云南麻栗坡县马卡钨多金属矿床中铍赋存状态研究及意义

铍是一种稀有金属元素,在地壳中的含量约6×10-4。目前发现含铍的矿物约有50多种,具有工业价值的铍矿物主要有绿柱石、金绿宝石、硅铍石、日光榴石,其中最为常见的为绿柱石。近年来,我们通过对滇东南老君山矿集区北部马卡钨多金属矿床研究,发现该区伴生有Be资源,且Be以独立矿物日光榴石的形式存在,这与该矿集区其他铍矿床(绿柱石型)有所不同。通过详细的扫描电镜微区分析,可知研究区的日光榴石与白钨矿、萤石共生。研究表明,一般与石英脉型W矿有关的Be矿多为绿柱石型,而日光榴石多产在夕卡岩型矿床,故日光榴石的发现,除了其本身为一种新资源外,可能还指示了马卡钨多金属矿床的空间成矿模型为上部石英脉型、深部夕卡岩型。     

巴尔哲碱性花岗岩稀有稀土矿床地质特征及成因探讨

内蒙古巴尔哲碱性花岗岩稀有稀土特大型矿床是国内首次发现的一种新类型工业矿床,其规模居亚洲第三位.含矿岩体为燕山期碱性花岗岩,岩体普遍矿化,岩体即是矿体,矿石品位富,稀有稀土元素种类多,其共生伴生矿物多达44种,工业矿物以羟硅铍钇铈矿、烧绿石、铌铁矿、锌日光榴石为主.     

中国铍矿成矿规律

中国是世界铍资源大国,本次工作统计到中国铍资源产地241处。铍矿床可分为内生型和外生型。根据岩浆系统的碱铝属性,内生铍矿床可分属于过铝性、偏铝性、过碱性成矿系统;根据流体演化阶段,再分为岩浆型、伟晶岩型、岩浆热液型等3个类型;然后根据赋矿环境进一步分为伟晶岩型、花岗岩型、石英脉型、矽卡岩型、云英岩型等多个矿化形式。过铝性系统的矿石矿物主要为绿柱石;偏铝性系统的矿石矿物主要为硅铍石、羟硅铍石、日光榴石等;碱性系统的矿石矿物主要为硅铍钠石、斜方板晶石、硅钡铍矿、硅铍石、羟硅铍石、硅铍钇矿等。不同赋矿环境产生不同类型的铍矿床,对应不同的矿物组合、矿化分带、矿石结构。统计结果表明,中国铍矿床主要产于过铝性的成矿系统,偏铝性、碱性成矿系统的铍矿床较少。多数铍矿床形成于中生代,主要产于新疆阿尔泰、川西、南岭等成矿带。碱性成矿系统的铍矿床多分布在板块边缘的深断裂或裂谷,过铝性成矿系统的铍矿床主要形成于褶皱造山带,具有一定的定向分布特征。过铝性-偏铝性成矿系统的铍成矿作用可用表示不同岩浆演化阶段和成矿环境的成矿模型描述。笔者建议:在阿尔泰和川西成矿带,重点考虑花岗伟晶岩型锂铍铌钽资源的综合找矿工作;在华南地区,注意与钨锡共(伴)生的铍资源的综合利用;着重在地质找矿和科研工作程度较低的地区,包括在东南沿海、大兴安岭地区寻找火山岩型和岩浆热液型铍矿床;加大西部铍资源空白区的找矿工作。     

西峡县陈阳坪铍铷矿地质特征

在东秦岭西官庄-镇平断裂带陈阳坪地区进一步发现稀有金属矿产后,为了解铍铷矿床特征,对陈阳坪花岗伟晶岩型铍铷矿石矿物电子探针特征及矿区地质等进行了综合分析研究.本区发现伟晶岩脉11条,铍铷矿体4条,矿体长105～1100 m,厚4.26～7.00 m,BeO品位:0.035％～0.0445％,Rb2O品位:0.046％～0.123％.矿石有用矿物为钾长石、白云母、绿柱石、石榴子石等,钾长石晶体裂隙中可见绿柱石,为含铍的重要矿物;白云母集中于花岗伟晶岩中带,铯榴石不均匀出现于伟晶岩边部、构造裂隙、钾长石颗粒间隙,为含铯铷矿物.据矿石矿物电子探针分析,矿石中的铷主要赋存于钾长石、白云母矿物.产于晋宁期花岗伟晶岩中的铍铷稀有金属矿,矿体受伟晶岩脉控制,晋宁期的岩浆活动为本区铷矿、稀有元素形成提供了丰富的物质来源,经后期构造及岩浆热液活动使岩体中的铍、铷元素活化富集形成稀有金属矿床.在矿区东部及南部也存在类似地质构造特征,陈阳坪地区花岗伟晶岩的研究成果对豫西南铍铷等稀有金属矿产取得进一步找矿突破具有一定意义.     

