钻井现场有机地球化学录井与油气识别评价技术

在现场钻进过程中，尤其是在油基泥浆及各种添加剂烃类污染、地质录井难以确定真假油气显示的情况下，有机地球化学录井对确定油气显示有独特的作用。但由于其烃类污染对岩屑罐顶气、岩石冷溶烃、岩石热解等常规地球化学录井技术有不同程度的影响，其检测数据通过校正污染后才能用于含油气性评价。为此，在现场开展了钻井泥浆及各种添加剂中烃类有机地化检测试验，对泥浆中轻烃（C1－C12）、萃取烃（C1－C35）和岩石冷溶烃进行动态检测，研究其烃类组成及变化特征，对钻进中真假油气显示、油气层质量及产能大小、油气烃类母质类型、储油层确定等及时作出解释与评价，为油气勘探与开发快速提供地球化学依据。     

废弃水基钻井液低温干燥处理实验研究及经济性评价

废弃水基钻井液是石油钻井工程作业过程中的废弃物,若直接排放,不但会使钻井液成本居高不下,而且还会对环境造成极为不利的影响。对废弃水基钻井液进行低温干燥处理后再利用,是既经济又符合现代发展趋势的处理方法之一。通过对聚合物钻井液体系、磺化钻井液体系及四川2口页岩气井钻井液体系低温干燥技术实验研究及经济性评价,结果表明:聚合物钻井液体系在120℃条件下干燥处理后性能恶化严重,降低干燥温度能降低其恶化程度;磺化钻井液体系及四川2口页岩气井钻井液体系在120℃条件下干燥处理后性能基本保持不变。这说明低温干燥处理技术能够实现废弃水基钻井液回收再利用,且处理成本低,处理后固体物质便于储存与运输,能够大幅降低钻井液成本。同时,还能够减少废弃钻井液排放量,降低石油钻井工程污染环境的风险。      

MEG钻井液的试验研究

摘 要　 MEG 泥浆是国外最近才研制成功的一种新型无环境污染的油基泥浆替代体系。扼要 介绍了 MEG 母液和泥浆的性能及作用机理‚给出了在国内首次开展的关于 MEG 新型泥浆的 部分试验结果。试验结果表明‚研制出的 MEG 泥浆确实具有优良的抑制性、润滑性、储层保 护特性和抗污染能力。     

抗高温环保水基钻井液研究进展

为更好地服务国家生态文明建设及绿色勘查开发,环保型水基钻井液将成为发展方向。随着钻探深度增加,地层温度越来越高,对环保钻井液的抗温能力提出了更高的要求。本文介绍了国内外近10年来抗高温环保水基钻井液研究与应用的进展情况,包括高性能水基钻井液、甲酸盐钻井液、有机盐钻井液、聚合醇钻井液、硅酸盐钻井液及甲基葡萄糖苷钻井液等。总结了现有抗高温环保水基钻井液体系存在的不足,并分析了抗高温环保水基钻井液的发展趋势。     

Critical Investigation of Wear Behaviour of WC Drill Bit Buttons

Mining and petroleum drill bits are subjected to highly abrasive rock and high-velocity fluids that cause severe wear and erosion in service. To augment the rate of penetration and minimize the cost per foot, such drill bits are subjected to increasing rotary speeds and weight. A rotary/percussive drill typically hits the rock 50 times per second with hydraulic impact pressure of about 170–200 bar and feed pressure of about 90–100 bar, while rotating at 75–200 rpm. The drill rig delivers a high-velocity flow of drilling fluid onto the rock surface to dislodge cuttings and cool the bit. The impingement of high-velocity drilling fluid with entrained cuttings accelerates the erosion rate of the bit. Also, high service temperature contributes to softening of the rock for increased penetration. Hence, there is a need to optimize the drilling process and balance the wear rate and penetration rate simultaneously. This paper presents an experimental scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of electroplated (nickel-bonded) diamond drills for different wear modes.     

Maintaining the stability of deviated and horizontal wells: Effects of mechanical,chemical and thermal phenomena on well designs

