桂北及邻区碳酸盐型尾矿的酸中和能力及酸化潜力

对广西北部及其相邻地区金属硫化物矿山的碳酸盐型尾矿(即富含碳酸盐金属硫化物矿尾矿),采用X衍射分析、Sobek-ANC实验测试和Carb-ANC矿物计算法、NAG测试法,以及Sobek-ABA估算法等进行实验分析方法。研究结果表明:(1)的4种类型研究区碳酸盐型尾矿在(方解石型、白云石型、铁白云石型,以及方解石-白云石混合型)中,方解石型尾矿的酸中和能力ANC相对较小,一般400kgH2SO4/t;白云石型尾矿的ANC较大,一般400kgH2SO4/t[最高可达1000kg(H2SO4)/t],铁白云石型尾矿和方解石-白云石混合型尾矿的ANC则较小,接近于方解石型尾矿的ANC。(2)研究区碳酸盐型尾矿酸化的预测评价参数与阈值为:ANC400kgH2SO4/t,Sulfide-S(其值为总硫含量与硫酸盐硫含量的差值)3.0%,APR1.4,NAPP-50kgH2SO4/t。与欧美常用的硫化矿固废酸化阈值相比较,研究区酸化碳酸盐型尾矿(方解石型尾矿)的ANC值及Sul-fide-S含量分别显著高约40倍及10倍;尾矿的酸化势率APR略高(常用阈值APR1),而净酸生成势NAPP则明显偏低(常用阈值NAPP+20kgH2SO4/t)。该尾矿为富含碱性碳酸盐的硫化物矿尾矿,特别是富含方解石的高硫(Sulfide-S3%)尾矿,具有发生酸化污染的潜在危险。     

长白山天池火山全新世大喷发挥发性气体释放量的分析和估算

火山喷发是地球上一种壮观的自然景象 ,火山喷发的同时一般都喷出气体 ,火山爆炸式喷发时巨量的气体被喷入空中 ,对全球气候造成较大影响。长白山天池火山于全新世发生过两次较大的爆炸式喷发 ,根据本文的分析和估算 ,后一次即天池火山公元 1199～ 12 0 1年的那次大喷发 ,逃逸到空中的挥发气体含量分别为 :CO2 约 (0 .31～ 1.5 6 )× 10 8t,S(主要是 H2 S和 SO2 )约 1.96× 10 7t,F2 约 7.86× 10 6 t,Cl2 约 (0 .78～ 6 .2 4)× 10 7t,对全球气候曾产生过重要影响     

交换树脂—活性炭动态吸附极谱法测定矿石中的微量铂

矿石中微量铂经 71 7阴离子交换树脂 -活性炭动态吸附富集后 ,Pt的回收率在 95 %～ 1 0 3 %。以H2 SO4-NH4Cl-六次甲基四胺 -硫酸联氨为底液 ,极谱法测定。方法经GBW系列国家标准物质分析检验 ,结果与标准值相符 ,对w(Pt) =6.4× 1 0 -9的GBW 0 72 90国家标准物质测定 7次 ,RSD =7.1 %。方法适用于矿石中Pt含量在 1 0 -6～ 1 0 -9级的测定。     

辽河流域土壤碳密度分布特征和碳储量研究

基于辽河流域多目标地球化学调查取得的土壤表层和深层有机碳和全碳数据,探讨辽河流域土壤碳储量计算方法,分析辽河流域碳密度的分布特征.对辽河流域5.23×10⁴ km²土壤碳储量计算表明,深层（0~1.8 m）土壤碳储量为860.50×10⁶ t,中层（0~1.0 m）为538.30×10⁶ t,表层（0~0.2 m）为138.76×10⁶ t;辽河流域土壤深层碳密度为16.45×10³ t/km²,中层为10.28×10³ t/km²,表层为2.65×10³ t/km².分别根据土壤类型、地质单元、生态系统和土地利用类型的划分方式计算土壤的碳储量,为土壤碳循环研究与环境效应评价提供了科学依据.     

