秋季长江口水体颗粒有机碳年际变化及影响因素分析

根据2007—2012年长江口及其邻近海域4个航次(11月)调查资料,探讨了长江口秋季颗粒有机碳(POC)时空分布特征;结合长江口环境要素和陆源输入(径流、输沙),分析了秋季POC分布的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)2007—2012年秋季长江口POC浓度范围为0.03—16.95mg/L,均值2.30mg/L,底层POC浓度高于表层。长江口表层POC浓度存在显著的年际变化特征。(2)长江口区POC分布呈现沿长江径流入海方向降低的趋势,高值区出现在口门附近偏南部水域。口门内和近岸水域POC显著高于近海水域。口门水域POC年际间相对稳定,近岸和近海水域年际变化显著。(3)长江口POC分布与盐度呈非保守性变化,悬浮物是POC分布的主要控制因素,多数年份POC与叶绿素a相关程度较弱。(4)河口来水来沙量对POC浓度具有较强的制约性,径流的主要影响区域在口门内和近岸区,输沙的主要影响区域在最大浑浊带和长江口北部水域。(5)入海输沙量与长江口水域POC相关性最强。咸淡水交汇引起的悬浮物沉积和沉积物的再悬浮强度决定口门内水域POC浓度,浑浊度较高的近岸水体POC对陆源输入泥沙的依赖性较强,长江口外侧海域初级生产力水平成为POC浓度的重要影响因素。     

春季长江口颗粒有机碳年际分布变化及其影响因素分析

根据2013—2016年春季(5月)长江口及其邻近海域4个航次环境综合调查数据,探讨春季长江口水体颗粒有机碳(POC)时空分布特征及其环境影响因素。结果显示:2013—2016年春季长江口POC浓度范围为0.22~16.99 mg/L,均值为1.80 mg/L,总水域POC年际间变化显著,底层浓度高于表层。从口门区、近岸区和近海区三个子水域来看,除近岸底层POC浓度处于高值,年际差异不显著之外,其余水域的表、底层均存在空间变异和年际差异。POC浓度在口门附近偏南部水域达到高值,后沿长江冲淡水(CDW)方向降低,低值区位于近海底层,但表层POC在近海水域123°E附近出现次高值。POC浓度与盐度之间具有显著负相关关系,且相关性逐年递减;POC浓度与总悬浮物浓度(TSM)呈显著正相关,底层相关性高于表层;近海区表层POC与叶绿素a正相关关系极显著,二者高值区均分布在123°E附近。入海径流量与长江口春季POC浓度呈现出截然相反的年际变化趋势,径流对有机碳的稀释作用高于其输入作用。长江口春季POC主要以碎屑源为主,其分布与有机碳源、海水的稀释作用、悬浮物运动等多种因素有关,高浊水体中悬浮物影响显著,陆源有机碳对POC的影响在长江口近海水域有所弱化,而浮游植物对POC的贡献凸显。     

獐子岛养殖海域颗粒有机碳、颗粒氮的时空分布特征

2011年8月、10月、12月和2012年4月对大连獐子岛养殖海域共14个站位进行了大面调查。对其中颗粒有机碳(POC)和颗粒氮(PN)的时空分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,獐子岛养殖海域水体中POC质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季春季冬季。夏季POC质量浓度最高,表、底层的质量浓度分别为0.159~1.672 mg/L和0.045~0.834 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.867±0.451)mg/L和(0.319±0.204)mg/L。冬季表、底层POC质量浓度最低,表、底层POC质量浓度分别为0.020~0.530 mg/L和0.061~0.458 mg/L。平均值分别为(0.240±0.125)mg/L和(0.221±0.129)mg/L。四个季节的POC质量浓度平面分布较为均匀。PN质量浓度的季节变化趋势是:夏季秋季冬季春季。夏季PN的质量浓度最高,表、底层PN的质量浓度分别为0.026~0.439 mg/L和0.020~0.393 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.193±0.067)mg/L和(0.172±0.060)mg/L。春季表、底层PN质量浓度最低,表、底层PN质量浓度分别为0.059~0.178 mg/L和0.024~0.212 mg/L,平均值分别为(0.120±0.047)mg/L和(0.100±0.050)mg/L。PN与POC的分布特征相似,空间分布均匀。叶绿素a(Chl-a)质量浓度的变化趋势为:夏季秋季春季冬季。POC、PN和Chl-a的垂直分布规律相似,春季底层质量浓度高于表层,夏秋两季表层质量浓度高于底层,冬季表、底层质量浓度基本一致。根据C/N以及POC/Chl-a的比值对POC的来源进行初步分析,表明该海域的POC主要来源于海洋生物,并且受陆源的影响较小。     

