降雨条件下黄土边坡现场试验研究

黄土边坡的变形破坏多发生于降雨期间,由此也造成了大量的损失。为减小降雨诱发黄土滑坡的影响,开展降雨型滑坡现场实验研究,具有现实意义。本文选取泾阳一天然黄土边坡为研究对象,利用自行设计的模拟降雨系统,设计并进行了3组不同雨强下的大型黄土边坡人工模拟降雨试验,旨在研究不同雨强条件下天然黄土边坡的入渗规律及变形破坏模式。通过对边坡内埋设的土壤水分传感仪、土压力盒和张力计管的读数变化及试验现象进行分析,进而得出降雨条件下大型黄土边坡现场试验的变形破坏规律,总结出该类边坡的水分入渗规律和变形破坏模式。试验结果表明,边坡入渗呈现一定的规律:降雨条件下,坡肩入渗深度和速率最大,坡脚次之,坡面最小;同时,降雨强度越大,雨水入渗速率越快,入渗时间越长,边坡相同位置处体积含水率和土压力增大幅度越大,基质吸力减小的幅度越大。降雨条件下天然黄土边坡的变形破坏模式为:坡肩侵蚀及侵蚀扩展→坡面裂隙形成扩展→坡肩裂隙形成扩展→局部滑塌;若继续降雨,则坡肩局部裂隙逐渐贯通进而形成滑面,最终导致滑坡发生。     

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的两种雨型模型试验

黄土边坡变形失稳机理研究对于黄土滑坡灾害防治具有重要意义。黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡作为黄土滑坡类型之一,研究人员已对其失稳基本过程与形成机理有较为清晰的认识。但对于其在不同降雨类型下,特别是强降雨条件下的变形破坏过程则有待进一步探讨。因此,本文对黄土-泥岩接触面边坡开展室内降雨模型试验,研究其在强降雨条件下斜坡变形破坏模式。试验设计连续强降雨和间断强降雨两种降雨条件,对比分析两种降雨条件下边坡雨水入渗规律及变形破坏模式。结果表明:在两种典型降雨模式下,雨水入渗速率由边坡前缘至后缘逐渐降低;在坡体表层,随着降雨由间断至连续过渡,入渗速率逐渐增加;在坡体深部,入渗速率受边坡结构影响;间断降雨下边坡呈现滑移-拉裂失稳;在连续降雨条件坡体则表现为蠕滑-拉裂破坏。     

间歇型降雨对堆积层斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究

为研究间歇型降雨作用下缓倾堆积层斜坡的变形破坏特征,以樱桃沟滑坡为例,进行了降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究。试验结果表明：前期降雨作用下坡体变形特征表现为前缘滑移沉陷、中部滑移、后缘沉陷、坡体裂缝生成,且前缘裂缝扩张明显,后期降雨作用下坡脚区域首先发生滑塌,然后依次向后缘传递发生逐阶滑塌破坏;降雨入渗易在基岩面上储存,形成暂态地下水位、高孔隙水压力区域和坡向渗流场,基岩面附近土体饱水时间长,软化程度高,抗剪强度弱化显著,边坡易沿基覆界面土层发生滑坡;坡体滑动易发生在降雨间歇期,触发特征表现为雨后坡体暂态饱和区水分和坡表积水持续下渗,导致地下水位上升滞后于降雨,造成坡体内浮托力、渗透力和孔隙水压力增大,有效应力降低,诱发滑坡。     

甘肃永靖黑方台地区灌溉诱发型滑坡发育特征 及力学机制

水是诱发黄土滑坡最为积极的因素,以灌溉诱发型滑坡尤为典型.基于野外水工环地质综合调查,对黑方台地区灌溉渗透诱发滑坡的发育特征进行总结.通过分析特定孕灾地质条件下滑坡发育特征的差异,认为黄土滑坡形成的力学机制以滑移-压致拉裂-剪断型和蠕滑-拉裂-滑移型为主,而黄土-基岩滑坡以滑移-压致-拉裂型为主.滑移-压致拉裂-剪断型黄土滑坡为原位溯源后退扩展式,系灌溉水入渗后造成黄土饱和带厚度增大,不仅造成台缘周边地下水溢出带部位渗透压力增大,且抗剪强度显著弱化,从而在坡体自重作用下发生蠕滑剪切.锁固段突然破坏使滑坡快速启动,滑体冲击致早期饱水滑床产生液化,产生高位抛射,借助原始地形滑体加速运移形成高速远程运动.蠕滑-拉裂-滑移型黄土滑坡是黄土底部饱和带厚度较薄或灌溉入渗影响较小的地段,以后缘拉裂为主激发形成.渗灌溉水长期入渗造成下伏基岩顺倾泥岩层面软化泥化,从而在顺向坡段产生黄土-基岩顺层滑坡,该类滑坡以低速短程滑坡为主.     

