Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley,California

Tritium records were used to study hydrologic processes associated with irrigation and drainage in the Imperial Valley, a 2000-km² agricultural area in the southeastern California desert. Tritium was analyzed in surface water, ground water, soil-pore water and drain water, and the results were compared to the historical record of tritium in the Colorado River. The Colorado River record was reconstructed using a simple reservoir model and precipitation data in the Colorado River Basin for the period prior to 1965, and from continuous measurements in the river for 1965–1988. This historical record is especially useful in the arid Imperial Valley because recent agricultural development has been entirely dependent on irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River and local recharge is negligible.Results indicate that it takes about 5 a for irrigation drainage to move through the soil to a depth of 2–3 m. Drainwaters have a wide range in tritium concentrations because of varying degrees of influence from ground-water intrusion, and from rapid percolation of irrigation through preferred pathways. The net result is that drainwater from about 40 fields had a range in tritium concentration similar to that of the Colorado River over the last 9 a (1980–1988), a period during which tritium concentration was declining about 15% annually in the river.     

探地雷达在多年冻土区正演模型研究及应用

通过探地雷达在多年冻土区的应用条件的分析,结合正演模拟和实例勘察,对比分析探地雷达对多年冻土区厚层地下冰的分布、埋藏深度、赋存情况以及对冻土类型的识别的有效性。研究结果表明,厚层地下冰与周围地质体存在巨大的介电常数差异,雷达波的相位特征、振幅大小、反射波和反射波组都出现较大的不同,使得探地雷达能有效地勘察厚层地下冰的各种特征;同时,对不同类型的冻土,因冰晶体的赋存情况及分布不同,结合坑探、钻探等其他地质勘察手段,也能有效地区分。     

东北冻土区积雪深度时空变化遥感分析

积雪作为冰冻圈的重要组成部分,对地面有保温作用,在消融时又吸收热量降低地面温度,影响冻土发育,对气候的变化十分敏感。利用微波遥感数据1979-2014年逐日中国雪深长时间序列数据集,采用GIS空间分析和地学统计方法,分析了东北冻土区积雪深度的时空变化规律及其异常变化。结果表明,东北冻土区多年平均雪深为2.92 cm,年平均雪深最高值出现在岛状多年冻土区,最低值出现在季节冻土区。东北冻土区年平均积雪深度变化以减少为主,占区域面积的39.77%,减少速率为0.07 cm·（10a）^-1。东北冻土区年平均积雪深度在1986年发生突变,开始出现减少的趋势,这与气温突变年份较为吻合。受地形和气温变化影响,年平均积雪深度减少的敏感区域主要发生在岛状多年冻土区。气温是影响东北冻土区年平均积雪深度变化最主要的因素,降水量、风速、湿度、日照时数对积雪深度均有影响。季节冻土区积雪深度对气候的敏感性要大于多年冻土区。     

土壤的冷生构造及其对阿拉斯加土地利用的意义

Cryogenic structure (patterns made by ice inclusions) in seasonally frozen and permafrost-af-fected soils result from ice formation during freezing. Analysis of cryogenic structures in soils is essential to our understanding of the cryogenic processes in soils and to formulating land use management interpretations. When soils freeze, the freezing front moves downward and attracts water moving upward resulting in mainly horizontal lenticular ice formation. Platy and lenticular soil structures form between ice lenses in upper active layer. The reticular soil structure usually forms above the permafrost table caused by freeze-back of the permafrost. The upward freeze-back resulted in platy soil structure and the volume changes following the annual freeze-thaw cycle resulted in vertical cracks. The combined result is an ice-net formation with mineral soils embedded in the ice net. The upper permafrost layer that used to be a part of the active layer has an ice content exceeding 50% due to repeated freeze-thaw cycles over time. The mineral soils appear in blocks embedded in an ice matrix. The permafrost layer that never experienced the freeze-thaw cycle often consists of alternate layers of thin ice lens and frozen soils with extreme hard consistence and has relatively lower ice content than the ice-rich layer of the upper permafrost. Ice contents and thaw settling potentials associated with each cryogenic structure should be considered in engineering and land use interpretations.     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程地质特征及其评价