珠江口水体有机碳的季节性变化

调查了珠江口不同季节颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)和溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)含量的分布特征,结合碳氮比值(C/N)、叶绿素a(Chl a)含量、溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)含量等水化学参数,探讨了珠江口POC、DOC来源、输送方式及混合行为的季节变化。结果表明,珠江口水体POC可能主要受到水体自生浮游植物有机碳输入的影响,DOC可能主要来自于河流输送的陆源有机碳。在降雨量较大的5月份,POC来自自生浮游植物有机碳的贡献相对减小。降雨量同样较大的8月份DOC来自河流输送的陆源有机碳的贡献增加。不同季节珠江口水体总有机碳中的DOC一直高于POC。珠江口POC、DOC含量受到淡水与海水混合进程的影响,淡水与海水的混合效应可能是从出虎门进入伶仃洋的低盐度区(盐度1‰~5‰的水体)开始延伸至外海。微生物的降解作用可能对POC和DOC在出虎门之前的下降趋势产生了重要影响,而微生物对新鲜的浮游植物有机碳的利用、以及浮游植物生产量的降低和颗粒物絮凝沉降作用则可能是POC在出虎门后下降幅度大于DOC的重要原因。     

双台子河口水体有机碳分布特征研究

于2011年5月和8月通过研究双台子河口水体溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和化学耗氧量(COD)的分布特征,阐述双台子河口水体有机碳的河口过程及其影响因素,并探讨总有机碳(TOC)和COD表征河口有机污染的区域性和季节性特征。研究表明:2011年5月双台子河口DOC、POC和COD含量范围分别为4.04~5.06mg/L(平均4.60mg/L)、2.93~10.85mg/L(平均7.01mg/L)和5.65~14.07mg/L(平均9.04mg/L);8月分别为10.87~46.04mg/L(平均26.75mg/L)、0.88~17.27mg/L(平均4.16mg/L)和2.42~67.62mg/L(平均17.85mg/L)。DOC、POC和COD的含量由河到海总体呈现逐渐降低的趋势,双台子河口不同区段DOC、POC和COD的时空分布,及其主要和次要影响因素具有一定的差别。有机碳来源和海水的稀释作用是影响双台子河口有机碳分布的主要因素,现场生物生产和悬浮颗粒物影响较小。双台子河口水体中TOC和COD呈现线性不显著正相关关系,二者关系的季节差异显著。     

东海赤潮高发区COD的平面分布特征及其影响因素

以2002—2003年4个季节(2002年5,8,11月和2003年2月)对东海赤潮高发区化学耗氧量(COD)的调查为依据,研究了该海区COD平面分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,4个季节COD平面分布特征基本相同,主要表现为近岸高、外海低,由沿岸向离岸方向呈逐渐降低的趋势,主要污染区域位于长江口与杭州湾附近。COD与盐度之间呈良好的负相关,与叶绿素a及悬浮颗粒物(TSP)之间呈正相关,说明COD浓度分布主要受陆源输入、浮游植物密度及悬浮颗粒物的影响。     

