长江荆南三口河系水位演变规律及对江湖水量交换关系的响应

为分析荆南三口河系水位演变规律与江湖水量交换关系。依据1956—2017年荆南三口、湖南四水、洞庭湖城陵矶站以及长江干流枝城站月平均水位及流量和该流域8个雨量站的降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、回归分析、流量年特征值等方法研究了三口水位的时序演变特征及其与流量、降水、江湖水量交换、人类活动的关系。结果表明：① 与阶段一（1956—1966年）相比,阶段二（1967—1980年）、三（1981—2002年）、四（2003—2017年）河系年平均水位、年最高水位分别下降0.74 m、0.37 m,年最低水位上升0.07 m;② 在涨（4—5月）、丰（6—9月）、退（10—11月）、枯（12月—次年3月）四个水文节点上,最低水位降幅最大（-0.98 m）,平均水位次之（-0.78 m）,最高水位最小（0.55 m）,并将其降幅按水文节点排序依次为退水期（-0.95 m）>丰水期（-0.61 m）>涨水期（-0.21 m）>枯水期（0.15 m）;③ 河系水位变化与其流量变化有着较好的一致性（二者的相关系数r =0.65）,与降水量相关性较弱（r =-0.16）,但2002—2017年相对干旱的气候加剧了河系水位的下降。从总体上看,长江枝城来水量减少和以水利工程为代表的人类活动方式是导致荆南三口河系特征水位下降的主要驱动因素。     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程水位调控方案的探讨

利用历史水文资料、越冬候鸟分布调查资料及基础地理数据等, 从鄱阳湖形态的历史演变和鄱阳湖越冬候鸟生境保护的角度, 探讨鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的水位调控方案。研究得到以下结论和建议:(1) 在维持鄱阳湖形态不变的情况下, 为有效保护越冬候鸟生境不受水利枢纽工程水位调控的影响, 工程调控水位不宜超过12 m, 但由于低水位运行不利于水利枢纽工程工程效益的发挥, 而高水位运行不利于越冬候鸟栖息地的保护, 为调和工程效益和候鸟保护之间的矛盾, 建议实施适当退田还湖, 以促进鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的规划实施;(2) 根据地形、越冬候鸟分布范围、圩堤内居民点分布以及圩堤内土地利用现状, 提出了约640 km²实施退田还湖范围;(3) 以退田还湖为前提, 按照“调枯不调洪”原则, 提出鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的水位调控方案, 为工程的推进和实施提供参考。     

2000～2014年洞庭湖区植物面积变化及其与湖泊水位的关系

利用增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI),采用Mann-Kendall方法和Sen’s斜率估计方法,研究2000~2014年洞庭湖区的植物面积及其变化趋势,以及其与水位之间的关系。研究结果表明,枯水年洞庭湖区的植物面积最大,平水年的次之,丰水年的最小;2000~2014年期间,洞庭湖区增强型植被指数的变化存在空间异质性,东洞庭湖区的大部分区域的增强型植被指数无显著变化,南洞庭湖区的大部分区域的增强型植被指数显著增大;洞庭湖区18.08%的区域的增强型植被指数显著增大,这些区域主要集中在高滩地(平均海拔为26.61 m);7.51%的区域的增强型植被指数显著减小,这些区域主要集中在低滩地(平均海拔为25.79 m);随着湖泊水位的上升,洞庭湖区植物面积在减少,当洞庭湖水位为24 m时,最适合植物生长,当洞庭湖水位低于24 m时,洞庭湖区的植物面积受水位变化的影响较小。     

