中生代火山岩区作为岩浆通道的断裂含金性——以辽西北票二道沟鸡冠山断裂为例

北票二道沟地区流纹质火山岩喷溢发生于167.5-135.36Ma,其西侧又相继有金厂沟梁南花岗岩(127.9Ma)和对面沟斑状花岗闪长岩株(126.3-121.5Ma)侵位。金厂沟梁、二道沟、长皋沟三个金矿床均产于岩株主动侵位在周边形成的放射状裂隙中。区内EW向断裂和NW向断裂复合控制火山岩、花岗岩,NW向鸡冠山断裂是主要岩浆通道,并控制金矿化。      

金厂沟梁—二道沟金矿田内花岗岩类侵入体锆石的离子探针U—Pb年代及意义

金厂沟梁-二道沟金矿田内花岗岩类侵入体SHRIMP锆石U-Ph定年结果表明,该区中生代以来到少经历了三次中酸性岩浆侵入作用,它们分别以西台子二长花岗岩、娄上含辉石石英闪长岩和西对面沟花岗闪长岩及闪长玢岩脉在218±4Ma(印支期)、161±1Ma(燕山早期)和126±1Ma(燕山晚期)的侵位为标志。花岗岩类的地球化学资料表明,这些花岗岩类侵入体形成与造山作用有关,为造山后或陆内拉张作用的产物。二道沟矿区成矿前或成矿期闪长玢岩脉的年龄126±1Ma限定了该区金矿化的最大年龄;结合前人有关年代学资料,认为本区金矿化应发生在126～118Ma。这说明金厂沟梁-二道沟金矿田的金矿床与我国胶东、小秦岭和辽东等地区的金矿床是同时形成的,再次证明燕山晚期是中国最重要而广泛的金成矿期。此外,在这些主要的金矿区内,金矿化时间上均具有与各自区内最晚一次花岗质岩浆作用同时或稍晚的特征,这可能指示金矿床是造山作用或区域构造-岩浆演化最晚期的产物。     

二道沟矿床绢云母的^39Ar／^40Ar年龄及其地质意义

本文通过对绢云母39Ar－40Ar坪年龄的研究，得到二道沟金矿床的成矿年龄为140±2．8Ma；从年代学方面证实了金矿化与对面沟花岗闪长岩无直接关系，而与火山岩和次火山岩有密切的关系；该矿床是－岩浆热液为主要来源而混入有一部分大气降水的浅成低温热液型金矿床。     

内蒙古金厂沟梁金矿床成矿时限与动力学背景探讨

华北克拉通北缘是中国重要的金成矿带之一,分布着数十个大中型金矿床,但这些矿床的形成时代及成因类型尚存争议。位于内蒙古赤峰市境内的金厂沟梁是该带最为重要的大型金矿床,其与二道沟和长皋沟金矿床围绕130～122Ma的西对面沟岩体分布。该矿床矿体呈脉状产出,矿脉多赋存在太古代变质岩中,少量产于安山玢岩中,在矿区南部可见矿脉被粗面安山岩切穿,指示成矿发生在安山玢岩之后,粗面安山岩之前。两套岩浆岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果揭示,岩浆结晶年龄分别为129.4±0.9Ma和124.0±0.5Ma,限定金厂沟梁金矿床成矿作用发生在129～124Ma之间,与西对面沟岩体侵位年龄一致,暗示两者具有成因关系,也反映矿床形成于早白垩世中国东部大规模岩石圈减薄的陆内伸展环境。     

江西李公岭花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年及找矿前景

为探究江西李公岭花岗闪长岩的成岩时代和成矿前景,对李公岭地区的花岗闪长岩及其中发育的隐爆角砾岩筒中的花岗闪长(斑)岩角砾岩块分别进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。测年结果表明,李公岭花岗闪长岩(150.6±1.1)Ma和隐爆角砾岩筒中的花岗闪长(斑)岩岩块(151.0±1.3)Ma基本为同时形成,时代为晚侏罗世。李公岭花岗闪长岩和李公岭角砾岩筒中的花岗闪长(斑)岩的形成时代与区内发育的阳储岭W-Mo矿的成岩成矿时代基本一致,以及隐爆角砾岩筒和周围的网脉状石英脉的存在,表明李公岭地区当时可能存在一个岩浆热液活动中心,且该热液活动可能与江南古陆东北缘燕山晚期大规模W-Mo成矿作用有关,暗示李公岭岩体周围具有较大的W-Mo找矿前景。     

冈底斯中段岗讲斑岩铜钼矿床锆石U-Pb和辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及其地质意义

岗讲铜钼矿床是西藏冈底斯成矿带中段典型的斑岩型矿床,岗讲矿床成岩成矿时代、岩浆演化过程及其与成岩成矿关系尚不明确,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法对岗讲矿区主要岩体二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩和英云闪长玢岩成岩时代进行研究,获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值分别为16.6±0.3 Ma (MSWD=0.94,n=10)、16.1±0.2 Ma (MSWD=1.07,n=12)、14.4±0.4 Ma (MSWD=1.12,n=7);同时采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年方法首次对岗讲矿床石英硫化物脉中的辉钼矿进行定年,获得12件辉钼矿Re-Os同位素模式年龄集中于13.24±0.20 Ma~13.55±0.22 Ma,加权平均年龄为13.4±0.1 Ma (MSWD=0.65),等时线年龄为13.6±1.6 Ma (MSWD=1.2).结果表明:(1) 岗讲矿区复式岩体侵入序列为含巨斑黑云二长花岗岩-二长花岗斑岩-花岗闪长斑岩-流纹斑岩 (深部定名为英云闪长玢岩),成岩时限为16.6~14.4 Ma,成矿时代为13.4 Ma左右,成岩成矿是一个连续的岩浆演化过程;(2) 辉钼矿中Re含量为155.4~171.1 μg/g,均值为162.9 μg/g,指示其成矿物质中有幔源成分的加入;(3) 矿床产出于中新世印度-亚洲大陆碰撞后伸展构造环境.      

