桑沟湾不同养殖区浮游植物群落时空变化特征

基于2009—2010年度6个双月航次的现场调查资料研究了桑沟湾海域不同养殖区浮游植物群落特征的空间差异和周年变化特征,与1983—1984,1989—1990,1999—2000和2003—2004年四个年度历史资料对比分析了桑沟湾浮游植物群落的长期变化趋势。研究表明,桑沟湾2009—2010年度网采浮游植物样品共鉴定93个种类,优势种主要为具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、派格棍形藻(Bacillaria paxillifera)、纺锤三趾藻(Tripos fusus)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)等种类,且优势种组成和丰度随季节而变化。海带养殖区的浮游植物物种数(站位年度平均为21种)最高,贝藻混养区(18种)居中,贝类养殖区(15种)最低。浮游植物细胞丰度和物种多样性分别呈现2月份最高和8月份最高单峰变化的整体规律,但不同月份各养殖区的特征不同。年际比较发现,1983—1984和1989—1990两年度浮游植物细胞丰度峰值出现在夏秋两季,而1999年至今的3个年度(1999—2000,2003—2004和2009—2010年)则呈现冬季浮游植物高丰度的特征,而浮游植物多样性指数整体水平大致逐年降低,周年规律可能存在双峰向单峰变化的趋势。养殖活动可通过改变浮游植物的摄食压力、营养盐循环、营养竞争等方式影响桑沟湾浮游植物群落时空特征。     

《海洋与湖沼》2011 年第5 期论文导读

胶州湾浮游动物群落长期变化基于胶州湾浮游动物长期观测资料,系统分析1977～2008年胶州湾浮游动物群落的长期变化特征。结果表明,近30年来胶州湾浮游动物生物量呈现明显的上升趋势。2000年之后胶州湾浮游动物平均生物量达到0.361 g/m3,浮游动物的季节变化规律已转变为2000年之后春季生物量和丰度最高,夏季次之的季节变化特征。     

河北省曹妃甸海域浮游动物群落长期变化特征

基于1959、1984、1990与2004年曹妃甸海域的历史调查资料,分析了曹妃甸海域浮游动物群落的长期变化特征。结果表明:曹妃甸海域浮游动物生物量和丰度整体上呈现增长的趋势,春季尤为显著。2004年春季生物量和丰度分别达到了1093.8 mg/m3和775.8 ind/m3,为1959年的4.75倍和5.15倍。浮游动物丰度的季节变化由1959年的夏季高于春季转变为2004年的春季高于夏季的趋势。曹妃甸北部和东北部海域春、夏两季浮游动物生物量和丰度均较高,尤其东北侧龙岛附近海域形成一个极高值区。浮游动物优势种季节变化明显,春季主要为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)与双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa);夏季以强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)为主。此外,水母类浮游动物在夏季明显增多。     

胶州湾半球美螅水母(Clytia hemisphaerica) 数量周年变动及对浮游动物摄食压力估算

利用2009、2010年胶州湾浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网的逐月调查资料,分析了半球美螅水母数量周年变动;并结合实验测定的摄食率,估算了其对胶州湾浮游动物的摄食压力。结果表明,2009、2010年半球美螅水母丰度,以及该种对浮游动物生物量摄食压力具有明显的季节性。2009年5、6月,2010年6月分别为该种的数量高峰期,成为胶州湾浮游动物优势种之一,丰度分别为34.5、41.3、45.3ind/m3,分别占当月水母总丰度的74.0%、95.2%、48.8%。其对浮游动物生物量日摄食压力分别为0—28.08%、0—74.99%、0—105.96%。2009年5、6月该种在湾口、湾外附近以及湾中心均出现了密集区;其中,6月份,D6站位半球美螅水母对浮游动物生物量的日摄食压力高达74.99%;2010年6月,该种在湾西附近出现了密集区,其中C1站位该种对浮游动物生物量日摄食压力高达105.96%;严重影响了胶州湾浮游动物的群落结构。2009、2010年其它月份该种丰度显著降低,对浮游动物的影响很小。     

滨海电厂温排水对临近海域浮游动物生态特征的影响研究

为评估滨海电厂温排水对浮游动物群落的影响,选取象山港国华电厂附近海域的10个站位,于2010、2011年春夏秋冬4个季节进行了环境因子调查及浮游动物采样。研究结果表明,国华电厂温排水提高了温度、盐度和电导率,降低了溶氧值;4个航次共计采集到浮游动物20种(含幼体),其中小拟哲水蚤、中华哲水蚤、腹针胸刺水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、短尾类溞状幼体等种类为优势种;电厂附近水域浮游动物丰度季节分布为冬季春季夏季秋季,而种类数量为春季秋季冬季夏季;温排水的增温效应不改变浮游动物的季节分布格局,但不同月份的优势种因其发生改变;冬季温排水会提高浮游动物种丰度,但降低了多样性,而夏季温排水降低了浮游动物的种类、丰度及多样性,秋季丰度值达到最高丰度值达到最低;浮游动物的分布与电厂排水口分布有明显关系,并有"迁移"现象发生。     

