夏季长江冲淡水扩展的数值模拟

建立一个σ坐标系下三维非线性斜压陆架模式,研究夏季径流量、台湾暖流、黄海冷水团、风场对长江冲淡水扩展的影响。数值试验基本再现了夏季长江冲淡水低盐水舌伸向东北的现象和渤、黄、东海的环流结构。长江径流量只影响近口门附近冲淡木朝东南方向扩展势力和整个冲淡水扩展范围的大小。台湾暖流深受底形的影响,流动路径稳定,且不受自身强度的影响,又主流远离长江口,对长江冲淡水扩展的影响不大。黄海冷水团产生的余流在长江口海区阻碍着冲淡水沿岸向南扩展,在远离长江口海区诱导冲淡水向东南运动。总的黄海冷水团的作用是使长江冲淡水低盐水舌伸向东北。黄海冷水团越强,这种作用就越明显。夏季风场在冲淡水转向东北的过程中作用显着。     

夏季风场对长江冲淡水扩展影响的数值模拟

建立一个σ坐标系下三维非线性斜压陆架模式，研究长江冲淡扩展的动力机制。数值试验再现了夏季长江冲淡水转向东北的现象，夏季风场对长江冲淡水扩展的影响，取决于风速的大小和动向，风速为３ｍ／ｓ的南风，对冲淡水向北扩展的影响比较明显，而当南风风速达到６ｍ／ｓ时，则起着十分显著的作用，西南风加强了冲淡水向东扩展，但对南北向的扩展影响甚微，东南风抑了冲淡水向东扩散，并使之偏向西北，明确阐明了夏季风场对冲淡水扩展     

2006年夏季珠江冲淡水扩展及生态响应

根据珠江口及其附近海域2006年夏季(7-8月)航次的调查资料,发现珠江冲淡水同时向粤西和粤东扩展,最东可扩展至红海湾中部海域,向西最远可扩展至阳江海陵岛东侧,在西南季风的Ekman驱动下,向外海扩展至21.2°N,冲淡水产生的羽状锋十分明显,大致位于10m水深之上;在陆架区存在上升流;在高栏列岛及担杆列岛东南海域分别存在孤立低盐水团;表层浊度、叶绿素a、溶解氧的间分布形态表明其输运路径受珠江冲淡水扩展路径的影响,叶绿素a高浓度区对应溶解氧高浓度区,其高浓度区分别位于上下川岛海域和万山群岛海域.     

2006-2007年长江冲淡水的扩展形态及季节变化

利用2006—2007年观测的高密集度CTD测站和海床基ADCP连续测流站资料,分析了长江冲淡水的扩展形态和垂向结构。结果表明,各季节观测时段内:春季、秋季和冬季的表层长江冲淡水扩展基本被限制在长江口、杭州湾及舟山水域附近。夏季长江冲淡水的扩展由内向外可分为3个阶段:射形流阶段,长江径流直接向东南冲入海;水舌形态扩展阶段,冲淡水以1个水舌的完整形态指向东北,其运动受台湾暖流和南黄海海盆气旋式环流等背景流场的影响明显;扩散阶段,冲淡水先以较大团块运动,后以不断变小的水块随着背景流场运动,其中一支向东北移动进入南黄海,另一支转向东偏南,绕东海东北部冷涡运动。     

春季长江冲淡水在口门外海域逐月变化及其影响因素分析

利用2015年4、5、6月在长江口外开展综合海洋调查获取的实测数据,分析春季口门外海域长江冲淡水（Changjiang diluted water,CDW）时空分布特征及扩散过程,并结合同期的多源环境观测数据,探讨各环境动力因素对春季长江冲淡水分布的影响,深化对冲淡水在口门外海域扩展及其动态变化的认识。观测结果显示,2015年春季长江冲淡水的扩散范围逐月增大,主体最远可到达123°E以东海域,其逐月变化主要受控于口外水文气象环境。长江径流量大小决定了冲淡水出口门后的分布范围以及表层水盐度,风向则控制冲淡水的扩展态势。在风场与径流的共同作用下,春季口门外海域长江冲淡水的扩散呈现三种模式：4月份的顺岸南下型（冬季型）、5月份的东北转向型（过渡型）和6月份的东南-东北双向分支型（夏季型）。春季台湾暖流深层水已到达长江口外海域,与表层冲淡水层相互作用较弱,但随着上升流的逐月增强,其与上层低盐冲淡水之间的跃层效应愈发显著,一方面抑制长江冲淡水的向下扩展,同时上升流的涌升也减薄了冲淡水的厚度。再悬浮泥沙向上扩散的厚度显示出春季潮混合过程难以影响至表层,但在大潮情况下,水位波动变化更为剧烈,使外海高盐海水向陆上溯更远,导致5月份12250E断面的水体盐度整体相对较高。     