应用Terra/MODIS卫星数据估算洞庭湖蓄水量的变化

以洞庭湖为例,利用2002年的美国Terra/MODIS卫星数据,以16天为周期将全年划分为23个时段,分别对湖区水位和蓄水量分布特征和变化规律进行动态监测和综合分析。具体测算方法包括以下4个步骤: (1) 根据湖区特性,将整个洞庭湖分为3个部分：自西向东依此是西洞庭湖 (WDL), 南洞庭湖 (SDL) 和东洞庭湖 (EDL)。这3个部分的蓄水量之和就是整个洞庭湖的总蓄水量。(2) 以水体和陆地的光谱差异为基础,使用Terra/MODIS卫星的NDVI 数据识别并量测湖区水面积。(3) 将湖区水面影像同湖区数字高程模型DEM相叠加,以被监测的湖区水面的平均高度值作为水面高度。水面高度与湖底高度的差即为相应点的水深。(4) 按50 m×50 m网格大小和相应位置的水深的乘积来计算每个水柱体积。最后,将整个湖内的所有水柱的体积值累加便得到洞庭湖的总蓄水量。用上述方法测算的水位和蓄水量与实测资料进行了比较表明,两者具有很好的一致性。     

三峡水库调度运行初期荆江与洞庭湖区的水文效应

以1951-2008年实测水文资料为依据,运用对比方法,分析了三峡水库调度运行初期,荆江与洞庭湖区的连琐水文效应.结果表明:①莉江冲刷星占宜昌至城陵矶段的78.9%,其平均冲刷强度也远高于该河段;②三口分流比减少2.33%、分沙比减少2.78%;③三口多年平均入湖径流泥沙比依次减少7.7%及24.4%;④洞庭湖区淤积速率减缓26.7%、汛期水最较同期多年平均值偏少20.2%,使湖区连年季节性缺水,前者对延长湖泊寿命有利,后者酿成了连年性的夏秋连旱灾害、居民饮用水、生产用水和航运等水安全问题以及涉及到了珍禽鸟类数量和种类减少,东方田鼠种群数量极度膨胀等生态系统的稳定性;⑤湖口多年平均输沙泄洪能力增强了26.6%和3.7%,避免了溃垸决堤之灾.并认为,为适应新的江湖关系变化,必须进一步优化调整三峡水库调度运行方案,重新审视江湖治理的理念,维系江湖连通的纽带.     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The Dongting Lake is located in the south beach of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its catchment, with an area of 262,823 km2 or about 12% of the total Yangtze River catchment, is situated between 28o43?29o32扤 and 112o54?113o8扙, and crosses Hubei and Hunan provinces in administrative division. The main tributaries include Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanjiang, Lishui rivers (4 Tributaries) and some local rivers, such as Miluo River, Xinqiang River and other little streams. In the nor…     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The sediments of the Dongting Lake come from four channels (one of them was closed in 1959), connected with the Yangtze River, four tributaries (Lishui, Yuanjiang, Zishui and Xiangjiang) and local area, and some of them are transported into the Yangtze River in Chenglingji, which is located at the exit of the Dongting Lake, some of them deposit into drainage system in the lake region and the rest deposit into the lake. The annual mean sediment is 166,555x104 t, of which 80% come from the four channels, 18% from the four tributaries and 2% from local area, whereas 26% of the total sediments are transported into the Yangtze River and 74% deposited into the lake and the lake drainage system. Based on topographic maps of 1974, 1988 and 1998, and the spatial analysis method with geographic information system (GIS), changes in sediment deposition and erosion are studied in this paper. By overlay analysis of 1974 and 1988, 1988 and 1998, erosion and sediments deposition areas are defined. The main conclusions are: (1) sediment rate in the lake is larger than erosion rate from 1974 to 1998. The mean deposition in the lake is 0.43 m; (2) annual sediment deposition is the same between 1974-1988 and 1988-1998, but the annual volume of deposition and erosion of 1988-1998 is bigger than that in 1974-1988; (3) before the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, there will be 7.82x108 m3 of sediments deposited in the lake, which would make the lake silted up by 0.33 m; (4) in the lake, the deposition area is found in the north of the east Dongting Lake, the south-west of the south Dongting Lake, and the east of the west Dongting Lake; while the eroded area is in the south of the east Dongting Lake, the middle of the south Dongting Lake, the west of the west Dongting Lake, as well as Xiangjiang and Lishui river flood channels.     