荣成湾毗邻海域浮游动物群落季节分布特征

利用2009年度4个季度月的现场调查资料研究了荣成湾毗邻海域浮游动物群落的季节分布特征。研究表明, 在荣成湾毗邻海域出现的浮游动物共59个种类, 秋季、夏季和春季浮游动物均为30种以上(依次为38种、35种和32种), 而冬季种类数相对较少(22种)。浮游动物优势种主要为强壮箭虫(Aidanosagitta crassa)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)和拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)等种类, 其个体丰度的空间和季节分布特征差异较大。浮游动物湿重生物量冬季最高(433.8 mg/m3), 春季(220.7 mg/m3)和秋季(162.4 mg/m3)次之, 而夏季(52.5 mg/m3)相对较低。浮游动物群落物种多样性指数H′年平均值为2.50, 均匀性指数J′年平均值为0.65, 季节比较上, 夏季浮游动物多样性和均匀度均较高, 而春季多样性和均匀性平均值为低值, 且最大值和最小值之间波动范围较大。进一步分析显示, 湾内的筏架养殖对浮游动物群落的分布有显著影响。     

福建沙埕港浮游动物群落特征及影响因子

根据沙埕港2006年1月和4月冬、春季2个航次的调查资料,分析了浮游动物种类组成、优势种、丰度和生物多样性的季节变化,并利用PRIMER统计软件中的PCA、BIOENV和RELATE程序探讨了浮游动物与环境因子的关系.经鉴定共有浮游动物77个种类(含浮游幼虫15类 ).中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)是2个航次共有的优势种,桡足幼体在2个航次中也都占优势.与1990年调查相比,浮游动物丰度大幅下降,浮游动物种类组成已发生了较大改变.沙埕港的浮游动物大致可分为河口型类群、沿岸型类群和近海型类群.冬季航次浮游动物的平均总丰度为20.6 ind/m3,春季航次为92. 2 ind/m3,低于福清湾浮游动物同期调查结果.浮游动物总丰度分布均为由湾口向湾顶递减的趋势.春季的浮游动物总丰度和香农-威纳多样性指数均高于冬季,冬季浮游动物生物多样性呈现湾中、西部高,湾口、湾顶低的趋势,而春季浮游动物多样性分布比较均匀.经统计分析,影响冬季和春季浮游动物分布的主要环境因子为盐度、温度.     

诏安湾及毗邻海域浮游动物的群落结构

根据2015年夏(8月)、秋(10月)2季在诏安湾及毗邻海域开展的30个站浮游动物监测资料,研究了该海域浮游动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性.结果显示:共鉴定浮游动物103种和浮游幼体24类,桡足类为绝对优势的类群.优势种有14种,锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)、异体住囊虫(Oikopleura dioica)和强额孔雀水蚤(Parvocalanus crassirostris)是该海域重要的优势种群.生态类群以近岸暖水类群和外海广布类群为主.夏季浮游动物丰度平均为761个/m3,秋季为81个/m3;夏季浮游动物生物量平均为237mg/m3,秋季为52 mg/m3.夏季浮游动物种类数、丰度、生物量及变化幅度均明显高于秋季,夏季湾外浮游动物种类数、丰度、生物量及变化幅度均明显大于湾内,秋季湾外浮游动物种类数、丰度及变化幅度均明显大于湾内,夏、秋季浮游动物种类数和丰度总体分布均呈现由湾内往湾外逐渐增加趋势.夏季浮游动物多样性指数平均为2.46,秋季为3.14.与历史资料比较:本次调查海域浮游动物种类数和平均丰度均有较大幅度升高,但平均生物量有较大幅度下降.     

象山港冬季浮游动物的分布

对2002年12月象山港海区的浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特征及其与环境的关系进行了研究。结果表明,象山港海区出现浮游动物44种,可以划分为4个生态类群,其中近岸低盐性类群的种类较多,其优势种有真刺唇角水蚤Labidoceraeuchaeta、驼背隆哲水蚤Acro-calanusgibber、中华哲水蚤Calanussinicus、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausiasinica和拿卡箭虫Sagittanagae等,半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海类群和广盐暖水性类群的种数均较少。浮游动物生物量的分布趋势与丰度的一致。湾顶部水域浮游动物的生物量和丰度都出现最高值,从湾顶部往湾口方向,浮游动物的生物量和丰度均呈逐渐降低的趋势。象山港海区周日连续站观测的结果显示,夜间半日潮时浮游动物的生物量和丰度均高于白昼半日潮时,低平潮时浮游动物的生物量与丰度均出现了最高值。     

象山港特定海域浮游动物生物量和物种年际及季节变化

根据1988及1992年浮游动物月度海上调查数据,并结合1980、2000和2007-2009年已报道的浮游动物调查结果,研究了象山港海洋牧场示范区浮游动物群落特征的长期变化。分析发现浮游动物生物量和丰度从1988年至1992及2000年表现出下降的年际变化,其生物量的峰值模式呈由冬季向夏春季的转变趋势;桡足类的生物量和丰度在1988年和2007-2009年间的变化无明显规律,但生物量峰值发生了由冬季向夏春季的转变;冬春季典型优势种墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropages mcmurrichi)的优势地位表现不稳定。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.