福建省泰宁县何宝山金矿床长兴岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

长兴钾长混合花岗岩体与何宝山金矿床的成矿作用关系密切。何宝山金矿床的成矿作用表现出多期次、多阶段的特点,加里东晚期长兴岩体的侵入活动促进了金矿床成矿物质早期的迁移和富集,印支晚期—燕山早期的构造-岩浆活动叠加成矿。文中对区内加里东期主要侵入岩体进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年研究,得出长兴岩体的成岩年龄为(437.1±1.3)Ma,黑云母石英闪长岩成岩年龄为(436.6±1.1)Ma,黑云母花岗闪长岩脉成岩年龄为(427.1±1.4)Ma,从而确定金矿床成矿期上限,为进一步成矿作用研究提供科学依据。     

黑龙江金厂金矿田岩浆和成矿作用的LA-ICPMS锆石定年

黑龙江金厂金矿床为中亚造山带东段大型的浆控热液成矿系统,但成矿及其相关岩浆活动的时间研究薄弱.为厘定金厂金矿的形成时间和构造背景,本文利用单颗粒锆石激光探针LA-ICP-MS定年技术获得了赋矿花岗岩围岩和成矿闪长岩的锆石U-Pb年龄.结果表明,锆石韵律性环带结构发育,Th/U比值集中于0.5～1.5之间,具有岩浆锆石特征.两组锆石~(205)Pb/~(238)U谐和年龄分别为202.1±3.0Ma和111.5±1.2Ma,代表了两期岩浆.流体活动的时间;一组谐和性较差的蚀变花岗岩锆石~(206)Pb/~(208)U加权平均年龄为198.0±3.9Ma,指示赋矿花岗岩受到后期热液作用的影响而年龄偏小.据此认为,不同期次的岩浆-流体成矿事件在同一空间叠加复合是金厂大型金矿系统形成的重要原因;202Ma左右的岩浆一流体成矿事件缘于古亚洲洋闭合后大陆碰撞体制的岩浆作用,而111Ma左右的岩浆一流体成矿事件则缘于太平洋板块俯冲诱发的岩浆弧或弧后大陆伸展体制的岩浆活动.     

冀东金宝沟花岗斑岩地球化学特征、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素及其地质意义

金宝沟金矿床是冀东地区近年查明的一个大型斑岩型金矿床,金矿体主要赋存于金宝沟花岗斑岩体及岩体与太古宙迁西群黑云角闪斜长片麻岩接触带中。为查明金宝沟含矿花岗斑岩体的成岩时代、岩石地球化学特征、岩浆源区特征及其与区域上峪耳崖、牛心山等成矿花岗岩体的关系,采用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法,测得金宝沟2件花岗斑岩的成岩年龄分别为169.9±1.0Ma和170.4±2.0Ma,表明其形成于中侏罗世。金宝沟花岗斑岩属于过铝质钾玄岩系列岩石,∑REE含量为38.17×10~(-6)~136.51×10~(-6),岩石富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素和Ba、Th、U,亏损Ta、Nb、Ti等高场强元素和P、Sr,显示出典型岛弧或活动大陆边缘岩浆岩的特征。锆石Hf同位素研究显示,2件花岗斑岩样品的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)分别为-12.8~-7.4和-14.4~-8.8,两阶段模式年龄分别为1685~2028Ma和1773~2130Ma,暗示岩浆可能来源于古元古代地壳物质的部分熔融。金宝沟花岗斑岩岩浆形成的温度为788~834℃,岩浆形成压力为0.8~1.6GPa。结合区域地质资料认为,包括金宝沟花岗斑岩在内的冀东中侏罗世花岗岩及同时代的髫髻山组火山岩是在陆内收缩、地壳增厚、古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的构造背景下,在挤压应力松弛的间隙环境侵位的。     

西藏冈底斯带查隆花岗岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其成矿意义

查隆花岗岩位于中冈底斯带火山岩浆弧,主要岩性为黑云花岗闪长岩、花岗闪长岩,其中中细粒花岗闪长岩锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为89.88±0.55Ma(95%置信度,n=24,MSWD=0.43),中粒黑云花岗闪长岩锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为86.6±1.0Ma(95%置信度,n=30,MSWD=0.64)。岩石化学特征表明,查隆花岗岩为高钾钙碱性的偏铝质I型花岗岩,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,岩浆经过一定程度的分异;微量元素Ti、Nb、P相对亏损。该岩体为雅鲁藏布江洋壳单向俯冲作用的结果,形成于火山弧环境,为具有壳幔混合特征的中酸性岩浆的产物。与该岩体密切相关的查隆磁铁矿成因类型为矽卡岩型-热液叠加改造型,与区域上发现的矿床有极其相似的成矿地质背景。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.