降雨型黄土滑坡预警研究现状综述

黄土滑坡是一类典型的地质灾害,但目前并没有针对这类滑坡的区域性预警模型。介绍了黄土滑坡的分类和滑带特征研究现状,讨论了降雨型滑坡的两类预警模型:降雨型滑坡临界雨量模型,包括区域统计概率预警和临界雨量阈值预警;物理预警模型,主要为通过建立力学稳定性分析和降雨入渗模型耦合得到的预警模型。分析了降雨或地下水作用下土体含水量变化对滑坡稳定性的影响研究和黄土滑坡的预警研究现状,最后根据前人研究现状讨论了现有预警模型的特点并提出了未来降雨型黄土滑坡预警可能的发展方向。     

考虑降雨类型的基岩型浅层边坡稳定性分析方法

降雨是诱发滑坡尤其是浅层滑坡的主要因素,目前多数降雨作用下基岩型浅层边坡稳定性分析方法都是基于常降雨强度假设,忽略了降雨特性对该类边坡稳定性的影响。文章建立了常规型降雨强度-时间类型,通过控制参数统一均匀型降雨、递增型降雨、递减型降雨、峰值型降雨等类型。根据入渗理论和无限边坡模型,提出了考虑降雨类型的基岩型浅层边坡稳定性分析方法。通过编制MATLAB程序计算一边坡稳定性,结果表明:不同降雨类型对基岩型浅层边坡稳定性影响较大,具有明显的时效性。在实际边坡防治中,应考虑降雨特性对边坡稳定性的影响。     

东南沿海残积土地区降雨诱发型滑坡预报雨强-历时曲线的影响因素分析

东南沿海山地丘陵地区每年雨季期间有大量土质滑坡发生,如何对由降雨诱发的滑坡进行预报一直都是一个热点研究课题,雨强-历时曲线（简称I-D曲线）是目前国内外常用的降雨型滑坡预报的降雨量临界值曲线。针对东南沿海地区的浅层残积土滑坡,根据相关勘察数据及资料,概化得到了该类型边坡的地质剖面及岩土层性质,然后应用Geo-Studio软件分析了边坡初始湿润条件、土体抗剪强度、饱和渗透系数、边坡坡角、残坡积土层厚度及雨型等参数对I-D曲线的影响规律。分析结果表明：残坡积土抗剪强度参数、饱和渗透系数、边坡坡角、雨型等因素对I-D曲线的影响显著,边坡安全系数降至临界值所需降雨历时随抗剪强度参数值降低、表层残积土渗透系数增加或坡角增大而减少;当雨强较小时,初始湿润条件对I-D曲线的影响显著;当雨强大于残坡积土层饱和渗透系数时,入渗量主要由渗透系数控制,边坡安全系数降至临界值所需降雨历时不随雨强增大而变化。该研究结果为I-D曲线在东南沿海残积土地区降雨诱发滑坡预警预报中的应用奠定了基础。     

降雨诱发浅表层黄土滑坡机理实验研究

黄土较松散,内部大孔隙和垂直节理发育,因其特殊的结构为雨水的快速入渗提供了通道。降雨型黄土浅层滑坡已造成了大量的经济损失与人员伤亡。为了有效减轻降雨诱发黄土滑坡对社会和经济的影响,开展降雨型滑坡室内实验研究,具有重大的现实意义。本文旨在研究不同降雨形式和不同坡体结构对黄土斜坡变形破坏过程影响,设计并进行了3组室内物理模型实验,分别为持续强降雨斜坡实验、持续强降雨斜坡（带垂直节理）实验和间歇性强降雨斜坡实验,且每组斜坡内埋设体积含水率传感器、基质吸力传感器和孔隙水压力传感器3种传感器记录其内部变化。通过对每一个黄土斜坡体内传感器的读数变化及实验现象进行分析,同时对不同实验条件下实验过程及结果进行对比,进而得出降雨条件下浅表层黄土滑坡的变形破坏规律,总结出该类滑坡的破坏模式及其诱发机理。实验前期,随着体积含水率不断增大,基质吸力逐渐减小至基本稳定,土体强度随之减小,实验后期上部土体饱和,斜坡产生的变形和土体排水不畅产生了超孔隙水压力,有效应力随之减小,土体强度减小至最小,导致滑坡产生。同时,坡体结构对斜坡稳定性的影响大于降雨形式的影响。     

黄土台缘滑坡地表水入渗问题分析

黄土塬区提灌工程保证了农业生产,却造成了地下水位大幅抬升,使得近年来黄土台缘滑坡不断发生。黄土滑坡一个普遍特征就是后缘发育地裂缝以及落水洞,使地表水（灌溉水以及降雨）直接灌入坡体,诱发了大量黄土滑坡。因此,地表水入渗对于黄土滑坡机理研究以及滑坡防治具有重要意义。文章基于对陕西泾阳南塬黄土滑坡的现场调查,对黄土台缘滑坡地表水入渗工程地质问题进行了初步分析,包括：①地表水入渗与落水洞形成机制;②地表水入渗途径及其与黄土滑坡发育过程的关系;③降雨因素对于黄土滑坡的影响程度。     

非饱和黄土边坡水热变化过程室内模型试验研究

针对黄土边坡在降雨条件下易发生浅层滑塌失稳破坏问题,探讨降雨入渗及日照蒸发条件下非饱和黄土边坡内水热变化过程。利用填筑室内黄土边坡模型,通过控制降雨–日照循环条件,对黄土边坡模型中温度、水分及坡面位移进行监测,结果表明,非饱和黄土边坡模型在外界降雨–日照条件下其内部温度及含水率的影响范围在30~40 cm之间,其影响深度是有限的,说明通常在降雨入渗作用下黄土边坡失稳破坏的深度有限,多为浅层滑塌破坏;边坡模型的表面位移随着降雨日照条件变化而发生轻微膨胀或收缩。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of