负载镧的EGDE交联壳聚糖微球对氟离子的吸附平衡与吸附动力学

采用负载镧的乙二醇二缩水甘油醚(EGDE)交联壳聚糖微球对含氟水进行吸附处理.该吸附剂的适宜工作条件为:温度30～50℃,pH值7.0,吸附时间30 min.用吸附等温线描述了F-在吸附剂上的吸附平衡,并用动力学模型研究了其吸附动力学机制.结果表明:吸附剂对F-的吸附平衡符合Langmuir吸附等温线和Freundlich吸附等温线,饱和吸附容量为25.7mg·g-1;该吸附剂对F-的吸附既包含化学吸附又包含物理吸附过程,以单分子层的化学吸附为主;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附过程受化学吸附机理的控制,颗粒内扩散和液膜形成的边界层是其限速步骤.     

羧甲基壳聚糖/有机蒙脱土插层复合物对氯酚的吸附

本文使用溶液插层法制备羧甲基壳聚糖/有机蒙脱土(CMC/OMMT)复合物。以该复合物为吸附剂,去除水中的4-氯酚(4-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(DCP)及2,4,6-三氯酚(TCP)。考察了pH值对吸附性能的影响,并对其吸附动力学和吸附热力学特征进行了研究。结果表明,CMC/OMMT吸附4-CP、DCP和TCP的最适pH值分别为9、7和5。CMC/OMMT对氯酚类化合物的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型,且颗粒内扩散不是吸附速率的唯一控制步骤。CMC/OMMT对氯酚类化合物的吸附平衡最符合非线性Tempkin模型。热力学参数ΔGo、ΔHo及ΔSo表明该吸附过程是以物理吸附为主的放热反应。连续进行5次吸附/再生循环后,CMC/OMMT对4-CP、DCP和TCP的再生率分别为50.50%、46.76%和51.05%,表明该复合物具有较好的重复使用潜力。     

羧乙基壳聚糖蒙脱石吸附养殖水体中Cu2+的应用

为了寻求性能良好、环保吸附剂,用于去除养殖水体中重金属Cu~(2+),作者利用蒙脱石负载羧乙基壳聚糖制备成复合吸附剂,并利用IR、SEM、XRD等手段分析其表面性能,将其用于处理Cu~(2+)溶液,考察了环境因子对其吸附性能的影响,并从吸附动力学和吸附热力学角度分析吸附剂对Cu~(2+)的吸附机理,最后考察其再生利用效果。结果表明:羧乙基壳聚糖成功进入到蒙脱石层间;在羧乙基壳聚糖与蒙脱石质量比为1︰25、40℃恒温水浴搅拌60min、pH=6.0、最佳投加量为4.0g/L、处理浓度不超过30 mg/L Cu~(2+)溶液时,复合吸附剂对Cu~(2+)去除率可以达到96.23%,将其用于淡水养殖鱼塘水体中, Cu~(2+)去除后可达到《渔业水质标准》规定;吸附剂对Cu~(2+)吸附热力学实验结果表明,符合Langmuir模型,反应过程为自发、吸热反应;吸附动力学结果表明该吸附符合准二级动力学方程,反应属于化学吸附;再生实验中NaOH的再生效果优于HCl。     

氨基酸在改性黏土上的吸附机制研究

研究了四种氨基酸(赖氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸)化合物在改性黏土的吸附特征, 考察了改性剂PACl 添加比例、介质pH 及离子强度对吸附过程的影响, 并探讨了吸附机制。结果表明, 在一定比例的PACl 改性能促进氨基酸在高岭土上的吸附, 最佳改性比例为5%, 赖氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸的最大吸附量分别为827、712.56、723.14、732.56 μmol/g; 氨基酸在改性黏土上的吸附动力学符合伪二阶动力学模型; 利用Weber-Morris 模型测定四种氨基酸内部粒子扩散常数, 5%改性条件下赖氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸的内部粒子扩散常数分别为0.847、0.567、0.780、0.603。热力学研究表明, 氨基酸在改性黏土上的吸附等温线是C 型等温线, 5%改性条件下四种氨基酸(赖氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸)的热力学自由能分别为?1.99、?2.41、?3.16、?2.94 kJ/mol, 说明氨基酸在改性黏土上的吸附是一个自发的吸附过程。介质pH 及离子强度对吸附过程具有重要影响。     