我国尾矿综合利用研究现状及建议

尾矿资源综合利用问题已受到世界各国的重视,其对策已由消极的废物处理转向物质再回收,尾矿资源化的发展趋势越来越清晰。但是,我国尾矿综合利用率和发达国家相比还存在较大的差距。大量的尾矿积存,对矿山周边地区环境、土地利用造成了严重的影响。开展典型尾矿资源综合利用技术研究和推广尾矿资源产业化利用技术研究与推广,不但可使原来资源枯竭或资源不足的矿山焕发青春,而且还能够重新成为新的资源基地,以开辟新的材料科技领域,推动科技进步,同时也可以解决环境污染、改善生态环境和整治国土,具有巨大社会、经济和环境效益。因此尾矿的综合利用要做到国家重視、立法保障、评价先行、技术支撑、全部利用,才能真正解决尾矿污染等问题。     

俄罗斯2002年石油资源开发状况

2002年1—10月俄罗斯共开采石油3.13406×108t,比上年同期增长8.8％,即2 547×104t,其中10月份的开采量为3362.8×104t,同比增加10.3％.俄罗斯最大的卢克石油公司头10个月的产量为6276.7×104t.其他公司的产量如下:尤科斯公司5701×104t,苏古尔特公司4 061×104t,秋明公司3 096×104t,西伯利亚公司2 156.9×104 t,鞑靼公司2050×104t. 2002年1—9月俄罗斯共出口石油1.386 7×104t,同比增长15％,即1 810×104t.石油出口收入为206.57亿美元,同比仅增加     

阿拉善地块南缘镁铁-超镁铁岩形成时代及地球化学特征

阿拉善地块南缘是镁铁超镁铁岩体的重要分布区 ,自北而南可分为北大山岩带、龙首山岩带和北海子岩带。北大山岩带以野芨里含长辉石橄榄岩侵入体为代表 ,Sm_Nd岩石矿物等时线年龄为 773.1± 10 .8Ma,εNd(t)=+0 .8～ +10 .8,ΣREE为 7.5 9× 10 -6～ 2 0 .34× 10 -6;龙首山岩带以金川二辉橄榄岩体和藏布台单辉橄榄岩为典型代表 ,Sm_Nd岩石矿物等时线年龄分别为 15 0 8± 31Ma和 15 11± 16 8Ma ,基本为同期幔源产物 ,金川岩体平均ΣREE为 3.33× 10 -6～ 115 .5 2× 10 -6,εNd(t) =- 1.9～ - 4 .3,藏布台εNd(t) =+2 .6～ +2 .9,差异显著 ;北海子岩带岩体分布有限 ,其中辉长岩体Sm_Nd岩石矿物等时线年龄为 14 4 0± 2 2 0Ma ,εNd(t) >0 ,ΣREE为 179.6 4× 10 -6～ 2 0 7.76× 10 -6。龙首山岩带和北海子岩带可能同为中元古代早期超地幔柱作用下地幔派生岩浆的产物 ,εNd(t)值的差异反映了各自岩体成岩过程的不同 ;野芨里岩体形成于新元古代 ,是亏损地幔的产物 ,与金川等岩体的形成环境和物质来源有显著不同。     