Wellbore instability, particularly in shale formations, is regarded as a major challenge in drilling operations. Many factors, such as rock properties, in-situ stresses, chemical interactions between shale and drilling fluids, and thermal effects, should be considered in well trajectory designs and drilling fluid formulations in order to mitigate wellbore instability-related problems. A comprehensive study of wellbore stability in shale formations that takes into account the three-dimensional earth stresses around the wellbore as well as chemical and thermal effects is presented in this work. The effects of borehole configuration (e.g. inclination and azimuth), rock properties (e.g. strength, Young's modulus, membrane efficiency and permeability), temperature and drilling fluid properties (e.g. mud density and chemical concentrations) on wellbore stability in shale formations have been investigated. Results from this study indicate that for low-permeability shales, chemical interactions between the shale and water-based fluids play an important role. Not only is the activity of the water important but the diffusion of ions is also a significant factor for saline fluids. The cooling of drilling fluids is found to be beneficial in preventing compressive failure. However, decreasing the mud temperature can be detrimental since it reduces the fracturing pressure of the formation, which can result in lost-circulation problems. The magnitude of thermal effects depends on shale properties, earth stresses and wellbore orientation and deviation. Conditions are identified when chemical and thermal effects play a significant role in determining the mud-weight window when designing drilling programmes for horizontal and deviated wells. The results presented in this paper will help in reducing the risks associated with wellbore instability and thereby lowering the overall non-productive times and drilling costs.     

Clay swelling — A challenge in the oilfield

Water-based drilling fluids are increasingly being used for oil and gas exploration, and are generally considered to be more environmentally acceptable than oil-based or synthetic-based fluids. Unfortunately, their use facilitates clay hydration and swelling. Clay swelling, which occurs in exposed sedimentary rock formations, can have an adverse impact on drilling operations and may lead to significantly increased oil well construction costs. Minimizing clay swelling is therefore an important area attracting a large amount of interest from both academia and industry. To effectively reduce the extent of clay swelling the mechanism by which clay minerals swell needs to be understood so that efficient swelling inhibitors may be developed. Acceptable clay swelling inhibitors must not only significantly reduce clay hydration, but must also meet increasingly stringent environmental guidelines while remaining cost effective. The development of these inhibitors, which are generally based upon water soluble polymers, therefore represents a challenge to oilfield geochemistry. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism by which clay minerals swell and what steps have been taken in the development of effective and environmentally friendly clay swelling inhibitors.     

硅酸盐防塌泥浆研究及其在碳质泥岩钻探中的应用

硅酸盐钻井液体系是一种以无机盐为主要处理剂的防塌抑制性钻井液,具有物理封堵和化学加固井壁双重防塌作用,能有效的降低井壁的渗透率、阻止压力传递,且具有较好的流变特性、无毒、无荧光、成本低,被认为是具有发展前景的水基钻井液之一。在碳质泥岩钻探中经常遇到的问题有:漏失、坍塌、掉块、涌水等,给安全钻井带来很大麻烦。同时,为了满足工程/水文地质资料获取与评价要求,铁路勘察对复杂地层的处理有相对严格的要求,如避免使用水泥封孔等,本文研究的硅酸盐钻井液可以有效的解决碳质泥岩钻探中的上述问题,并能提高岩心采取率和机械钻速。     

WFSD-4孔深部流体分析和多组分地球化学特征

采用场内钻探流体实时分析和场外钻探泥浆分析的方法,获得汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程4号钻孔(WFSD-4)中深部井段流体多组分分析结果。研究钻孔深部井段的流体剖面地球化学特征,认为来自地下深部流体在钻探过程中会保存在钻探循环泥浆中,随钻流体实时分析可记录明显的组分变化信号。钻孔岩心的岩性变化易引起钻探泥浆气体的变化,特别是钻探泥浆气体中的多组分变化,在钻孔岩性裂隙较为丰富的井段,是钻探泥浆气体组分变化强度较大区间。通过比较钻探泥浆的多组分和岩心岩性的弱相关性,可以推测钻探流体与余震相关性较强的区域和周期,更可能获得钻探流体与余震的相关程度。     

不同剪切作用下水合物钻井液微观结构试验研究

在钻进水合物地层过程中,井壁附近水合物的分解和环空中水合物的分解与再形成,很可能会引起井壁失稳坍塌以及环空堵塞等复杂情况,从而影响钻井的顺利进行。在此过程中,由各组分相互作用形成的钻井液微观结构起到了至关重要的作用。但由于多组分钻井液的微观结构非常复杂,文中仅针对组分简单的水基聚合物钻井液(NaCl、CMC、PVPK90相互组合),考虑钻井液在井底钻头与环空处所受的不同剪切作用(分别为600r/min和6000r/min),结合冷冻干燥方法,利用扫描电子显微镜观测了这两种剪切作用后不同组分的水基聚合物钻井液相应的微观结构。结果表明,聚合物分子以网络骨架结构形式悬浮于钻井液中,一小部分水分子、无机盐离子等被吸附在聚合物骨架结构表面上,大部分水分子、无机盐离子等小分子物质游离于聚合物网络骨架孔隙中;对于环空中含水合物的岩屑,热量主要通过网络骨架结构的热传导与充填其中流体的对流导热而传递至岩屑表面,而后通过热传导进一步向岩屑内部传递;钻井液的微观结构随着剪切作用、浓度与组分的改变而发生变化,这就对上述的传热过程产生影响,进而对钻井液中水合物分解的传热特性产生影响。     

