黄土对含油废水的吸附作用研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了兰州地区黄土对含油废水中石油类污染物的吸附作用,并对温度、pH、土壤粒径、有机质含量和含盐量等影响吸附作用的因素进行了分析。实验结果表明:该类型黄土对可溶性石油饱和溶液的吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力随温度、pH的升高而降低;吸附量随土壤粒径的减小呈增大趋势;吸附量与土壤有机质含量、含盐量呈线性关系,随着有机质含量、含盐量的增高吸附量增大。     

Adsorption Behavior of Hexavalent Chromium in Vadose Zone

Adsorption behavior of Cr (VI) in vadose zone, which is silty clay and clayey soil, was studied through kinetics experiments, isothermal adsorption experiments under various conditions, including different ph, temperature and organic contents. The results from kinetics experiments showed that the sorption progress of Cr (VI) has clear features in different stages, and adsorption equilibrium showed at 30 min, the adsorption rate of silty clay and clayey soil were 60%. The isothermal adsorption curve of Cr (VI) fitted closely with Freundlich equation model. When pH is 3-5 a plateau were seen, thereafter with increase in pH the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) dropped sharply and the minimum achieved at pH 10, the adsorption rate were only 35%. Adsorption rate of Cr (VI) increased gradually with the increase of temperature, the temperature of vadose zone is 14.7 ℃, according to the experimental results, the adsorption rate of Cr (VI) is about 40%. The use of organics represents an important contribution to the sorption of Cr (VI), sorption rate up to 100% when 30% of organic content. These studies will provide basis for manager to minimize the impacts, and provide basic data for pollution prevention and remediation of vadose zone.     

An experimental study of heavy metal attenuation and mobility in sandy loam soils

Column flow-through experiments reacting wastewater solutions with sandy loam soil samples were performed to study heavy metal attenuation by two soils with different physical and chemical properties. Reacted soil columns were leached with synthetic acid rain to study the mobility of attenuated heavy metals under leaching conditions. This study demonstrates that cation exchange, surface adsorption, chelation with solid organic material, and precipitation were the important attenuation mechanisms for the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ph, and Zn). Adsorption on soil hydrous oxide surfaces was the primary attenuation mechanism for Cd and Zn in both soils, and for Cu in a soil with low organic matter content. Wastewater solution pH is also an important factor that influences the retention of heavy metals. Cadmium, Cu, Cr, and Zn became mobile after prolonged application of spiked wastewater solution, either through saturation of soil adsorption sites or due to decreasing pH. Only Cr, Pb, and Mo, which are attenuated primarily through precipitation, show significant net retention by soil. Acid rain water removed heavy metals left in the column residual pore solution and weakly sorbed heavy metals in the soils, and has the ability to mobilize some strongly attenuated heavy metals, especially when the soil organic matter content is high. The results have important applications in predicting heavy metal mobility in contaminated soil, the disposal of acid mine drainage, and assessing the risks of landfall leachate leakage.     

Partial pyrolysis of olive wood to improve its sorption of chlorophenols and nitrophenols

Partial pyrolysis alters the chemical and textural properties of the lignocellulosic material. This work reports the effect of partial pyrolysis of olive wood on adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of chloro and nitrophenols. Shape of adsorption isotherms of the partially pyrolyzed sorbents was L3 for phenol; L2 for 2-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol; H3 for 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol; and H2 for 4-chlorophenol. The pyrolyzed olive wood sorbents obeyed Langmuir and Freundlich models. Pyrolysis raised adsorption capacity, favorability and spontaneity; the adsorption became more exothermic; the randomness decreased. The adsorption was mainly physical; it occurred first by film diffusion then by pore-filling. Adsorption followed second-order rate kinetics. Adsorption of phenols on olive wood seemed to be governed by hydrophobic interaction. Washing the pyrolyzed olive wood with ethanol caused a decrease in adsorption capacity, favorability and spontaneity, and the adsorption became less exothermic. This indicated that pyrolysis produced species on the olive wood surface that played a significant role in phenols adsorption.     