太湖水体氮、磷赋存量的逐月变化规律研究

基于中国科学院太湖湖泊生态系统研究站2005~2009年对太湖逐月叶绿素a、氮、磷各形态因子及水深的监测,结合太湖大浦水文站的逐日水位数据,估算出2005~2009年太湖的逐日水量,并运用泰森多边形法,估算出太湖水体总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、溶解性总氮（TDN）、溶解性总磷（TDP）、硝态氮（NO3）、铵态氮（NH4）、亚硝态氮（NO2）、反应性活性磷（PO₄）、颗粒态总氮（TPN）、颗粒态总磷（TPP）、浮游藻类叶绿素a（Chla）的逐月动态变化过程。结果表明:（1）太湖2005~2009年TN、TDN、NO₂、NO₃、NH₄、TP、TDP、PO₄、TPN、TPP、Chla的平均赋存量分别为1.36×104t、1.02×104t、0.02×104t、0.37×104t、0.25×104t、514.34 t、147.30 t、51.44 t、0.34×104t、367.04 t、7.92 t,不同月份、年际之间变化剧烈,变幅分别为106%、142%、657%、252%、233%、95%、196%、276%、236%、131%、276%;（2）2007年6月无锡贡湖水厂"饮用水危机"事件之后,截止到2009年12月,太湖水体各形态氮及总磷赋存量的下降趋势不明显,溶解性总磷、反应性活性磷的赋存量反而增高,反映出营养盐控制任务的艰巨性。本研究表明,对于年水量变幅巨大的大型湖泊,全湖水体营养盐赋存量在评估水体营养盐污染状况中是一个有价值的指标;对于太湖流域的污染控制效果,仅从浓度角度评价具有一定的缺陷,有必要从水体营养盐赋存量的变化规律上探讨其治理效果。     

黄土中碳酸盐含量变化及其古气候记录——以兰州红咀寺剖面为例

以兰州红咀寺剖面为例 ,以 2 cm的间隔采样 ,进行了碳酸盐含量的测定 ,获得数据 892个 ,与其它古气候指标 (磁化率、有机碳总量 )进行对比后揭示了该地区近 3 0× 10 3 a来气候变化的频率及突变事件。3 0× 10 3 a以来主要可以分为 4个阶段 :暖湿期(3 3× 10 3 ～ 40× 10 3 a B.P.)、凉偏干期 (3 0× 10 3 ～ 2 7× 10 3 a B.P.)、寒冷干燥期 (2 7× 10 3 ～ 10× 10 3 a B.P.)、暖湿期 (10× 10 3 ～ 3× 10 3 a B.P.) ,各阶段中气候快速变化明显     

苏北盆地浅层油气成藏特征与勘探前景

苏北盆地浅层 (上第三系 )油气显示极为活跃 ,近年来 ,通过油气遥感、浅层地震、化探、钻井等综合勘探、研究 ,探讨了浅层油气的成藏特征和控制因素 ,评价出苏北盆地浅层油气勘探的 6个浅层含油气区带。其中 ,许庄、江都—吴堡地区和泰兴—海安地区属于有利区带 ,也是近期浅层油气勘探的主要试验勘探区带 ,提交苏北盆地第一口以寻找浅层油气为主的探井———XQ1井。 2 0 0 3年 3月 ,该井发生了江苏油田有史以来的强烈井喷。浅层油气的成藏 ,具有多来源的油气 ,储层物性好、盖层条件理想 ,为油气的成藏形成良好的储盖组合。气藏类型以岩性圈闭和低幅度构造圈闭为主 ,油气层埋藏深度一般为 5 0 0m～ 1 0 0 0m ,一般为 80 0m左右。初步预测苏北盆地浅层油气资源量可达 397 4 4× 1 0 8m3 ～ 1 4 1 8 5 5× 1 0 8m3 ,其中 ,江都—吴堡区带的资源量为 1 77 5 4× 1 0 8m3 ～ 5 0 3 0 4× 1 0 8m3 ;泰兴—海安区带的资源量为 1 30 6 0× 1 0 8m3 ～ 6 0 4 6 1× 1 0 8m3 。     

四川拉拉铜矿尾矿中重金属资源和环境意义

尾矿中高含量重金属具有潜在的资源和环境意义。通过分析拉拉铜矿尾矿中的重金属含量及其赋存形式,讨论了尾矿中有价元素的回收利用可能性,并评价了尾矿中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,拉拉铜矿各期尾矿中仅Ⅲ期尾矿的铁、铜、钴具有综合利用价值;各期尾矿中多种重金属元素潜在的生态危害程度轻微,但是各期尾矿中汞的生态危害程度中等,Ⅲ期尾矿中铜的生态危害程度中等。因此,矿区不仅要注意各期尾矿汞对环境的潜在污染,同时也应注意Ⅲ期尾矿铜对环境污染的生态风险。     