鄂东北娘娘顶铍矿床铍矿物相特征及地质意义

娘娘顶铍矿床大地构造位置处于桐柏—红安造山带的结合部位,地理位置上隶属于鄂东北大悟娘娘顶地区.作为单一铍矿种矿床,该矿床的发现填补了武当—桐柏—大别成矿带[1-2]铍相关矿产研究的空白[3-4],对国内同类型矿床的研究也有重要的启示意义.该矿床属钠长岩型稀有元素矿床[5].矿体主要呈脉状分布于娘娘顶花岗岩与围岩(红安群变粒岩等,局部含有大理岩夹层)的接触带及花岗岩中的构造破碎带中.目前己发现有2个矿体,其中主矿体长约190 m,宽3～9m[3].最新研究发现,娘娘顶铍矿床铍矿化主要与钠化及云英岩化蚀变有关,钠化及云英岩化复合的部位品位较高,主要含Be矿物为锌日光榴石.     

新疆某铍矿床工业铍矿物的微区原位鉴定

通过电子探针分析仪和微区X射线衍射仪的联合应用,对新疆某铍矿床的铍矿物存在形式进行研究,结果表明:电子探针背散射图像观察和X射线能谱定性分析确定铍矿物的电子探针鉴定标志:铍矿物的灰度比石英暗,X射线能谱图中仅显示Si和O元素的峰,且O元素的峰高大于Si元素的峰高。通过LDE3H分光晶体测试,该矿物在177.384mm处存在明显的Be元素Kα谱峰。电子探针半定量分析结果显示,该矿物中Si和O元素的质量分数分别为21.93%和60.06%,与羟硅铍石的理论值[w(Si):23.53%,w(O):60.50%]相近。通过微区X射线衍射的分析,样品谱图与PDF卡片号为01-087-0669的羟硅铍石的谱图一致,最终确定该矿床的工业铍矿物为羟硅铍石。     

内蒙古扎鲁特旗巴尔哲超大型矿床控矿因素分析

内蒙古巴尔哲矿床不仅是超大型的REE-Zr-Nb-Ta-Be多金属矿床,同时也是大型的U-Th矿床。通过野外地质观察、地面伽玛能谱测量、岩矿鉴定和室内数据处理等,发现铀、钍主要以类质同像的形式存在于矿石矿物中;铍和稀土元素的独立矿物以羟硅铍钇铈矿和独居石为主;铌、钽、锆主要赋存在铌铁矿、烧绿石和锆石中。另外,从构造、岩性及蚀变特征三方面,对巴尔哲矿床的控矿因素进行了详细解剖,研究表明,巴尔哲矿床的铀钍矿化与稀有稀土矿化密切共生,均赋存于强蚀变钠闪石花岗岩中,蚀变主要为钠长石化和硅化。该矿床主要受构造和碱性花岗岩体的控制,是构造和碱性花岗质岩浆演化的耦合产物。      