洞庭湖周边地区第四纪红土粒度特征及环境意义

第四纪风成红土广泛分布于中国南方,与北方的黄土同为反映第四纪古环境的重要载体。基于洞庭湖周边地区10 处剖面122 个红土样品的粒度分析,对该区红土沉积特征及其反映的环境意义进行探讨。结果显示：①样品均以粉砂（4~63 μm）为优势粒级,其次为粘粒（<4 μm）,砂含量很少,并富集“风尘基本粒级”（10~50 μm）,含量达33.23%~42.23%,粒度特征与典型的黄土、下蜀黄土、加积型红土样品相似,显著不同于湘潭洪冲积红土,也区别于本区砂岩风化壳红土,表明洞庭湖西、南、东缘丘陵岗地存在风成堆积成因的中亚热带风成加积型红土。② 黄棕色土、网纹黄棕色土、均质红土、网纹红土等4 类样品的粘粒含量由高到低的排序是网纹红土 >均质红土 >网纹黄棕色土>黄棕色土;粉砂含量由高到低的排序正好相反。结合粒度参数推测,黄棕色土发育时期,沉积作用增强,粒度变粗,分选性较好;网纹红土发育时期,沉积作用较弱,风化成壤作用强,细颗粒含量增多,分选性相对较差。这可能反映了洞庭湖地区中更新世至晚更新世冬季风加强,风化减弱的气候变化过程。③ 沿冬季风主导风向（偏北风）,洞庭湖周边地区红土的M_φ、Md值（φ值）自北向南增大（变细）,风成组分（10~63 μm）百分含量随之减少,<2 μm组分百分含量自北向南略有增加。这种趋势提供了组成该地区加积型红土的粉尘由偏北向南传输的风成证据和母质风化程度向南增强的环境信息。     

典型年三峡水库不同调度方式对洞庭湖区水情的影响研究(英文)

Based on the field-survey prototype hydrology data in typical years,the effect dur-ing the running periods of different dispatch modes of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the water regimes in Dongting Lake area is comparatively analyzed.The results are shown as follows.(1) The influence periods are from 25 May to 10 June,from 1 July to 31 August,from 15 September to 31 October and from December to the next April,among which the influence of the water-supplement dispatch in the dry season is not very sensitive.(2) During the period under the pre-discharge dispatch,the runoff volume slightly increases as well as both the average water level and the highest water level rise in the usual year.While in the wet and dry years,the average increase in the runoff volume is 40.25×108 m3 and the average rises of the average water level and the highest water level are both 1.06 m.(3) As for the flood-storage dispatch,the flood volume increases slightly,in the dry and wet years,the flood volume,the average water level and the highest water level averagely reduce by 444.02×108 m3,2.64 m and 1.42 m respectively.(4) Under the water-storage dispatch,the runoff volume slightly in-creases and the water level heightens in a sort in the usual year.And in the dry and wet years,the average decreases in the runoff volume,the average water level and the highest water levels are respectively 185.27×108 m3,3.13 m and 2.14 m.(5) During the period under the water-supplement dispatch,the runoff volume,the average water level and the highest water levels averagely decline by 337.7×108 m3,1.89 m and 2.39 m respectively in the usual and wet years.However,in the dry year,the runoff volume increases as well as the average and highest water levels slightly go up.     

特枯水情对长江中下游悬浮泥沙的影响

基于长江中下游气象资料、历史水沙资料和2006 年10 月现场水沙观测资料, 分析了 典型枯水年大通站的月均径流量和输沙率特征、2006 年特枯水情产生的气候背景以及对长江中下游含沙量和悬沙粒径产生的影响。分析表明, 枯水年长江干流输沙量有显著的减少, 2006 年特枯水情下大通站汛期输沙量仅占多年平均值(1985-2000 年) 的19.8%。在特枯水情 和三峡工程蓄水的背景下, 2006 年10 月长江中下游含沙量平均为0.057 kg/m³, 只占 2003-2005 年10 月平均值的20.6%。2006 年10 月长江中下游悬沙中值粒径平均为4.8 µm, 悬沙中值粒径只占多年平均值的26.3%, 占近期平均值的41.8%。含沙量、悬沙粒度和中游 河床冲淤特性的综合分析表明, 城陵矶-湖口河段水沙垂向交换强, 是三峡兴建以后近期河 道调整频繁的河段。洞庭湖和鄱阳湖对长江干流含沙量的贡献较大, 尤以鄱阳湖的贡献最大, 长江中下游其他支流对长江干流含沙量的贡献较小。汉江和巢湖对长江中下游悬沙粒径的影响相对较大, 而洞庭湖和鄱阳湖则对悬沙粒径的影响相对较小。     