Preliminary Discussion on Comprehensive Utilization of Tailings

Tailings produced in a concentration plant are the discharge of solid wastes after grinding ore into size and selecting useful components in the specific economic and technological condition. According to statistics, for the mining of metal ore, non-metallic ore, coal, clay, etc, the production of tailings of the world is up to 100 million tons per year. The number of existing tailing piles is 12718 in China, of which the construction ones are 1526, accounting for 12% of the total, and the closed tailing piles are 1024, accounting for 8%. As of 2007, the national total tailings accumulation is 8.046 billion tons. The non-ferrous metal mining is one of the largest discharge of solid wastes industries because of its low comprehensive recovery rate. For example, the beneficiation and recovery rate of non-ferrous metal mine is from 50% to 60% in China, which is lower 10% to 15% than developed countries, and the associated non-ferrous metal recovery rate is 40%, which is lower 20% than developed countries. On the utilization of duns, Poland is 90% to 100%, United States, Australia, France, Canada, Belgium and other countries followed, while China is only about 20%. The utilization of fly ash is to 100% in Japan and Denmark, France is 65%, UK is 55%, and China is just 45%. Quantities of waste rock, waste slag, and waste water have occupied land, destructed vegetation, deteriorated the soil and water quality, and caused land subsidence, landslides, mud-flow and other geological disasters. Therefore, the comprehensive utilization of resources is the right choice of mining sustainable development, environment protection, resource conservation, economic and social development.     

Heavy metals pollution of aquatic ecosystems in the vicinity of a recently closed underground lead-zinc mine (Basque Country, Spain)

A presentation is made of the study of an underground polymetallic sulphide mine and the pollution caused by this in the adjoining aquatic ecosystems. Troya Mine is in the Basque Cantabrian region (northern Spain). The annual production of the ore deposit of over 3.7 million tons of Pb (0.9%), Zn (11.2%) and Cu (0.2%) was 300,000 t. It was open and producing from 1986-1993. The mineralization was made up of pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite. Only the Zn and the Pb were mined. We studied the distribution and behaviour of the heavy metals Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr and Cd in the water column, dissolved and suspended fractions, and in the sediments of Estanda Stream and of Gezala Creek. Zn, Cd and Mn tend to be found in the water; Fe, Pb, Cu and Cr appear as an adsorbed fractionin the solid phases. Those of the second group are significantly linked to the fluvial sediments and present very high levels. The concentrations of the metals are conditioned by the waters from the mine galleries, by the leached waste, by the surface runoff, and by overflow from the spillway of the tailings pond. Our observations provide knowledge on the extent of the polluting power of the metals, the physico-chemical effects in play and the subsequent chances of recovering these highly affected environments.     

河北邯邢式铁矿尾矿地球化学特征

邯邢铁矿是中国重要的铁矿山之一,利用钻探方法对西石门铁矿后井尾矿56种元素进行地球化学评价,了解元素在尾矿库中的空间分布特征。研究表明,尾矿库中Fe、Cu、S、Co元素可进一步开采利用,局部可达到或超出原生矿的工业品位要求。后井尾矿中Fe、S、Cu、Co资源量分别是28.5×104t、4.5×104t、0.36×104t和0.2×104t,适合二次综合开发利用,同时研究中也探索了这些元素在尾矿沙中富集作用和富集机理及影响因素,旨在探索出一种利用地球化学评价尾矿的资源量勘查方法,加速实现中国尾矿资源化。     