珠江冲淡水季节变化及动力成因

依据珠江口及其附近海域2006-2007年4个航次的CTD资料,分析珠江冲淡水的扩展形态和垂向结构,结果表明:表层冲淡水仅在夏季同时向粤西和粤东扩展,其余季节以西向扩展为主,而底层冲淡水全年向西扩展;冲淡水的主体部分大致位于10 m水深之上,但最大厚度在秋季可以超过20 m水深。通过结合同期风、海流、潮汐资料分析发现径流和风是控制冲淡水扩展范围和垂向结构的关键因子,夏季珠江冲淡水的范围最广,其次是春季,冬季最窄;夏季西南季风有利于其向东及向外海扩展,东北季风驱使珠江冲淡水向西扩展并制约冲淡水向外海扩散;粤西的水位梯度全年都驱动沿岸流向西流,而粤东的水位梯度仅在夏季有利于珠江冲淡水东向扩散,相应的粤东沿岸流在夏季指向东北,其余季节均指向西南。     

长江冲淡水的扩展及其营养盐的输运

本文根据长江口及其邻近海域硝酸盐和硅酸盐的平面分布特征,研究得出,除冬季外,长江冲淡水中的营养盐同时向两个方向输送,一、向北或东北输入南黄海西南部;二、向南或东南输入东海。据此提出“长江冲淡水双向扩展”的观点,即长江冲淡水先顺河口走向朝东南方向流动,到达口门处分成两部分（冬季除外）,一部分穿过杭州湾口及舟山群岛一带沿岸南下,或自长江口向东南方向扩展;另一部分则左转向北或东北,进入南黄海西南部。南、北两股冲淡水的水量大小及其比例,因不同季节而异。     

1999年与2006年间夏季长江冲淡水变化动力因素的初步分析

根据径流量,1999年和2006年夏季的长江分别处于显著洪季和旱季.此期间的月平均风向也有显著区别.根据同期的海洋现场观测:相对1999年8月,2006年同期的长江口以东、以南毗邻水域表层盐度显著较高,而在长江口东北部海域则相对偏低;长江口附近海域的底层盐度有所偏高,但在浙江中南部沿海底层盐度则相对偏低.利用Regional Ocean Modelling Systems数值模式,对1999年和2006年实际的径流量、风场和黑潮及其分支变化等3个因素对长江冲淡水扩展的影响进行了一系列模拟试验和对比.对比试验表明:相对1999年8月,2006年夏季长江流量大幅度减小是长江口毗邻海域表层盐度升高的主要原因;风场是导致长江冲淡水相对偏北,并使长江口北部出现表层盐度负异常的主要因素;黑潮及其分支在东海北部入侵相对增强、在东海南部入侵相对减弱,使长江口南部表层盐度正异常海域扩大,并促使长江淡水向江口北部扩散增强、而向东部扩散减弱.长江口毗邻海域环流和水团的变化可能对夏季低氧区位置变化产生一定影响.     