包气带对三氯乙烯的吸附行为研究

有机污染物在包气带的吸附行为,直接影响有机污染物在环境中的迁移、转化等过程。采用浅层和深层包气带样品,利用批实验的方法研究不同有机碳含量的样品对三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附行为。研究表明,包气带表层土壤比深层土壤的有机碳含量高,可能存在竞争吸附的问题,说明该土壤的吸附行为是以矿物吸附为主、有机质吸附为辅的类型;表层土壤的吸附具有较好的线性行为,不存在饱和吸附量;深层土壤有机碳含量低,其吸附为非线性的。     

Adsorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol on Cationic Surfactant modified red soil

Adsorption isotherms of 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-diehlorophenol on hexadeeyhrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide modified red soil under different ionic strength, divalent cation Cu2 or different pH conditions were studied. All the adsorption isotherms were well fitted to the Freundlich equation. The adsorption capacities of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol were dramatically enhanced by HDTMA treatment of red soil. The increase of ionic strength and the addition of divalent heavy metal cation Cu^2 significantly enhanced the adsorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol on the HDTMA-modified red soil. Adsorption capacities of HDTMA-modified red soil for 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol gradually increased with decreasing pH in the aqueous phase.     

Adsorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorohpenol on Cationic Surfactant Modified Red Soil

Adsorption isotherms of 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol on hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide modified red soil under different ionic strength, divalent cation Cu 2 or different pH conditions were studied. All the adsorption isotherms were well fitted to the Freundlich equation. The adsorption capacities of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol were dramatically enhanced by HDTMA treatment of red soil. The increase of ionic strength and the addition of divalent heavy metal cation Cu 2 significantly enhanced the adsorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol or 2,4-dichlorophenol on the HDTMA-modified red soil. Adsorption capacities of HDTMA-modified red soil for 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol gradually increased with decreasing pH in the aqueous phase.     

江汉平原旱地和水田土壤镉的吸附与解吸特征及影响因素

为揭示旱地和水田土壤镉的吸附解吸特征,以江汉平原黄豆地、棉花地以及水稻田土壤为研究对象,开展土壤镉的吸附动力学实验、等温吸附?解吸实验以及有机质的影响实验.结果表明:江汉平原土壤对镉的吸附是一个较为复杂的吸附动力学过程且以化学吸附为主,研究区土壤镉的初始吸附速率总体上表现为水田土壤大于旱地土壤;旱地土壤对Cd2+具有较...     

福州市土壤硒形态分析及其迁移富集规律

通过对福州市土壤和岩石中Se形态的分析研究结果表明,表层土壤中强有机态Se、腐殖酸结合态Se约占全量的57.44%,残渣态Se占28.77%,残渣态Se是土壤Se的重要储备库源,三者均与表层土壤Se全量呈极显著的线性正相关关系。表层土壤Se含量随土壤酸性的加强而增加,随有机质含量加大而增加的幅度较小;深层土壤Se受pH值的影响不明显,但受有机质含量的影响很大,两者线性回归关系达到极显著水平;不同岩石类型对土壤含Se量没有明显的影响规律,各介质中Se含量表层土壤>深层土壤>岩石,并且差幅巨大。这些研究结果揭示了在岩石风化、土壤发育(熟化)过程中有机质和黏土矿物吸附Se,致使Se较其他元素流失比例少,从而造成从深部到表层土壤Se相对富集的结果。同时,提出了利用全量来推导Se形态值的方法,建立了土壤Se全量与形态间的关系模型以及决定土壤有效态Se的公式,建议在评价土壤Se时只要考虑有机结合态Se、残渣态Se、离子交换态Se和全量Se。     

青海西宁及周缘地区土壤硒地球化学特征及成因研究

本研究以青海西宁及周缘地区27900km2,1∶250000土地质量地球化学调查成果为基础,总结不同土壤类型、成土母质、土地利用类型土壤中硒含量特征,分析其影响因素,并对土壤硒成因来源进行研究。研究结果表明,青海湖北部土壤硒在风化成壤过程中逐步富集,土壤中硒含量与有机质存在显著相关性,有机质含量增加和土壤粒度的变细是形成富硒土壤的主要原因;达坂山一带和拉脊山一带土壤中硒与铜和硫存在显著相关性,中基性火山岩和含煤碎屑岩是土壤硒的主要来源,有机质吸附作用使土壤硒富集;有机质吸附作用使土壤中硒再次富集是普遍存在的现象。     

土壤酶对碘离子在土壤中吸附行为的影响

以批式试验法研究了微生物、葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及其催化底物葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-在土壤中吸附的影响,结果表明微生物能显著提高Ⅰ-吸附量,但葡萄糖氧化酶、脲酶、纤维素酶及葡萄糖、尿素和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附并无促进作用.葡萄糖氧化酶及葡萄糖含量在小于100 mg/L时对Ⅰ-吸附无影响,1000 mg/L时与Ⅰ-呈竞争吸附;脲酶及尿素随浓度增大,对Ⅰ-吸附的抑制作用变得明显;1～1000 mg/L范围内,纤维素酶和纤维素对Ⅰ-吸附没有影响;但葡萄糖氧化酶和葡萄糖生成的中间产物可促进土壤对Ⅰ-的吸附.平衡液中溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量随时间增加而逐渐降低,有机质浓度越大,降低趋势越明显.     