“MgO/AC”复合材料对水溶液中Cu~(2+)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

用造纸草浆黑液和氯化镁为原料制得氧化镁/活性炭("MgO/AC")复合材料,分别测定了该复合材料对水溶液中Cu2+与Cr(Ⅵ)的脱除性能。Cu2+的吸附随pH值的升高而增大,pH=3时基本达到平衡;在实验考察的pH范围内(1~8),Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附呈单调递减趋势。动力学拟合结果表明,"MgO/AC"复合材料对Cu2+和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程均符合伪二级动力学方程;两过程的吸附速率均随吸附温度的升高而增大,表现为吸热吸附;吸附活化能Ea分别为50.19,51.42 kJ.mol-1;"MgO/AC"复合材料对Cu2+的吸附优于对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。Cu2+在"MgO/AC"复合材料上的吸附过程用Langmuir模型描述更为合适,在293~323 K范围内,Cu2+的饱和吸附量为19.46~90.91 mg.g-1;Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程则更符合Freundlich模型。     

羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶制备及在药物控释中的应用

研究羧甲基壳聚糖水凝胶(CMCS-GA)对阿司匹林的吸附性能及其在药物控释系统中的应用。以羧甲基壳聚糖作为骨架材料,采用戊二醛交联法制备CMCS-GA,进而制备阿司匹林载药凝胶。测定凝胶在人工肠液中的溶胀动力学特点,观察载药凝胶在人工肠液中的体外释放行为。在pH=7.4的人工肠液中CMCS-GA 2 h达最大溶胀度1.38。CMCS-GA的载药量为4.6 mg/g,凝胶在人工肠液中96 h的累积释放度为99.91%,具有优良的缓释性能,药物的体外释放模型符合一级动力学方程。     

固定化海藻对金属离子吸附效果的研究

研究了固定化海带吸附含铜、镉溶液的过程,结果表明:非活性海带吸附水溶液中铜、镉离子的动力学过程可以用班厄姆吸附速率方程描述,铜和镉的吸附速率常数分别为0.1078和0.03028min-1;生物吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,根据Langmuir吸附等温模型的计算结果,得到固定化海带对铜和镉离子的最大吸附量分别为83.3和112.4mg/g,海带对铜离子的亲和性比对镉离子强.     

栉孔扇贝壳粉对刚果红的吸附性能研究

栉孔扇贝是中国养殖量最大的扇贝,其废弃的贝壳资源利用也成为了关注的热点。贝壳粉是一种天然的生物吸附剂,本文通过高温煅烧处理,进一步优化了栉孔扇贝壳的吸附性能,采用扫描电镜分析、红外光谱分析表征手段对其形貌、组成进行分析;同时探讨了不同贝壳粉煅烧温度、反应时间、反应温度、刚果红初始浓度对其吸附性能的影响以及吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型。结果表明, 900℃下煅烧的贝壳粉吸附性能最好;吸附反应在5 min内迅速发生,在150 min后基本达到平衡;该反应符合准二级吸附动力学过程(R2=0.999 1),吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,属于多相吸附,低温更有利于刚果红在煅烧栉孔扇贝壳粉上的吸附。以上结果对于解决印染废水的净化处理具有重要意义,也为栉孔扇贝壳废弃资源综合利用奠定理论基础。     

溶液中褐藻胶低聚糖在活性炭上的吸附特性与机制研究

本文研究了不同pH、反应时间、温度、初始糖浓度条件下溶液中褐藻胶低聚糖（AOS）在活性炭上的吸附性能及其吸附动力学和热力学机制。结果表明，溶液pH对活性炭吸附AOS具有重要影响，随pH降低，AOS在活性炭上的吸附增强，pH=1时吸附量可达0.116 g/g。吸附反应在5 min内迅速发生，60 min后达到吸附平衡。活性炭吸附AOS符合准二级吸附动力学过程。吸附热力学研究表明，吸附过程为自发的放热反应，吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型。综上，吸附过程为单分子层均相吸附，降低pH、低温有利于AOS在活性炭上的吸附。     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附热力学研究

采用溶液插层法,利用壳聚糖和蒙脱土制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物,使用红外光谱和X-射线衍射分析对其结构进行了表征;以此复合物为活性红染料RR136的吸附剂,考察了复合物中壳聚糖与蒙脱土的摩尔比、染料溶液pH值和浓度、吸附温度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,吸附反应的最佳条件是以壳聚糖与蒙脱土摩尔比为5∶1的插层复合物为吸附剂,反应温度20℃,RR136溶液pH为3。壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附更符合Langmuir模型,吸附热力学参数ΔGo、ΔHo和ΔSo值分别为-3.338kJ·mol-1(30℃),-37.98kJ·mol-1和-114.77J·mol-1·K-1,表明壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附是自发的、以物理吸附为主的放热反应。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.