长江冲淡水路径的初步研究——Ⅰ.模式

早期的多次观测表明,在洪水季节的在长江口外冲淡水区中,等盐线呈强烈的水平舌状分布,其舌轴方向先为东南继而转向东北。后来人们又发现,长江冲淡水的盐舌轴线具有多种形态,并且有时还出现所谓“双峰“现象。尽管如此,大多数观测表明,当长江迳流的流量超过某一临界值时,其冲淡水的盐舌舌轴就呈现出转向东北。同时,观测还表明,冲淡水中余流的基本方向也是趋向东北的”。图1绘出了4—9月的长江冲淡水实测     

2000年8月长江口外海区冲淡水和羽状锋的观测

采用CTD、多参数环境监测系统 YSI等仪器设备 ,于 2 0 0 0年 8月在长江口外海区对长江冲淡水结构、羽状锋等进行了现场观测。 2 0 0 0年 8月长江冲淡水出口门后 ,朝东北偏北流动 ,而当年 8月为长江径流量偏小的月份。通过动力分析指出了近口门段长江冲淡水分布类型与径流量的关系。长江冲淡水主流在近口门附近朝东北偏北扩展后 ,在科氏力作用下朝东南扩展 ,在转向区域为沿水下河谷北上的高盐台湾暖流水。高盐的台湾暖流水和长江冲淡水混合 ,生成口外羽状锋 ,强度大 ,阻挡了长江冲淡水向东扩展 ,并使冲淡水在当年径流量偏小情况下朝东北偏北运动。部分台湾暖流水在中下层能穿越长江口外而向北流动。羽状锋主要存在于长江口外 1 2 2 .6°E附近的 1 5m水层之上。在浙江沿岸、长江口外水下低谷西侧、吕泗近岸存在着上升流现象     

A numerical study of summertime expansion pattern of Changjiang (Yangtze) River diluted water

Observations show that during summer especially in August, the northward expansion of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River diluted water (CRDW) is blocked in the vicinity of the Changjiang Estuary. To explain this phenomenon, Princeton ocean model (POM) is applied to simulate the summertime expansion pattern of CRDW. Numerical experiments show that to the north of the Changjiang Estuary, a tide-induced temperature front of a cold water centered at (34°N,122.5°E) plays the key role in determining the expansion patt...     

长江冲淡水扩展区域孤立水团分析

本文利用2017年5月长江口外海域的实测资料,研究了孤立低盐水团的三维结构以及输运过程,并进一步统计了孤立水团发生的历史事件。低盐水团的水文参数在未脱离前于上层呈现同心圆等值区分布。研究发现,大潮引起的强上升流对低盐水团的脱离起到决定性的作用。孤立低盐水团的生消周期为7—10d,其脱离和输运受长江径流、风场等的影响,偏北风和偏南风对水团输运分别起到抑制和促进作用。低盐水团的脱离及输运过程极大加强了冲淡水跨锋面的营养盐和陆源有机物的输运。这些发现进一步丰富了对长江冲淡水输运过程的研究。     

Variability of Currents off the Northern Coast of New Guinea

The variability of the New Guinea Coastal Current (NGCC) and New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent (NGCUC) were examined from one year time series of current data from ADCP moorings at 2°S, 142°E and 2.5°S, 142°E. Change in the hydrographic structure induced by monsoonal wind forcing was also examined from hydrographic data along the 142°E covering consecutively two winter seasons and two summer seasons. The westward NGCUC was observed to persist year around. The annual mean depth of the current core was 220 m, the mean speed of the zonal component was 54 cm/s with a standard deviation of 15 cm/s at the 2.5°S site. Velocity fluctuations at 20–30 day period were observed year around. Seasonal reversal of the surface intensified NGCC was clearly observed. In the boreal summer characterized by the southeasterly monsoon, westward currents of over 60 cm/s were dominant in the surface layer. The warm, low-salinity layer thickened at this time and sloped down toward the New Guinea coast from the equator. This surface water accumulation may be caused by onshore Ekman drift at the New Guinea coast, combined with weak Ekman upwelling at the equator. In the boreal winter, an eastward surface current developed to 100 cm/s extending down to 100 m depth in response to the northwesterly monsoonal winds. Coastal upwelling was indicated in this season and the surface water accumulated at the equator due to Ekman convergence. Shipboard ADCP data indicated that the NGCUC intensified in boreal summer as the width and depth of the NGCUC increased.     

