海水中不同价态铬的测定

本文研究了用Aliguat-336萃取,无焰原子吸收分光光度法测定海水中不同价态铬的方法。该方法有较好的精密度,变动系数为6.0%。回收率在80%左右,其特征量为6.3×10~(14)g,较好地应用于海水中不同价态铬的测定。     

催化阴极溶出伏安法测定海水中的铁及实验条件的优化

电分析测定海水样品中的铁离子具有准确、快速的优点 ,通过拉丁方正交实验设计分析各个因子的影响 ,优化了催化阴极溶出伏安法的实验条件。分析表明催化电流受到 p H值的显著影响 ,而其它试剂的浓度及富集时间对峰高影响不显著 ,优化后方法的检出限为 6.5× 10 - 1 0 mol· dm- 3,线性范围在 1× 10 - 9mol· dm- 3至 1× 10 - 6 m ol·dm- 3。可应用于海水中痕量铁的分析。     

海水中铋(Ⅲ)的微分电位溶出分析

利用微分电位溶出分析法研究了海水中痕量铋（III）的最适测定条件。结果表明，实验条件选择电解电位（E）为-1．10V，溶出上限电位（E上）为-0.70V，溶出下限电位（E下）为-0．00V，工作电极旋转速度2500rpm.洗电极时间和富集时间分别为30s和600s。适宜的盐度和酸度为5．8－29．0×10-2mol／L和1．00-2.00×10-mol／LHNO3。对在海水中加入5μg／L铋（III）的样品8次测定的相对标准偏差为53％。校正曲线方程为Y=4.77＋55X,相关系数（γ）为0．9993。对青岛沿岸海水测定的加入回收率为96．5％。1994年利用该方法测定青岛沿岸海水中铋（III）的浓度为0．017－0．103μg／L。     

固体吸附剂吸硼研究概况

Ⅰ.硼的存在形式及去硼意义 据文献报道自来水中硼的含量为7×10~(-9)～0.2×10~(-6)g/L,海水中的含量为5×10~(-6)g/L,河水中的含量为13×10~(-6)g/L,地下水和卤水中的含量随各地而有所不同。在一般的水溶液中,硼以H_3BO_3,B(OH)_4~(-)形式存在,以H_3BO_3为主。硼酸是一元弱酸,是一种路     

海水中痕量镍的汞膜电极导数催化波极谱测定

本试验选择亚硫酸钠—丁二酮肟体系,在pH值为8—9的氨性缓冲溶液介质中,对海水中的镍进行直接快速的催化极谱测定。镍浓度在10-7—10-9克/毫升范围内,与导数催化电流呈良好的线性关系,测定下限可达1.0×10-9克/毫升。该法使用的试剂少,操作简便,分析速度快,与分光光度法进行对照试验,结果基本符合,方法的相对误差15%左右,回收率95%以上。     

海水中硼的快速测定方法

海水、卤水及废水等样品中微量硼的测定方法很多,其中姜黄素法是测硼灵敏度最高的一种,现已被列入美国《水和废水标准检验法》第13版中。我们以姜黄素-分光光度法测定海水中微量硼时,在标准曲线中加入了与海水样相当的无硼人工海水,消除了阴阳离子的干扰,在半年多的海水中硼的间断性测定试验方面,获得了较满意的结果,其相对标准偏差为3.1％,测一批样品仅需4小时,因此,该法是测定海水中硼的快速准确的较好方法。     

甲亚胺——H酸分光光度法测定海水中的硼

一、前言海水中硼的测定,对海洋环境化学、海洋地球化学及海洋生物化学的研究具有重要意义。硼的测定方法报导很多,但对海水中硼的测定报导较少。海水中硼的测定有甘露醇容量法,氟硼酸根离子选择电极法,萃取原子吸收法,分光光度法等。在分光光度法中主要有胭脂红酸法和姜黄素法。胭脂红酸法需在较浓硫酸介质中显色,给操作带来困难;姜黄素法需要蒸发阶段,方法比较繁琐。     

海水介质中碳钢缓蚀剂的研究

用正交实验法 ,对所选的磷酸盐、葡萄糖酸钙、硫酸锌、十二烷基硫酸钠、对氨基苯磺酰胺、丹宁酸、四硼酸钠及钼酸钠等 8种成分对海水中碳钢的复配缓蚀效果进行了研究 ,筛选出用磷酸盐、葡萄糖酸钙和硫酸锌组成的复合配方。结果表明 ,由 10 0× 10 -6葡萄糖酸钙 ,30 0× 10 -6硫酸锌和 2 0 0× 10 -6磷酸盐组成的复配缓蚀剂 ,对海水中碳钢的缓蚀率可达 89.0 9%。     

海水中锌、镉、铅、铜的微分电位溶出分析

提出一种简便快速、直接测定海水中锌、镉、铅、铜的微分电位溶出分析方法,海水适宜酸度为(3.0—4.5)×10~(-3)mol/LHNO_3,适宜盐度1.6—31。电解(富集)时间600s时,检出限为0.02μg/L Zn~(2+),0.02μg/L Cu~(2+),0.01μg/L Cd~(2+),0.006μg/L Pb~(2+)。在青岛近岸海水中加1.0μg/L Zn~(2+),Pb~(2+),Cu~(2+)和0.5μg/L Cd~(2+),测定的相对标准偏差分别为2.9％,3.1％,5.8％和5.1％。应用于近岸海水及中国标准海水中锌、镉、铅、铜的测定,结果满意。     

大气压下磁力浮沉子法测量中国标准海水的密度

用自行设计安装的磁力浮沉子法密度装置测量溶液密度具有±3×10~(-3)kgm~(-3)的灵敏度,±3.5×10~(-3)kgm~(-3)的精密度。25℃时测定Nacl溶液的密度与Millero测量值平均偏差为2.6×10~(-3)kgm~(-3),求得NaCl的φ_v~0值为16.61(cm)~3mol~(-1)。 对12批中国标准海水及24个稀释中国标准海水的密度测量值(温度在15～25℃之间)与1980年国际海水状态方程计算值之间平均偏差为3.4×10~(-3)kgm~(-3)。实验结果表明中国标准海水及其稀释海水的密度与盐度及温度的关系遵从1980年国际海水状态方程。为中国标准海水作为溶液密度测量标准提供实验依据。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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