特枯2006年长江中下游径流特征及江湖库径流调节过程

利用1978特枯年、2000~2006年长江中下游宜昌、汉口、大通、城陵矶及湖口等水文实测资料,对2006年长江中下游出现特大枯水水情条件下的径流变化和江、湖与水库的调节过程进行分析。结果表明:长江中下游径流变化出现洪季不洪、枯季不枯特征,洪季来水量不到平常年的60%~70%,枯季基本维持平常年的来水量;其中长江上游来水量急剧减少是造成长江中下游洪季不洪的主要因素,三峡在枯水期间的调蓄对维持长江中下游干流的水量有一定的贡献,洞庭湖与鄱阳湖两大湖泊在枯季因干流水位显著降低形成的胁迫效应是长江中下游枯季不枯的重要因素。     

三峡水库调度运行初期荆江与洞庭湖区的水文效应(英文)

Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008,the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation.The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji,and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter;2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately;3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively;4) in Dongting Lake,the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%,in flood season,the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value,leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year.The former prolonged the lake life,while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years,shortage of drinking and industrial water,shipping insecurity,as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis;5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%,the embankments were protected effectively.Then,to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation,some suggestions were put forward,such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir,reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation,and maintaining connection of the river and the lake.     

The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation

Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter; 2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately; 3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4) in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, the embankments were protected effectively. Then, to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation, some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake.     

The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation

Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter; 2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately; 3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4) in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, the embankments were protected effectively. Then, to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation, some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake.     

湿地的防洪功能分析评价——以东洞庭湖为例

湿地作为生产力最高的土地类型,具有水文、水质、食物链和栖息地等方面的功能以及社会经济价值。其中水文功能主要表现在防洪功能方面,包括调蓄洪水、削减洪峰、滞流和减少侵蚀等。文中通过利用地理信息系统、遥感数据、模拟、统计分析和空间计算等方法,定量分析评价东洞庭湖湿地的防洪功能,提出了湿地防洪功能评价方法。     

三峡水库不同调度方式运行期洞庭湖区的水情响应

运用1951-2002 年典型年实测原型水文资料,对比分析2003-2010 年三峡水库不同调度方式运行期对洞庭湖区水情的影响,结果表明：(1) 影响时间为每年5 月25 日-6 月10 日、7 月1 日-8月31 日、9 月15 日-10 月31 日、12 月-次年4 月,其中枯期补水调度的影响不很敏感;(2) 预泄调度,平水年径流有所增加,平均水位、最高水位均有上升。丰、枯年影响期径流增加平均值40.25 ×10⁸ m³;平均水位抬高平均值1.06 m,最高水位壅高平均值1.06 m;(3) 蓄洪调度,平水年洪水量稍有上涨,枯、丰年影响期洪水减少平均值444.02 × 10⁸ m³,平均洪水位降低平均值2.64 m,最高洪水位降低平均值1.42 m;(4) 蓄水调度,除平水年影响期径流增加、水位稍有壅高外,枯、丰年影响期径流减少平均值185.27 × 10⁸ m³,平均水位降低平均值3.13 m,最高水位降低平均值2.14 m;(5) 补水调度,平、丰年影响期径流减少平均值337.7 × 10⁸ m³,平均水位降低平均值1.89 m,最高水位降低平均值2.39 m,但枯水年影响期径流量增加、平均水位与最高水位稍有抬高。关键词：长江三峡水库;调度方式;洞庭湖区;水情变化     