2011年长江口-东海P-PN断面碳酸盐体系参数的季节分布特征及影响因素

海水碳酸盐体系参数是反映碳循环调控机理和季节性酸化过程的重要海水化学参数.本文根据2011年3月、7月、11月和12月4个不同季节航次获取的长江口海域海水碳酸盐体系参数,探讨了长江口-东海P断面溶解无机碳(DIC)和总碱度(T A)的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:内陆架区,DIC和T A的平均值均表现为:夏季<秋季<冬季<春季;垂直分布上,夏季和秋季受长江冲淡水影响出现层化现象,春季和冬季均垂直混合较均匀.东海内陆架DIC与温度和DO呈显著负相关;T A则受温度和DO变化影响较小,与盐度呈正相关.结合2011年东海外陆架的PN断面数据分析,DIC和pH分别与表观耗氧量(AOU)呈显著正相关和负相关,东海外陆架的pH/AOU的斜率为-0.0027 pH/(μmol·kg-1);而内陆架区的pH/AOU的斜率为-0.0018 pH/(μmol·kg-1),低于黑潮次表层水中pH/AOU的斜率.东海内陆架区由于存在季节性的通风作用以及较强的海水碳酸盐体系缓冲能力,底层水体中因有机质耗氧降解导致的季节性酸化信号在一定程度上得到了缓解.     

春季东海北部近岸水体中的溶解无机碳和有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素

根据2010年4月在东海北部近岸的调查,分析了研究海域溶解无机碳（DIC）和溶解有机碳（DOC）的含量及其分布状况,并分别对DIC、DOC与温度、盐度、表观耗氧量等要素的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春季研究海域表、底层DIC平均含量分别为24．54mg／L和25．03mg／L,平面分布趋势均为近岸高于远岸,象山口附近...     

黄河干流有机碳的时空分布特征

通过2003-2009年多个航次对黄河干流DOC(溶解有机碳)和POC(颗粒有机碳))及相关参数的调查研究,结果表明:TSS(颗粒悬浮物)为91.42～8188 mg/L,POC为0.65～24.20 mg/L,POC%(POC/TSS×100%)为0.44%～2.21%,DOC为1.57～4.77 mg/L,有机碳沿程分布具有明显的空间特征.花园口水文年调查中有机碳含量与流量的季节变化密切相关.POC主要受冲刷影响,而DOC在不同季节分别体现出冲刷、稀释或浓缩效应.修建水库和调水调沙这2个显著的人为干扰活动对黄河有机碳的性质及输运产生了截然不同的影响:库区自生源对有机碳的贡献明显大于干流,DOC/POC为6.64～12.00,DOC是有机碳的主要形式,同时水库截流,颗粒物沉降降低了颗粒有机碳的输运量,而调水调沙却加强了有机碳的输运,该时期DOC/POC为0.01～0.47,POC是有机碳输运的主导形态.     

大亚湾海水中总有机碳的时空分布及其影响因素

于2006—2007年夏季、冬季、春季和秋季对大亚湾总有机碳(TOC)进行采样调查,分析了TOC的季节变化特征和空间分布特征,并讨论了TOC与盐度、叶绿素a及石油类等环境因子之间的关系。2006—2007年TOC的浓度范围在1.30~6.30 mg/dm3,平均值为2.78 mg/dm3,TOC的浓度从大到小的趋势是春季、夏季、秋季、冬季。TOC垂直分布趋势不明显,春季和秋季垂直分布比较均匀,且中层TOC浓度比较高;而夏季、冬季垂直分布不够均匀。春季TOC平面分布比较均匀,在大辣甲的西北部有高值,而夏季、秋季、冬季的TOC在大辣甲的西北部都呈现低值;夏季的TOC分布呈现西高东低,自小湾内向小湾外递减的特征;秋季的TOC分布呈现出东西高,中部低,近岸大于离岸的特征;冬季的TOC分布呈现西高东低,西部海域分布线比较密集的特征。研究表明,大亚湾TOC与叶绿素a、石油类显著正相关,与盐度负相关,但不显著。大亚湾TOC浓度、时空分布与季节性径流、季风、水动力、生物地球化学、生物等环境因子密切相关,特别是受到季节性河流径流输入、浮游植物、石油类的影响较大。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,