Evaluation of contaminants retention in soils from Viamão District, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Adsorption is one of the most significant processes in the mobility of soluble pollutants in soils. The aim of this work is to characterize and evaluate the adsorption capacity of soils from Viamão District, Brazil. The studied ions were lead_total, copper_total, sulfate, phosphate, and potassium. The soils were mapped by remote sensing and characterized by granulometrical and mineralogical techniques. The adsorption tests were made by the contact of soil samples with aqueous solutions. The soils adsorption capacity presented the following trend: Pb_total>Cu_total≈PO ₄ ³⁻ >K⁺ ≈SO ₄ ²⁺ . Adsorption in the soils is strongly influenced by clay content. The adsorption of phosphate, copper, and lead was accentuated by the presence of organic matter. Phosphate adsorption was controlled by oxides and organic matter. Both potassium and sulfate showed insignificant adsorption in the studied soils.     

岩溶区典型土壤对Cd2+的吸附特性

文章采用有序批试验,就岩溶区两种典型石灰土（棕色、黑色石灰土）对Cd2+的吸附行为进行研究。试验结果表明:石灰土对重金属Cd2+具有较强的吸附能力（平均吸附率范围89.84~98.84）,黑色石灰土的吸附能力高于棕色石灰土,吸附量随平衡浓度的增加而增大;Langmuir和Freundlich方程均能很好地描述两种石灰土对Cd2+的等温吸附过程,Freundlich方程拟合最优;两种石灰土吸附镉的动力学特征相似,吸附过程可分为快速反应、慢速反应和吸附平衡3个阶段,棕色石灰土对Cd2+吸附动力学的最优模型为Elovich方程和双常数方程（R>0.9）,黑色石灰土仅在Cd2+初始浓度为100 mg/L条件下,Elovich方程、双常数方程和W-M方程的模拟达到较显著水平（R>0.8）;有机质、碳酸钙含量及CEC值是影响石灰土对Cd2+吸附能力的主控因素,铁、铝、硅氧化物含量对Cd2+吸附影响不大;综合热力学、动力学及影响因素分析认为石灰土对Cd2+吸附机理包括土壤颗粒表面官能团的专性吸附及不均匀粒内扩散、静电作用等非专性吸附过程。      

东海内陆架岩心中木质素的沉积记录

通过对东海内陆架T06岩心样品中木质素的测定,依据木质素参数对古环境、古气候的指示作用,探究了陆源有机碳在该区域的沉积记录,以及8.8 ka B.P.以来浙闽沿岸在不同历史环境下有机物的输送机制.研究结果显示,东海内陆架海域东亚冬季风驱动的水动力输送对沉积物中木质素酚类单体的含量变化及其相关参数起着至关重要的调控作用;...     

水稻土中重金属元素Cd、Pb的竞争吸附 ——以长株潭地区水稻土为例

对中国南方的3个水稻土样品进行了Cd、Pb单一离子和混合离子吸附特点的研究。结果表明,3个水稻土样品中Cd、Pb的吸附特点都相似,Langmuir等温方程可很好地描述Cd、Pb的吸附等温线。3个土壤样品中,有较高pH值和较低有机物、CEC浓度、粘土含量、高岭石含量的2个土壤样品对Cd、Pb有较大的吸附量,且其等温吸附拟合的最大吸附量(B)也较大。在两组分混合溶液中,尽管共存离子的存在影响了土壤对单一离子的吸附,同时土壤对Cd的吸附在一定程度上受影响的程度大,但3个土壤样品都表现出对Pb有强的吸附能力。在3个土壤样品中,Langmuir等温方程中Pb的健合能常数(K)都大于Cd的健合能常数(K),混合溶液中的K值高于单一溶液的K值,表明2种金属离子对吸附位点的竞争提高了特定吸附位点的保持力,使金属离子在土壤中特定位点的吸附更加坚固。     