Observational characteristics and dynamic mechanism of low-salinity water lens for the offshore detachment of the Changjiang River diluted water in August 2006

The Changjiang River diluted water(CDW) spreads into the East China Sea(ECS) primarily in a plume pattern,although in some years, low-salinity water lenses(LSWLs) detach from the main body of the CDW. In-situ observations indicate that in August 2006, a LSWL detached from the main body of the CDW near the river mouth.In this paper, the effects of winds, tides, baroclinity and upwelling on LSWLs are explored with a threedimensional model. The results show that:(1) winds play a crucial role in these detachment events because windinduced northerly Eulerian residual currents impose an uneven force on the CDW and cut it off, thus forming a LSWL;(2) upwelling carries high-salinity water from the lower layer to the upper layer, truncating the low-salinity water tongue vertically, which is conducive to the detachment and maintenance of LSWLs; and(3) upwelling during the evolution of a LSWL is caused by the combined effects of winds and tides. The influences of windinduced upwelling are mainly near the shore, whereas the upwelling along the 30 m isobath is predominantly affected by tides, with the effect increasing from neap tide to spring tide.     

Water transport at subtidal frequencies in the Marsdiep inlet

Long-term time series of subtidal water transport in the 4-km wide Marsdiep tidal inlet in the western Dutch Wadden Sea have been analysed. Velocity data were obtained between 1998 and the end of 2002 with an acoustic Doppler current profiler that was mounted under the hull of the ferry ‘Schulpengat’. Velocities were integrated over the cross-section and low-pass filtered to yield subtidal water transport. A simple analytical model of the connected Marsdiep and Vlie tidal basins was extended to include wind stress and water-level and density gradients and applied to the time series of subtidal water transport. In accordance with the observations, the model calculates a mean throughflow from the Vlie to the Marsdiep basin. The mean water transport through the Marsdiep inlet consists of an export due to tidal stresses and freshwater discharge and an import due to southwesterly winds. In contrast, the variability in the subtidal water transport is mainly governed by wind stress. In particular, southwesterly winds that blow along the main axis of the Marsdiep basin force a throughflow from the Marsdiep to the Vlie basin, whereas northwesterly winds that blow along the main axis of the Vlie basin force a smaller mean water transport in the opposite direction. The contribution of remote sea-level change to the water transport, or coastal sea-level pumping, has been found to be much smaller than the contribution of local wind stress.     

Circulation of the East China Sea,a numerical study

A three-dimensional, primitive-equation model is developed to study how the Kuroshio, the monsoon, the Yangtze River outflow and the buoyancy forcing from the South China Sea affect the circulation of the East China Sea. It is found that the Kuroshio water usually intrudes into the East China Sea from both sides of Taiwan Island. Winter winds enhance the Kuroshio intrusion from northeast of Taiwan, but weaken it from the Taiwan Strait. Summer winds act in the opposite way. The increased presence of the Kuroshio water in the East China Sea in winter can be largely attributed to the shoreward surface Ekman drift associated with the northerly wind. In summer, the-shaped plume emanating from the Taiwan Strait is, to a large extent, produced by the buoyancy forcing from the South China Sea.In summer, the bimodal distribution of the Yangtze River outflow is initially produced by the upwelling-favorable wind. Away from the Yangtze River, the far-field dispersal of the fresher water depends on the strength of the Kuroshio. A stronger Kuroshio enhances the seaward dispersal of the northern branch of the Yangtze outflow north of Taiwan, but reduces the southward penetration of the southern branch. In winter, downwelling-favorable winds confine the Yangtze River outflow to a narrow band forming nearshore coastal jet penetrating southward. The northern tip of Taiwan acts as a conduit, channeling the seaward dispersal of the fresher water. The model results interpret the observed circulation patterns.     

The 4-D structure of upwelling and Pearl River plume in the northern South China Sea during summer 2008 revealed by a data assimilation model

