黄河河口水沙特性及河口三角洲开发存在问题

黄河是世界上含沙量最高的河流，突出特点是水少沙多、水沙年内与年际变化大。从而使得在河口三角洲治理开发中面临以下几个方面问题：黄河入海水资源综合利用问题、入海流路稳定问题、深水港的建设与维护问题以及治黄意识的更新问题，这些问题的研究解决是河口三角洲开发的先决条件。     

废黄河三角洲的演变*

本文主要根据历史文献,论述1194～1855年的古黄河口泥沙堆积形式、速率及其沉积特点,并探讨了废黄河三角洲形成机理和类型,以及尾闾变迁对下游河道的影响。认为在黄河南流夺准入黄海过程中,河口和三角洲发育具有明显的阶段性;前、后两期形成不同类型的三角洲,前期为径流一潮汐型,后期转化为径流一波浪型;后期河口迅速延伸,河口基准面相对抬升所引起的溯源淤积可达河南境内。     

试从气候和人类活动看黄河问题

该文从气候和人类活动的角度出发 ,选取了人类历史时期的两个时间段 (194 9年以前和以后 ) :在第一阶段 ,从农牧业界线的变迁、黄河下游的河湖变迁、黄河曲率的变化、历史时期的气候和黄河在历史时期的决淤泛滥频率的对比与关系方面分析 ,得出黄河下游的决淤泛滥有两个最关键的因素 ,即人类活动叠加于气候的变迁之上 ;在第二阶段 ,黄河下游及河口三角洲延伸缓慢 ,主要原因应是气候的变化 ,所以黄河中游的生态建设切不可掉以轻心。     

黄河河口延伸与下游淤积关系研究中的问题分析

阐明了黄河河口延伸与下游淤积关系问题的实质,指出了黄河河口延伸与下游淤积关系对时间尺度的依赖性,进而深入探讨了以前研究这一问题所用论据的合理性题。分析结果揭示,那种认为黄河下游淤积由河口延伸控制和河口延伸作用局限于近口河段的说法都缺乏令人信服的证据。     

试从气候和人类活动看黄河问题

该文从气候和人类活动的角度出发，选取了人类历史时期的两个时间段（1949年以前和以后）；在第一阶段，从农牧业界线的变迁，黄河下游的河湖变迁，黄河曲率的变化，历史时期的气候和黄河在历史时期的决淤泛滥频率的对比与关系方面分析，得出黄河下游的决淤泛滥有两个最关键的因素，即人类活动叠架于气候的变迁之上，在第二阶段，黄河下游及河口三角洲延伸缓慢，主要原因应是气候的变化，所以黄河中游的生态建设切不可掉以轻心。     

现代黄河三角洲沉积演化与形成机理研究

本文在分析河口三角洲的沉积环境,河口河道演变规律的基础上,重点探讨了河口三角洲不同沉积相特性及三角洲沉积发育规律。主要的结论有:河口河道发展过程中,河床比降与河槽宽深比的变化及对比关系可分为三个阶段,其对比关系影响水流的挟沙力,同时也反映了河槽的冲淤变化;河口三角洲沉积发育规律与河口河道的演变有着密切的关系,并把河口三角洲的沉积发育过程概括为四个阶段;系统划分了黄河河口三角洲瓣沉积相;沉积物中大部分元素含量与粒度组成有很好的关系,Na、Sr、Ba、Ce含量在陆相及滨海相中存在明显差异,Sr/Ba比值的变化与其它河口三角洲相反,从陆向海减小,Sr/Ca、Ga/te比值以海相为大。     

黄河下游河床演变与河口淤积延伸

黄河挟带大量泥沙,经华北大平原入海,河口迅速延伸使河道不断地淤积抬高以至决口改道.本文初步分析了历史黄河和现行黄河下游河床演变与河口淤积延伸的关系.     

黄河河口三角洲水沙资源综合利用初探

在分析黄河河口三角洲地区水沙资源基础上认为，水沙资源的综合利用是三角洲开发的核心问题，每年２００～２２０亿ｍ３的入海洪水资源是今后三角洲开发的水源保障。考虑现有社经状况的发展规划，提出建立总库容为１５亿ｍ３规模的平原水库为解决问题的主要措施。     

黄河河口三角洲水沙资源综合利用初探

在分析黄河河口三角洲地区水沙资源基础上认为，水沙资源的综合利用是三角洲开发的核心问题，每年２００￣２２０亿ｍ＾３的入海洪水资源是今后三角洲开发的水源保障，考虑现有社经状况的发展规划，提出建立总库容为１５亿ｍ＾３规模的平原水库为解决问题的主要措施。     

黄河下游河床纵剖面的调整

该文在分析了黄河下游纵剖面及其横断面的长期变化后,提出了河口延伸情况下河道溯源淤积模型,用比降分析,相关分析及河床质粒度分析等方法,探讨了沿程与溯源两种淤积方式对黄河下游纵剖面调整的影响.用最低能量原理和平衡的概念,分析黄河下游平衡纵剖面的形式,说明黄河下游不能达到平衡的原因及现在黄河达到平衡的条件. 经分析作者提出以下论点:黄河下游主要是沿程淤积,溯源淤积居次要地位,其影响范围在艾山以下.横断面形态变化对纵剖面调整影响不大.     