硫多金属矿床开采对水环境的影响——以福建大田地区矿产开发为例

闽西大田地区矿床采选冶活动对水土生态环境系统造成了严重的破坏，矿区采选矿废水pH值、SO4^2-浓度远远超过水环境标准，选矿废水和接纳采选矿废水的河流水体中Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量大部分超过地面5类水标准，少部分超过4类水标准，矿区采选矿业废水是地表水金属污染的重要源头。矿业废水pH值与金属Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量具有明显的负相关关系，SO4^2-浓度与金属离子Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd浓度具有较一致的变化规律。提出整治硫多金属矿山环境污染，应坚持因地制宜、矿业资源开发与环境保护并重的方针，用石灰石碱性中和酸性废水，隔离覆盖尾矿矿堆，对废弃矿山植树种草进行生态修复，对效益低下的开采矿山退矿还林，对严重环境污染的矿山实行关闭，对新开矿山要进行科学规划开发。     

Mobility of arsenic and environmentally significant elements in mine tailings following liming

Remediation of a legacy tin-tailings site in northeast Tasmania, Australia was carried out by statutory authorities. This study evaluated the fate of As and other deleterious trace metals Cd, Cu, Fe and Zn (among others) following the application of lime and fertiliser. Arsenic concentrations in the tailings ranged from 86 mg/kg to 0.26 wt%. Surface application of lime resulted in a 100-fold reduction in dissolved As concentrations in on-site surface waters; from an average of 196 µg/L prior to lime addition, to between 2.0 and 7.4 µg/L post-amendment. The concentration of other deleterious elements, however, varied between dry and wet cycles. The concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn in surface waters were high and similar to pre-remediation levels during dry conditions (0.4, 13.5 and 6.1 mg/L, respectively), and only below freshwater ecosystem protection values during wet conditions. Bioaccumulation of Cd was observed in the naturally occurring coloniser, Juncus pallidus, with 4–5 times more Cd in the above-ground biomass relative to the tailings. Ferric arsenate (scorodite) was the dominant source of As identified in the tailings mineralogy. Hydrous ferric oxides and Fe-bearing cassiterite were also identified as hosting As. The pH increase in the surface lime-amended tailings was inferred to result in precipitation of observed hydrous ferric oxides, hematite and goethite, providing high-surface area for adsorption of arsenate onto positively charged surfaces. Jarosite was observed in both the surface lime-amended and subsurface non-amended tailings and suggests a continued supply of acidity to the pore waters despite the application of lime. Leaching experiments showed that As was more mobile in the lime-dosed tailings than in subsurface non-amended tailings, likely owing to desorption in alkaline pH conditions. By contrast, the mobility of Cd, Cu and Zn in the surface lime-amended tailings was reduced by at least two orders of magnitude compared with subsurface non-amended tailings. Evaluation of the applied rehabilitation strategy highlights the limits of a single chemical remediation approach to a polymetallic (including metalloids) waste with complex mineralogy and large seasonal fluctuations. Rehabilitation of metalliferous mine sites requires a complete understanding of all environmentally significant elements and their pathways into local receptors.     

Mine waste dumps and heavy metal pollution in abandoned mining district of Boccheggiano (Southern Tuscany, Italy)

 Mining activity in the Boccheggiano-Fontalcinaldo area (Southern Tuscany) dates back at least to the 16th century AD and lasted up to very recent times. Copper-rich hydrothermal veins, massive pyrite deposits, and their gossans were exploited. Two mine waste dumps (Fontalcinaldo, Fontebona), one flotation tailings impoundment (Gabellino), and one roasting/smelting waste dump (Merse-Ribudelli) in the study area were selected to ascertain the environmental effects of such protracted mining activity. Primary waste mineralogy is mainly characterized by pyrite, gypsum, quartz, carbonates, chlorites, and micas. Secondary oxidation mineralogy includes Fe and Cu sulfates and hydroxy sulfates, Cu carbonates, Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, and other phases [neogenic cassiterite at Fontalcinaldo; probable calkinsite, (Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃· 4H₂O, at Fontebona]. Mine waste samples show extremely variable contents of toxic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi, Cd, As), with average values in the order of hundreds to thousands of parts per million (except for Bi and Cd). In some samples, the abundance of proper minerals of these metals cannot account for the entire metal load. Conceivably, either solid solution substitutions or adsorption processes contribute to the intake of released metals into newly formed minerals. Release and transport of pollutants was affected to variable degrees by acid-neutralization processes. The highest metal and acid concentrations occur close to the investigated wastes and rapidly decrease moving downstream some hundreds of meters or less, with the partial exception for Mn and Fe. Other than dilution effects, this phenomenon may be ascribed to metal adsorption and precipitation of solid phases. Received: 16 April 1995 · Accepted: 14 December 1995     