青藏高原多年冻土是地质历史时期高海拔寒冷气候条件下的产物,也是青藏铁路建设的三大难题之一;而多年冻土工程地质特征及其评价工作是作出合理、可靠的工程设计的基础。结合青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区的15个地形地貌分区,在青藏铁路多年冻土区选择了70个典型断面进行了地质勘查,采用地质钻探和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了各区的工程地质特征并对其工程地质类型进行了评价。研究表明:青藏铁路多年冻土区冻土类型多样,高含冰量冻土、厚层地下冰广泛分布,不同区段地温差异性较大,工程地质条件复杂多变,良好、一般、不良和极差的工程地质区段交错分布。     

GIS支持下的青藏公路沿线高含冰量冻土空间分布模型

Relationships among ground ice, Quaternary soil type, vegetation cover, digital terrain model (DTM), permafrost ground temperature and topographic units are applied. Using comprehensive evaluated method and coding interpolation, spatial distribution of ground ice in permafrost regions along Qinghai-Tibetan Highway (QTH) is modeled according to GIS spatial analysis. Comparing with result,model precision can be approached to 81.2 %. Its study precision can satisfy engineering need for a small - scale study     

多年冻土区公路病害对冻土地温和含冰类型的敏感性分析

多年冻土的年平均温度和含冰类型作为表征多年冻土特征的两个基本指标,在一定程度上决定了多年冻土区公路工程所要采取的技术措施. 因此,年平均温度和含冰类型是多年冻土公路工程设计和施工中必须考虑的两个因素. 通过对青康公路国道214线沿线冻土工程地质状况调查和公路病害的分析,结合区域内气象水文等资料,研究了公路工程病害对多年冻土年平均温度和含冰类型的敏感性,查清了影响公路病害的主要因素. 研究结果为不同地温分区、不同含冰量多年冻土区公路病害防治技术措施的选择提供了科学依据,将减少或延缓多年冻土区公路病害的发生,提高工程质量,节省养护成本,保障安全运营,促进冻土区经济社会的发展.     

Tritium in the snow cover at mid-taiga landscapes in central Yakutia

The paper presents data on the distribution of tritium, a hydrogen radioactive isotope, in the snow cover of mid-taiga landscapes in central Yakutia. Regional tritium escape to the atmosphere in the late 20th century and its accumulation in the snow cover resulted from regional atmospheric transfer and corresponded to the concentration of this isotope in the snow cover at the South Pole. Tritium concentration in the snow cover had almost tripled by 2013. Tritium concentration in the snow cover is correlated with the human population of the settlement zone. The long-term anthropogenic contamination in the area is caused first of all by atmospheric fallouts of radioactive products of the 2011 Fukushima accident.     

塔里木盆地东北部大气降水氚浓度的恢复及应用

氚作为一种理想的示踪剂和测年技术手段,在地下水研究中应用广泛。为了解决塔里木盆地东北部地下水氚测年研究中的大气降水氚浓度恢复问题,采用因子分析法,建立了塔里木盆地东北部大气降水氚浓度模型,并用实测数据进行了模型校正,校正后模型计算结果与实测数据吻合良好,表明所建立的大气降水氚浓度模型较合理;同时,考虑到研究区大气中氚含量受20世纪大气层核试验的影响,采纳了前人部分研究成果,最终恢复了该区域1960—2009年大气降水氚浓度值。据此,将所恢复的大气降水氚浓度数据作为输入值,代入到氚测年的活塞流模型和混合流模型,计算了研究区4个地下水样的年龄,并分析了氚年龄计算结果的合理性,认为所获得的年龄数据符合当地水文地质条件,这进一步证明了本文所恢复的大气降水氚浓度值较为可靠。     

祁连山东段宁张公路达坂山垭口段的冻土分布

据观测资料表明，达坂山地区是青海省境内降水最多的地区，公路垭口段降水量大、冷季降雪多、雪层较厚，稳定积雪时间长达１８０－２００天。雪盖的保温作用占主导地位，加之局部小气候影响，使区内多年冻土下界海拔比邻近地区高约２００ｍ，年平均地温偏高，多年冻土层较薄，而且处在极不稳定的状态下。