黄河口清水沟流路的河床演变及其影响

黄河口清水沟流路先后经历了游荡型,顺直型和弯曲型和河床演变阶段。与此同时,河流的冲淤变化经历了摆动淤积,造床冲刷和延伸淤积三个阶段,这些变化对河床纵剖面,水位和险情带来了某些较深刻的影响。     

Testing links between river patterns and in-channel characteristics using MRPP and ANOVA

This study tests the assumption that the characteristics of channels within multiple channel rivers are different from those of single channel rivers. Some river restoration approaches propose radical transformation of river patterns, from multiple to single channels, based on the link between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics. Determining the links between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics is complicated by differences in geology, history, climate and discharge among rivers. Furthermore, multiple channel rivers are composed of a mosaic of channel types with a range of in-channel characteristics. This study minimizes these problems by analysing a single river containing neighbouring single and multiple channel patterns with little change in discharge downstream, and by analysing all channel types. The study addressed two objectives: to determine the hydraulic geometry, energy, and sediment mobility characteristics of neighbouring single and multiple channel river patterns, and to test for statistical differences in these characteristics between patterns. The Renous River shows a wandering pattern for 11.5 km, with multiple channels around semipermanent islands and abandoned channels in the flood plain. The river displays a single channel river pattern where channels are confined by their valley walls, upstream and downstream of wandering. The analysis was conducted at three scales. First, the confined single channel and wandering multiple channel patterns were compared (pattern scale). Second, the confined channel pattern was compared to single and multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern (section scale). Third, all channel types were compared (channel type scale). Multi response permutation procedure (MRPP) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze differences between channels. Difference tests found no simple discrimination between the single and multiple channel river patterns of the Renous River. Tests between the single confined and multiple wandering channel patterns found few differences in the in-channel variables. The tests did find differences between multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern and confined single channels; however, a greater number of differences were found between multiple channel and single channel sections within the wandering pattern, highlighting the variability within the wandering pattern. Two groups emerged when all channel types were tested for differences: perennial main-channels containing the thalweg, and ephemeral side-channels. Therefore, side-channels define the in-channel characteristics of wandering rivers because few differences were found among main-channels in either pattern. This analysis suggests that all channel types, not just main-channels, should be investigated to obtain a complete picture of a river pattern prior to any restoration efforts. Engineers must exercise caution when applying the link between river patterns and in-channel characteristics to river restoration efforts.     

Sediment flux in a small gravel-bed stream: Response to channel remediation works

Abstract:  Sediment transfers in a short reach of the Kiwitea Stream, near Fielding, lower North Island, New Zealand, are assessed using morphological budgeting based on repeat digital elevation model (DEM) differencing. Field data were acquired using high-precision GPS in October 2004, May and November 2005. Two interpolation methods to construct DEMs were compared. Universal kriging and Triangulation with Linear Interpolation produced consistent results and mean errors of between 4 and 14 mm. DEM error increases where relief changes rapidly. Sediment transfers are derived only from the low-relief active channel and indicate a rapidly changing environment. Remediation works following 2004 flood impacts have reduced bank erosion. A highly mobile bed renders the channel system sensitive to small and frequent flood events.     

自然地理因素对城镇体系空间结构影响的样式分析

由于微波可以对地表的微起伏、建筑及地表粗糙度等具有敏感的响应,使得雷达遥感在这些方面研究中成为最有用的工具之一。本文利用由加拿大遥感中心 PCI提供的Radarsat Scan SAR数据,对黄、淮、海平原城镇体系空间结构提出自然因素影响下的样式研究。自然条件是城市形成和发展的自然基础。本文通过自然地理因素中水文 (河流、古河道 )、地形这两个重要要素对城镇体系空间结构形成的影响,分析了华北平原区在不同要素影响下的城镇体系空间结构样式 :1在水源充足的准“均质”河北冲积平原上,基本满足六边形形成条件,但由于周边中心地发展竞争力不同,故使得正六边形发生畸变——覆盖面积减小而周长却保持不变 ;2构建了在一条河流影响下的六边形网络结构朝五边形网络演变的模型 ;3构建了在平行状河流作用下六边形网络向四边形网络演替的模式 ;4指出了在水源充足的狭长地理空间,城镇体系空间结构发育成等间距的现象与原因。     

巴西热带雨林森林景观转化时空特征及破碎化分析

巴西热带雨林地区森林景观转化及破碎化导致森林生态系统的功能和区域环境发生变化,并引起全球范围内的关注。以欧洲太空局全球土地利用/土地覆被数据和Landsat解译数据为基础,利用热点提取、信息熵、地统计分析模型及轨迹分析的方法探讨不同砍伐阶段森林破碎性的变化特点以及森林破碎化与整个区域景观格局变化的相关性。结果表明：① 热带雨林地区的森林面积迅速减少,其中,Rondonia州、Maton Grosso州和Para州最为典型。② 森林破碎性的变化趋势并非整体性的增加或减少,而是出现明显的局地性特点;③ 森林砍伐的数量与土地系统的信息熵呈正相关,即森林的数量及质量直接决定巴西热带雨林地区的土地系统稳定性。     