金川镍矿尾矿砂中Ni和Cu赋存状态研究

金川镍矿浮选尾矿数量巨大,含有相当可观的有价金属,其中有价金属的回收受到越来越多的关注。金川老尾矿库尾矿砂中Ni和Cu赋存状态复杂,水溶性矿物态、可交换离子态、碳酸盐态、结晶度较差的Fe氧化物态、结晶度较好的Fe氧化物态、硫化物态和残渣态中都含有数量不等的有价金属Ni和Cu;尾矿砂风化作用释放的金属阳离子大多数在发生氧化的硫化物位置原位发生水解沉淀形成次生矿物,有价金属Ni和Cu在尾矿库中没有发生明显的富集。金川镍矿尾矿砂中Ni和Cu适于用化学酸溶浸出的方法进行二次回收。     

Hydrochemistry of superficial waters in the Adoria mine area (Northern Portugal): environmental implications

The purpose of this work is to characterize the hydrochemical behavior of acid mine drainages (AMD) and superficial waters from the Adoria mine area (Northern Portugal). Samples of superficial and mine drainage water were collected for one year, bi-monthly, with pH, temperature, Eh, conductivity and HCO₃ determined in situ with chemical analyses of SO₄, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cl, Ag, As, Bi, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd. In the mine, there are acidic waters, with low pH and significant concentrations of SO₄, and metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni), while in the superficial natural stream waters outside the mine, the pH is close to neutral, with low conductivity and lower metal concentrations. The stream waters inside the mine influence are intermediate in composition between AMD and natural stream waters outside the mine influence. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows a clear separation between AMD galleries and AMD tailings, with tailings having a greater level of contamination.     

The physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of three cemented layers within sulfide-bearing mine tailings

The oxidation and subsequent dissolution of sulfide minerals within mine tailings impoundments releases H⁺, Fe(II), SO₄ and trace elements to the tailings pore water. Subsequent pH-buffering and hydrolysis reactions result in the precipitation of secondary phases such as gypsum, goethite and jarosite. In areas of intense precipitation, cemented layers or “hardpans” often form within the shallow tailings. Three cemented layers within pyrrhotite-bearing mine tailings at the Fault Lake, Nickel Rim and East Mine impoundments located near Sudbury, Canada, were examined. The location of the three cemented layers within the tailings stratigraphy varies as does their location relative to the water table. The morphology, mineralogy and chemical composition of the cemented layers also vary between sites. The bulk density within the three cemented layers all showed an increase relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings ranging from 9% to 29%. The porosity of each cemented layer decreased relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings ranging from an 8% to 18% decrease. The cemented layers also showed relative enrichment of total sulfur, carbon and trace elements relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings. Arsenic concentrations showed an enrichment in the cemented layers of up to 132%, Cd up to 99%, Co up to 84%, Cu up to 144%, Ni up to 693% and Zn up to 145% relative to the surrounding uncemented tailings. All the cemented layers studied show an evolution of the secondary phases with time from a gypsum–jarosite-based cement to a goethite-rich cement. The formation of these layers could potentially have a significant effect on the environmental impacts of sulfide-bearing mine waste.