干热岩耐高温钻井液的研究进展与发展趋势

在如今传统能源储量日益减少的趋势下，干热岩这类新型地热资源的开发显得尤为重要，而干热岩钻井由于其井下的超高温环境，对传统钻井液系统提出了非常严格的要求。传统钻井液在高温作用下滤失量大大增加，普通的辅助添加剂往往不能发挥出功效。常用的以“三磺材料”为核心的钻井液虽然具有令人满意的耐温效果，但因其含有大量有毒物质，污染程度十分严重，需要开发新的环保型钻井液耐高温体系。国外干热岩研究早于国内三十余年，有着十分重要的耐高温钻井液经验与技术，作为刚起步的国内干热岩研究，也有着“青海共和盆地恰不恰干热岩”这样十分重要的项目工程。本文首先介绍了当前干热岩钻井概况以及对钻井液的性能要求，并结合国内外学者对耐高温钻井液与环保钻井液的研究进展，了解其配方组分与设计思路，结合干热岩特点探讨干热岩耐高温钻井液发展趋势，旨在为干热岩钻井液技术研究上提供支持。     

The use of tracers to assess drill-mud penetration depth into sandstone cores during deep drilling: method development and application

For the utilization of deep saline aquifers in the frame of geotechnical use, such as geological sequestration of CO₂, H₂ or energy storage, a baseline characterization of pristine reservoir rock cores is required to monitor changes in the indigenous microbial communities and pore fluids, and to study alterations in rock characteristics resulting from interaction with geological storage technologies. However, drilling procedures and technical fluids, particularly drill mud, are sources of core contamination. To measure the penetration of drill mud into the cores, three tracers (fluorescein, microspheres, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole stained bacteria) were tested under laboratory conditions. The flow of drill mud into core samples was induced by applying uniaxial pressure differentials to the core, and the penetration depth was microscopically determined for each tracer. Fluorescein was extracted from the rock samples and quantified fluorometrically. The results indicate that all tested tracers are suitable for tracking drill-mud penetration. The actual penetration depth seems to be related to differences in mineral composition and texture as well as microfractures. Among all tested tracers, fluorescein labelling is the simplest, cheapest and most accurate method for analyzing the contamination of rock cores by technical fluids. The application of this tracer was successfully applied during two deep drilling campaigns at the CO₂ storage pilot site in Ketzin, Germany. The results highlight that the use of tracers is indispensable to ensure the quality of core samples for microbiological and biogeochemical analysis.     

北部湾盆地全油基钻井液技术研究与应用

南海西部北部湾海域地质构造复杂,一直以来是钻完井事故的多发区。面对边际油田开发难度的不断增加,针对该海域涠洲组易垮塌、断层多、易井漏、易发生卡钻和储保难度大等特征,通过室内配伍实验,分析各材料加量比例,确定配方,形成了一套新型全油基钻井液体系。通过现场应用表明,与常规油基钻井液对比,全油基钻井液具有更强的封堵能力和抑制性,润滑性能好,抗污染能力强,井眼清洁好,储层保护效果好,有效提高机械钻速,解决了传统强封堵油基钻井液体系出现的诸多问题,达到了综合提速的效果。     

The use of pyrolysis and barium distributions to assess the areal extent of drilling fluids in surficial marine sediments

The influence of drilling fluid dispersion on the chemistry of surficial sediments was determined by an integrated study of organic and inorganic parameters. Pyrolysis characteristics and barium, organic carbon, and carbonate content were determined for sediments associated with six drilling sites in coastal Gulf of Mexico waters. The areal extent and magnitude of influence of dispersed fluids were related to water depth, prevailing currents, density of the dispersed material, history of the drill site and platform-induced biological activity. The potential use of pyrolysis techniques for defining the impact area and the various types of inputs derived from off-shore drilling operations was demonstrated.     