喜马拉雅带片麻岩穹窿成矿作用——以扎西康矿集区错那洞穹窿为例

特提斯喜马拉雅发育与造山带平行的片麻岩穹窿构造带,其与喜马拉雅金锑、铅锌多金属、锡钨铍多金属矿具有密切的时空关系.西藏扎西康铅锌多金属矿集区是喜马拉雅造山带最具特色的矿集区,集中产出20余处不同规模的金锑、铅锌、锡钨铍多金属矿床.矿集区内矿床围绕错那洞穹窿呈规律性分布,体现为从穹窿核部向外依次分布铍钨锡稀有金属矿→铅锌多金属矿→金锑矿.这些矿床分布特征与区域1:5万区域水系沉积物分析结果一致,从错那洞片麻岩穹窿核部—淡色花岗岩内部及其接触带到外围表现为W、Sn、Bi、Rb等高温元素→Pb、Zn、Ag、Sb等中温元素→Au、Sb、Ag、Hg、As等中低温元素异常组合.错那洞穹窿形成于中新世,该时期伴有大量的淡色花岗岩(23～14 Ma)侵位,此时也迎来了扎西康矿集区"成矿大爆发"(21～12 Ma).矿集区内典型矿床的H-O同位素组成表明,各矿床均显示有岩浆热液不同程度的贡献.矿石矿物的Pb同位素特征表明,锡钨铍来自于淡色花岗岩,铅锌具有多源性,既可以来自于淡色花岗岩,亦可以来自于古老基底物质,而金锑主要来自于与幔源作用有关的基性岩及玄武岩.结合矿集区内矿床的时空分布特征、流体及物质来源特点,文章认为扎西康矿集区内多金属矿床形成是喜马拉雅带成穹作用引发的构造-岩浆-成矿事件,构成了受穹窿控制的金锑-铅锌-锡钨铍稀有多金属成矿系统.自中新世以来,喜马拉雅造山带处于伸展活动时期,发育多期次的淡色花岗岩深熔作用,并在错那洞侵位形成片麻岩穹窿.深熔淡色花岗岩具有较高的演化程度,演化后期出溶富集Be-W-Sn-Rb的岩浆流体.在岩浆侵位过程引发的高异常地热梯度作用下,岩浆流体向外扩散,在岩浆顶部形成伟晶岩型铍铷稀有金属矿,在岩体边部与大理岩交代形成矽卡岩型铍稀有多金属矿,在错那洞穹窿拆离断裂及近南北向张性断裂中形成锡石-硫化物脉型锡多金属矿.岩浆流体在向外渗流过程中,萃取各类地质体中的成矿元素,并与大气降水、地热循环水不同程度的混合,在外围的张扭性断裂中形成铅锌,在温度更低的压扭性断裂中形成金(锑)矿.     

热液铍矿床

多年来一直认为,铍主要是在与花岗岩有关的高温伟晶岩和云英岩矿床内才能富集,其中绿柱石是主要镀矿物。自从改变找矿方针,开始寻找中低温的硅铍石矿床以来,发现了各种类型的铍矿化,其中最有价值的是含硅铍石的蚀变火山岩和硅铍石—萤石建造的交代岩。最富的矿床形成于弱碱性和碱性花岗岩类小岩体的侵入体上部地段。岩体产于碳酸盐岩石或基性岩之中。矿化赋存在岩性有利层位范围内的各种岩脉(微正长岩、闪长玢岩等)的交汇或结合处。当灰岩与硅     

湘中曹家坝大型钨矿床的主要矽卡岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

矽卡岩矿物特征是确定矽卡岩矿床成因的关键证据之一。曹家坝钨矿床是湘中盆地新探明的大型钨矿床,矿体呈似层状产于中泥盆统棋梓桥组灰岩与跳马涧组碎屑岩之间硅钙界面附近。矿区内发育大量矽卡岩矿物,但是未见到岩浆岩。文章通过钻孔编录、矿物的显微特征和电子探针分析,确定了曹家坝钨矿床的成因类型。研究表明曹家坝钨成矿作用与矽卡岩关系密切;石榴子石存在早、晚2个阶段,早阶段石榴子石以钙铝榴石和钙铁榴石为主,晚阶段以钙铝榴石和铁铝榴石-锰铝榴石为主;辉石以钙铁辉石为主;绿泥石主要是铁镁绿泥石。根据矽卡岩的矿物特征,结合发育磁黄铁矿和伴生金矿化等特征,提出曹家坝钨矿床可能是还原性远端矽卡岩型钨矿床。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

Arsenic in streams,stream sediments,and ground water,fairbanks area,alaska

Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

丘北普者黑岩溶地貌景观特征

通过介绍普者黑地区的岩溶地貌特征,借鉴石林和桂林的研究模式,对普者黑的岩溶地貌形成机理进行了深入研究,并针对普者黑独特的亚热带高原岩溶地貌的特征,阐述了其研究的科学价值。