及考虑各种雨向作用下对坡面积水深度的影响。     

爆炸荷载作用下深埋圆形隧洞的饱和黏弹性土-衬砌系统动力响应

假定土骨架服从标准线性固体黏弹性本构关系,研究了深埋圆形隧洞的饱和黏弹性土-弹性衬砌耦合系统在轴对称爆炸作用下的瞬态动力响应。首先,基于饱和土的Biot模型和衬砌的弹性理论,通过引入势函数和Laplace变换,利用弹性衬砌和饱和黏弹性土界面处的连续性条件以及边界条件,得到饱和黏弹性土体和弹性衬砌位移、应力和孔隙水压力等在Laplace变换域中的解析解。其次,利用Laplace数值Crump逆变换得到耦合系统在时间域的动力响应,数值分析了不同土体模型下土体-衬砌耦合系统的径向位移和环向应力以及土体孔隙水压力等。结果表明：对不同土体模型的土体-衬砌耦合系统,其在爆炸载荷作用下的动力响应性态基本一致,但动力响应的振动周期和幅值等具有明显的差异。同时,对于饱和黏弹性土-弹性衬砌系统,土体黏性参数对土体径向位移和孔隙水压力有明显的影响,但对土体环向应力影响较小。     

渗流-化学溶解耦合作用下岩石单裂隙渗透特性研究

为揭示在渗流-化学溶解耦合作用下单裂隙渗透特性的变化规律,建立了描述二维渗流-化学溶解耦合作用的偏微分方程组,并利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件成功地求解该方程组。首先,模拟了文献[1]中的盐岩渗流-溶解耦合渗流试验结果,数值模拟结果与试验结果较为吻合,验证了数学模型的正确性和有效性。然后,利用分形理论生成了一个粗糙的裂隙面数字模型,着重分析了二维石灰岩粗糙裂隙面在水流、矿物溶解和输运过程中其渗透特性的变化规律。数值分析显示,（1）溶质浓度对裂隙面的溶解具有非常重要的作用,从而水流进口端的溶解厚度比出口端大得多。（2）裂隙的整体渗透性在初始时刻增加较慢,随着裂隙开度的增大和贯通,溶解速度会逐渐增大,是一个加速的过程。     

深埋地下结构静动力耦合响应分析的边界条件设置方法

针对深埋地下结构的荷载环境特点,提出了深埋地下结构静动力耦合计算过程中边界条件的合理设置方法。该方法通过构建边界上的力系来平衡计算区域的初始地应力,然后将该力系设置成阶跃函数形式的动荷载作用于边界,并与后续的动荷载共同作用。研究表明,一次完整的地下结构静动力耦合分析过程,边界条件必须经过变换设置才能得到合理的计算结果。另外,只要计算软件具有黏性边界条件设置功能就能准确地完成地下结构静动力耦合响应分析。算例分析显示,该边界条件设置方法精度和效率高,简单适用。     

Predictive Modeling of the Evolution of Fault Structure: 3-D Modeling and Coupled Geomechanical/Flow Simulation

Reconstruction of geological structures has the potential to provide additional insight into the effect of the depositional history on the current-day geomechanical and hydro-geologic state. Accurate modeling of the reconstruction process is, however, complex, necessitating advanced procedures for the prediction of fault formation and evolution within fully coupled geomechanical, fluid flow and temperature fields. In this paper, a 3-D computational approach is presented that is able to forward model complex structural evolution with multiple intersecting faults that exhibit large relative movement within a coupled geomechanical/flow environment. The approach adopts the Lagrangian method, complemented by robust and efficient automated adaptive meshing techniques, an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on critical state concepts, and global energy dissipation regularized by inclusion of fracture energy in the equations governing state variable evolution. The proposed model is validated by comparison of 2-D plane strain and 3-D thin-slice predictions of a bench-scale experiment, and then applied to two conceptual coupled geomechanical/fluid flow field-scale benchmarks.     

A coupled two‐phase fluid flow and elastoplastic deformation model for unsaturated soils: theory,implementation, and application

Although numerous numerical models have been proposed for simulating the coupled hydromechanical behaviors in unsaturated soils, few studies satisfactorily reproduced the soil–water–air three‐phase coupling processes. Particularly, the impacts of deformation dependence of water retention curve, bonding stress, and gas flow on the coupled processes were less examined within a coupled soil–water–air model. Based on our newly developed constitutive models (Hu et al., 2013, 2014, 2015) in which the soil–water–air couplings have been appropriately captured, this study develops a computer code named F²Mus3D to investigate the coupled processes with a focus on the above impacts. In the numerical implementation, the generalized‐α time integration scheme was adopted to solve the equations, and a return‐mapping implicit stress integration scheme was used to update the state variables. The numerical model was verified by two well‐designed laboratory tests and was applied for modeling the coupled elastoplastic deformation and two‐phase fluid flow processes in a homogenous soil slope induced by rainfall infiltration. The simulation results demonstrated that the numerical model well reproduces the initiation of a sheared zone at the toe of the slope and its propagation toward the crest as the rain infiltration proceeds, which manifests a typical mechanism for rainfall‐induced shallow landslides. The simulated plastic strain and deformation would be remarkably underestimated when the bonding stress and/or the deformation‐dependent nature of hydraulic properties are ignored in the coupled model. But on the contrary, the negligence of gas flow in the slope soil results in an overestimation of the rainfall‐induced deformation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.