刚果钾盐钻探用钙镁基钻井液研究及应用

在钾盐钻探过程中,采用常规水基钻井液普遍存在孔壁溶蚀扩径、岩心采取率低等问题。而采用油基钻井液虽然可以保证取心质量,但是成本高且环保性能差。因此,研究一种能高质量获取钾盐矿心且成本低的水基钻井液是极为必要的。基于前期钾盐钻探水基钻井液研究成果,针对刚果共和国光卤石型钾盐地层特点及绳索取心钻探要求,本文采用浸泡模拟实验和材料配伍性对比实验研究,攻关了抑制氯化钙、氯化镁和氯化钾溶解技术,研发了一套钙镁基钻井液配方,具体为：30%氯化镁+20%~30%氯化钙+1%锁水抑制剂+2%~3%钠膨润土+1.3%~1.6%接枝淀粉GSTP +0.4%~0.7%增黏剂GTQ+0.4%包被剂GBBJ。该钻井液具有良好的流变性、悬浮携带能力以及抑制光卤石和溢晶石溶解的能力。并且在刚果共和国奎卢省钾盐钻探工程成功应用,解决了以往使用常规水基钻井液出现的地层溶蚀和岩心采取质量差等问题,顺利完成钻探工作量3020余米,盐矿心采取率达98%以上,节约钻井液成本80%以上。钙镁基钻井液在光卤石型钾盐绳索取心钻探工程中的首次应用表明其可以完全替代油基钻井液,在钾盐钻探工程中具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

钻探油基泥浆对岩芯有机地化分析中污染的扣除方法研究

本文介绍了扣除油基泥浆钻井液对岩石样品有机地化分析污染的两种方法，为准确评价烃源岩的生油气潜力奠定了基础。     

硬岩PDC定向钻头优化设计及其表面增材技术研究

定向长钻孔是煤矿瓦斯、水害治理的主要技术手段,PDC定向钻头性能是影响坚硬地层钻进效率的重要因素。针对煤层顶底板岩层定向长钻孔施工中出现因PDC钻头体断翼、PDC崩齿等问题导致的频繁起下钻、施工效率低等现象,采用等切削布齿原则对刀翼布齿进行优化,有效降低切削齿冲击破坏;通过流体力学仿真分析,优化钻头水力参数,保证岩屑及时排出孔底,防止切削齿因重复破碎岩石导致过早损坏;通过仿真分析,优选大直径PDC异型齿,提高切削齿耐磨和抗冲击性能;引入表面增材制造技术,通过优化等离子(PTA)增材制造工艺参数,实现了兼具胎体耐磨耐冲蚀和钢体强韧性的WC基复合钻头体加工工艺。新研制的PDC定向钻头,在淮南顾桥煤矿北区底板探放水钻孔中进行了现场试验。结果表明:钻进致密、坚硬灰岩地层时,2只钻头寿命分别达到827、810 m,相对于以前的?120 mm胎体式定向钻头平均寿命300 m有较大幅度的提高,并降低了上下钻等辅助作业时间,提高了施工效率,达到了硬岩定向长钻孔提速增效的目标,为硬岩定向长钻孔用PDC钻头设计和制造工艺开发提供了新的解决方案。      

Contamination of deep formation waters by drilling fluids: correction of the chemical and isotopic composition and evaluation of errors

Contamination of deep formation waters by drilling fluids is a problem that concerns most types of drilling operations (petroleum wells, geothermal boreholes) and is crucial in the course of feasibility and safety studies of potential radioactive-waste repositories. Residual contamination of formation-water samples has an important impact on the accuracy of the characterisation of the natural hydrogeochemical background of the study sites. Based on a literature review and on experience acquired on the sites of the French Agency for Nuclear Waste Disposal (ANDRA), this article proposes a general method for the correction of residual contamination, including estimates of the associated errors. The quantification of the contamination is based on tracing techniques and on a geochemical survey during the pumping test preceding sampling. The correction and estimation of errors require repeated measurements of the tracer(s) and the chemical and isotopic species during pumping. The method is applied to a pumping test in a research well in deep granite of the Vienne district (France) where multi-tracing of drilling fluids has been used.     

地层压力随钻监测方法在深水高温高压井中的研究与应用

随着深水高温高压油气勘探的逐步深入,目前钻遇地层普遍存在着储层系统多样、压力系统复杂且高低压相间的情况,钻井过程中井下复杂情况频发,严重影响钻井作业安全.结合深水高温高压X1井的钻井实例,分别使用d_C指数法和岩石强度法开展地层压力随钻监测工作.结果表明,岩石强度法对深水高温高压井的压力监测精度更高,可以为后续深水高温高压井的地层压力监测工作提供参考.      

页岩气储层钻井液损害评价研究

延长油田页岩气储层埋藏较深,地质条件复杂,页理构造发育,岩石物性极差,页岩易膨胀、分散。由于孔缝并存,页岩气储层比砂岩油藏具有更严重的微粒运移损害、储层应力敏感损害、水锁损害等特性。鉴于延长页岩储层太过致密,不能用常规方法进行渗透率测定。通过采用人造裂缝法测定钻井液对储层裂缝的污染程度来表征钻井液对储层的损害率。经人造裂缝法测定,延长油田现场使用的白油基钻井液体系对页岩气储层的污染渗透率恢复率达到91.060%,初步证实该体系具有良好的储层保护效果,可在延长油田进一步推广使用并验证。