We analyze four-dimensional structures of upwelling and Pearl River plume in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) during the summer of 2008 based on data assimilation. An Ensemble Kalman Smoother scheme is employed in the Princeton Ocean Model. It is found that the Pearl River plume axis extended eastward along with the surface current and swerved offshore twice near (116°E, 22.6°N) and (117.5°E, 22.8°N) before reaching the Taiwan Strait. The vertical transect of salinity along the plume axis indicates that the Pearl River freshwater could affect salinity distribution down to a depth of 10–20 m. Anomalously warm water is found in the upper layer, which could be attributed to the intensified stratification and suppressed vertical mixing caused by the freshwater of the plume capping the upwelling west of 116°E. The varying winds from upwelling favorable to downwelling favorable could induce a low-salinity water lens at the center of the model domain. Upwelling in the NSCS initially occurred at 114.5°E, to the east of the Pearl River Estuary, intensified eastward, and reached its maximum near Shantou (116.7°E, 23.2°N). Since current-induced upwelling appeared mainly in Shantou due to the widened shelf, it is found that even if the wind-induced upwelling was shut down in Shanwei by downwelling favorable wind on July 4, the upwelling still existed in Shantou. Moreover, because the direction of large-scale current was in favor of upwelling in the NSCS that cannot be reversed by varying local winds over a short time period, the upwelling shutdown time is longer for both wind-induced and current-induced upwelling in Shantou than for mainly wind-induced upwelling in Shanwei. The steeper slope in Shanwei also shortens the upwelling shutdown time there.     

Linkages among halocline variability,shelf-basin interaction,and wind regimes in the Beaufort Sea demonstrated in pan-Arctic Ocean modeling framework

To address the mechanisms controlling halocline variability in the Beaufort Sea, the relationship between halocline shoaling/deepening and surface wind fields on seasonal to decadal timescales was investigated in a numerical experiment. Results from a pan-Arctic coupled sea ice-ocean model demonstrate reasonable performances for interannual and decadal variations in summer sea ice extent in the entire Arctic and in freshwater content in the Canada Basin. Shelf-basin interaction associated with Pacific summer and winter transport depends on basin-scale wind patterns and can have a significant influence on halocline variability in the southern Beaufort Sea. The eastward transport of fresh Pacific summer water along the northern Alaskan coast and Ekman downwelling north of the shelf break are commonly enhanced by cyclonic wind in the Canada Basin. On the other hand, basin-wide anti-cyclonic wind induces Ekman upwelling and blocks the eastward current in the Beaufort shelf-break region. Halocline shoaling/deepening due to shelf-water transport and surface Ekman forcing consequently occur in the same direction. North of the Barrow Canyon mouth, the springtime down-canyon transport of Pacific winter water, which forms by sea ice production in the Alaskan coastal polynya, thickens the halocline layer. The model result indicates that the penetration of Pacific winter water prevents the local upwelling of underlying basin water to the surface layer, especially in basin-scale anti-cyclonic wind periods.     

The cause of the 2008 cold disaster in the Taiwan Strait

The offshore branch of the China Coastal Current in the Taiwan Strait normally makes a U-turn north of the Zhangyun Ridge. In early 2008, the current continued straight and carried water as cold as 14 °C toward Penghu Island, causing damage to the local aquaculture and coral reef ecosystem. This study investigates the mechanism behind this intrusion of cold water using available data and a three-dimensional model.The model results show that the 2008 intrusion can be divided into three stages. At the beginning of February, the offshore branch of the China Coastal Current formed a U-shape in the Taiwan Strait; the branch moved cold water from the western strait to the central strait when the offshore geostrophic current, which is related to the southward sea level and density gradients, overcame the onshore Ekman transport caused by the northeasterly monsoon. In the second stage, in mid-February, strong northeasterly winds intensified the southwest current in the Taiwan Strait and resulted in abnormal transport of the cold water from the central strait to Penghu Island. Finally, at the end of February, the warm northeast current was re-established due to weakened wind, and the cold water gradually retreated to the north. The second processes occurred immediately after the first, resulting in the unique intrusion of cold water.     

Ekman drift and vortical structures

In this article, the authors study the influence of a constant wind on the displacement of a vortex. The well known Ekman current develops in the surface layer and is responsible for a transport perpendicular to the wind: the Ekman drift.An additional process is, however, evidenced, whose importance is as strong as the Ekman drift. There indeed exists a curl of the wind-driven acceleration along isopycnic surfaces when they are spatially variable (they enter and leave the depth where the wind stress acts), which generates potential vorticity anomalies. This diabatic effect is shown to generate potential vorticity anomalies which acts on the propagation of vortical waves and non linear vortices.It is shown that this effect drastically reduces the effect of the Ekman drift for linear waves and surface intensified vortices, while extending its effect to subsurface vortices. It also generates along wind propagation, whose sign depends on the vortex characteristics.