鄱阳湖自然保护区网络体系建设的探索与尝试

鄱阳湖是国际重要湿地,是中国最大的淡水湖,也是亚洲最大的水禽越冬地,是白鹤、东方白鹳、鸿雁和小天鹅等珍稀水禽全球最主要的越冬地之一。为保护好鄱阳湖湿地生态系统,保护好鄱阳湖珍稀水禽及其栖息地,江西省人民政府先后在鄱阳湖建立了15个自然保护区(国家级2个、省级2个,其余为县级),这15个自然保护区构成了原有的自然保护区网络体系。由于县级保护区保护管理功能的缺失,使得原有的自然保护区体系发挥的作用十分有限,因此需要尝试建立新的自然保护区网络体系。新的鄱阳湖自然保护区网络体系由鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区的11个保护管理(监测)站和南矶湿地国家级自然保护区的保护管理站共同组成,同时还包括鄱阳湖区越冬候鸟和湿地联合保护委员会、护鸟员和信息员队伍以及奖励机制。目前,新的网络体系存在新建保护监测站职能不明确和人员不足等问题,一定程度上制约了保护管理功能的发挥。为更好地发挥鄱阳湖自然保护区网络体系的作用,加强鄱阳湖自然保护区网络体系的建设十分必要,建议国家和地方政府给予更多的政策和资金支持。     

鄱阳湖水文特征动态变化遥感监测

鄱阳湖是中国第一大淡水湖,对鄱阳湖的水文变化进行持续监测可以为流域内生态环境变化提供基础数据,有利于研究其与长江和流域内河流的交互关系,更好地服务于陆面过程模式和水资源管理。本文利用卫星测高数据反演的鄱阳湖水位数据与MODIS数据结合,对鄱阳湖2000—2015年的水位、水域面积和水量变化进行研究,并通过水量平衡模型,推导出了同期长江—鄱阳湖的水量交互。研究发现,2000—2015年鄱阳湖面积呈现波动性变化,最大水域面积为3600 km ²,是最小水域面积482 km ²的7.5倍。2004年、2007年、2009年和2011年水域面积比较低,2012年后形势好转。每年1月、2月、12月份是鄱阳湖干季,水域面积低至500 km ²,湖口处水位可低至4.71 m,湖面从南往北倾斜,南北水位差异达2.59 m。相对于2000—2015年最低水量,干季时湖泊水量平均增加量为3 km ³。每年6—9月份是鄱阳湖的湿季,水域面积一般大于2670 km ²,水位高于15 m,南北水位差异不大,相对于2000—2015年最低水量,湿季时湖泊水量平均增加量为12 km ³。2000—2015年鄱阳湖流入长江的水量范围为-7~40.66 km ³,每年有93.33%的时间水流从鄱阳湖流入长江。流入长江的水量多少具有明显的季节性,通常5月、6月流入长江的水量高于7月、8月,主要因为7月、8月长江中上游降水增加,长江干流来水增多,对鄱阳湖湖水倒灌有一定的顶托作用。     

三峡工程建设背景下的洞庭湖区治水方略探讨

在长江三峡工程建设的大背景下,本文分析了洞庭湖区的水灾减灾机制,探讨了洞庭湖区的治水方略,提出应充分发挥三峡水库的调蓄功能,协调江湖关系,改善冲淤关系,加强水利工程建设,实现三峡水库与湖南四水水库的优化调度     

降水对洞庭湖湿地水文补给效应

通过综合运用气象数据、遥感数据和典型下垫面特征资料,采用GIS技术和SCS模型,分析了降水对洞庭湖湿地水文的补给效应。在分析洞庭湖流域降水时空变化特征以及模拟地表径流的基础上,计算面积补给系数和体积补给系数。结果表明,面积补给系数较好地显示出监测时刻湖泊水域面积与流域面积之间的关系,不仅反映了某一时刻湿地水文对补给水的依赖,也定量表明降水形成地表径流后的水文补给效应及其对水域面积的影响;体积补给系数则通过注入湿地中的实际水量反映出降水对湿地水文的补给作用及其对水文循环的贡献,也可通过累加反映一段时间内的补给效应。两者的综合应用可以更好地说明大气降水对洞庭湖湿地水文的补给作用。