河北保定典型污灌区土壤Cu吸附特性研究

我国部分地区土壤污染形势严峻,主要表现为Cu等重金属元素严重超标。污水灌溉以及含Cu饲料过量使用等不合理的农业生产方式是导致Cu在耕地中富集的主要因素,严重威胁粮食安全和人类健康。以河北保定典型污灌区为研究区,通过静态吸附批量实验探究土壤吸附Cu的动力学和热力学特性。吸附动力学模型和等温吸附经验模型中得到的参数一致表明,表层土壤S1对Cu的吸附能力强于底部土壤S2。S1的有机质含量高于S2,提供了更多的表面吸附点位,这可能是导致土壤S1对Cu的吸附能力更强的原因之一。离子强度对土壤Cu吸附率的影响较小。溶液pH和溶解性有机物(DOM)含量对土壤Cu吸附率的影响明显,pH值与吸附量呈正相关,DOM浓度与吸附量呈负相关。由于土壤对pH有很强的缓冲能力,短时间的酸雨可能不会导致Cu的迁移。施用有机肥时,有机肥浸出液中高浓度的DOM可能会与Cu形成水溶性Cu-DOM络合物,促进Cu在土壤中的迁移,导致浅层地下水污染。     

江西省鄱阳湖流域根系土硒形态分析及其迁移富集规律

对江西省鄱阳湖流域根系土中硒的形态分析表明,根系土中Se的强有机态、腐植酸结合态约占Se全量的66.23%,残渣态占12.32%,3种形态均与根系土Se全量呈极显著的线性正相关。根系土Se全量受pH值的影响不明显,但受有机质含量的影响很大,线性回归关系极显著,说明岩石风化、土壤发育过程中,有机质吸附Se,致使Se较其他元素流失比例少,造成根系土中Se相对富集。同时,提出了利用全量Se推导Se各形态值的方法,建立了土壤Se全量与各形态间的关系模型和决定土壤有效态Se的公式,建议在评价土壤Se时只用考虑有机结合态Se、残渣态Se、水溶态Se和全量Se。     

Adsorption of cadmium ion using a new composite cation-exchanger polyaniline Sn(IV) silicate: kinetics, thermodynamic and isotherm studies

A new organic–inorganic composite cation exchanger polyaniline Sn(IV) silicate has been synthesized. The physicochemical properties of this ion exchanger were determined using different analytical techniques including fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, simultaneous thermogravimetry–differential thermogravimetry analyses, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and elemental analysis studies. Ion exchange capacity and effect of heating temperature on ion exchange capacity were also carried out on this ion exchange material. Adsorption properties for different metal ions have been investigated and the results revealed that polyaniline Sn(IV) silicate had the highest adsorption capacity for Cd²⁺ ion. It’s selectivity was tested by achieving some important binary separations. Dependence of adsorption on contact time, temperature, pH of the solution and exchanger dose had been studied to achieve the optimum conditions. Adsorption kinetic study showed that the adsorption process followed the first order kinetics. Adsorption data were fitted to linearly transformed Langmuir isotherm with R ² (correlation coefficient) >0.99. The maximum removal of Cd²⁺ was found at pH 9. The adsorption was fast and the equilibrium established within 40 min. Thermodynamic parameters viz- entropy change, enthalpy change and Gibb’s free energy change were also calculated.     

水稻土中重金属元素Cd、Pb的竞争吸附——以长株潭地区水稻土为例

对中国南方的3个水稻土样品进行了Cd、Pb单一离子和混合离子吸附特点的研究。结果表明,3个水稻土样品中Cd、Pb的吸附特点都相似,Langmuir等温方程可很好地描述Cd、Pb的吸附等温线。3个土壤样品中,有较高pH值和较低有机物、CEC浓度、粘土含量、高岭石含量的2个土壤样品对Cd、Pb有较大的吸附量,且其等温吸附拟合的最大吸附量（B）也较大。在两组分混合溶液中,尽管共存离子的存在影响了土壤对单一离子的吸附,同时土壤对Cd的吸附在一定程度上受影响的程度大,但3个土壤样品都表现出对Pb有强的吸附能力。在3个土壤样品中,Langmuir等温方程中Pb的健合能常数（K）都大于Cd的健合能常数（K）,混合溶液中的K值高于单一溶液的K值,表明2种金属离子对吸附位点的竞争提高了特定吸附位点的保持力,使金属离子在土壤中特定位点的吸附更加坚固。     

天然沸石对二氧化碳的吸附和对混合气体的分离纯化

作为燃料的沼气含有30%以上的CO₂和少量的硫化物,影响其燃烧值、污染环境。本实验利用天然沸石的吸附性能吸除CO₂和少量的硫化物、富集甲烷,效果很好。处理结果既能提高沼气燃烧值又能减少环境污染。沸石对CO₂吸附量20-30 ml/g,吸附后可以用变压的方法反复活化,反复使用。