青藏高原地气温差变化及空间分布

The difference between ground soil and air temperature （Ts-Ta） was studied by using the data of ground and air temperature of 99 stations over the Qinghai-Xizang （Tibet） Plateau from 1960 to 2000,and its spatial distribution and time changing tendency have been diagnosed by principal component analysis and power spectral analysis methods. The results show that the values of （Ts-Ta） are the maximum in June and the minimum in December. The first three loading eigenvectors, which reflect the main spatially anomalous structure of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, contain the contrary changing pattern between the northwestern and the southeastern regions, the pattern response of the sea level elevation and the geography, and the pattern response of the distribution of the permafrost. There are four patterns of time evolution including the patterns of monotonous increasing or decreasing trends, the basic stability pattern and the parabola pattern with the minimum value. （Ts-Ta） has a periodic variation about 2 years. According to the spatial distribution of the third loading eigenvectors of （Ts-Ta） over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in cold season, the permafrost response region and the seasonal frozen ground response region are identified.     

River channel response to short-term human-induced change in landscape connectivity in Andean ecosystems

The drainage basin of the Deleg River (88 km²), located in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, was studied to assess the geomorphic and hydrologic response of a fluvial system to human-induced environmental change in its contributing area. Historical data on land use, channel morphology and sedimentology were collected, based on a spatial analysis of aerial photographs (1963–1995) and a field survey (2002). Analysis of channel cross-sectional profiles and sedimentological data revealed a major change in morphology and sedimentology of the Deleg River during the past four decades: (i) the active river channel narrowed by over 45%, (ii) the riverbed incised on average by over 1.0 m and (iii) the median grain size of the bed surface decreased from 13.2 cm to 4.7 cm. The spatial pattern of land cover within the Deleg catchment also changed considerably: highly degraded agricultural land in the low-lying areas was abandoned and partially afforested for timber and wood production, whereas secondary upland forest was increasingly cleared for expansion of cropland and pastures. Notwithstanding large changes in the spatial organization of land use within the catchment, the overall land use did not change significantly during the past four decades. This suggests that the response of the Deleg River to land-use change not only depends on the overall land-use change, but also on the spatial pattern of land-use/cover change within the catchment. Although forestation and regeneration of bare gully slopes and floors throughout the catchment only represented a minor part of the total land-use change, these land-use/cover changes had a major impact on the hydrological and sediment connectivity in the landscape.     

RIPARIAN VEGETATION VARIABILITY ALONG PERENNIAL STREAMS IN CENTRAL ARIZONA

The spatial distribution of riparian vegetation is closely allied to abiotic processes along streams and rivers. There are dynamic relations between physical process, fluvial forms, and biotic structures. Explanation of these associations is critical to scientific understanding and practical management of riverine environments. Therefore, this study determines what geophysical parameters lead to the spatial patterns found in species of warm interior and cold montane riparian deciduous forests in central Arizona. Five riparian vegetation populations were examined along five perennial streams in the transition zone of central Arizona. The populations included Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), two commonly associated species of willow Salix lasiandra (western black willow) and Salix lasiolepis (arroyo willow), Alnus oblongifolia (Arizona alder), and Platanus wrightii (Arizona sycamore). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with a forward selection was used to assess quantitatively the role of stream power in riparian vegetation patterns. Results indicated 40% of the spatial variability in the riparian populations was explained by channel morphology and several other variables related to changing channel geometry. Although floods are linked to the formation of geomorphic surfaces and the regeneration of riparian vegetation, changing fluvial landforms and channel patterns were closely related to the riparian species patterns in central Arizona. [Key words: Mogollon Rim, channel morphology, multivariate statistics.]     

Analysis of controls upon channel planform at the First Great Bend of the Upper Yellow River, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The 270 km long section of the Upper Yellow River at the First Great Bend is comprised of single channel and multiple channel systems that alternate among anastomosing, anabranching, meandering and braided reaches. The sequence of downstream pattern changes is characterized as： anastomosing-anabranching, anabranching-meandering, meandering-braided and braided-meandering. Remote sensing images, DEM data and field investigations are used to assess ahd interpret controls on these reach transitions. Channel slope and bed sediment size are key determinants of transitions in channel planform. Anas- tomosing reaches have a relatively high bed slope （0.86‰） and coarser sediment bed material （d50 = 3.5 mm）. In contrast, meandering reaches have a low slope （0.30‰） and fine sediment bed material （d50 = 0.036 mm）. The transition from a meandering to braided pattern is characterized by an increase in channel width-depth ratio, indicating the important role of bank strength （i.e. cohesive versus non-cohesive versus channel boundaries）. Interestingly, the braided-meandering and meandering-braided transitions are coincident with variable flow inputs from tributary rivers （Baihe and Heihe rivers respectively）. Theoretical analysis of the meandering-braided transition highlights the key control of channel width-depth ratio as a determinant of channel planform.