口泉断裂郊城段断裂展布特征及其活动性研究

通过地质调查、联合钻孔勘察、断层露头剖面实测、光释光年龄测试等综合手段,对口泉断裂郊城段准确位置、断裂展布特征和活动性进行详细研究。结果表明,断裂在该地段由2条断裂组成,呈平行阶梯状,间距30 m,山区侧断裂断距1.4 m,盆地侧断裂断距1.9 m,两断裂断至地表属全新世活动断裂,为同期黏滑所致。晚更新世晚期(20.3~27.8 ka)地层平均沉积速率约为0.17 mm/a。沿断裂无明显的地貌陡坎,基岩山体剥蚀后退400~600 m。研究得出的断裂准确位置、展布特征及活动性结果,对口泉断裂形成历史、盆地的形成演化及对沿线工程规划和灾害评估有较大的参考意义。     

云南地区主要断裂现今活动性研究

运用1982年至2009年云南地区跨断层短水准和短基线观测资料,计算得到了主要断裂的现今活动速率,研究云南地区断裂的现今活动特征,并进一步探讨云南地区断裂活动与地震活动的关系。     

渭河断裂中段最新活动的几个证据

根据渭河断裂中段两侧渭河一二级阶地的高差对比,研究了近20000多年来,特别是近6000多年来渭河断裂中段的活动性,并粗略估算了断裂活动的位移幅度和位移速率。又根据断裂附近探槽揭示的古地震遗迹及历史地震、现代地震沿断裂的分布,认为渭河大断裂为近期活动较强烈的发震断裂。     

昌马断裂的运动方式与1932年昌马地震

本文从断裂的沉积、地貌和变形特征方面研究了昌马断裂的运动方式。结果表明,昌马断裂是一条枢纽断裂,枢纽轴位于断裂中段。提出了昌马断裂的力学模式,认为昌马地震是在北东～南西向水平挤压应力产生的左旋剪切应力和垂直断裂面的正压力联合作用下,昌马断裂枢纽轴部的介质强化,应力集中的结果     

关于岷江断裂若干问题的讨论

本文在野外观察的基础上，结合年代学样品测定资料，讨论了岷江断裂的几何特征、晚第四纪活动性以及潜在地震能力。笔者认为，岷江断裂并不是一条单一的南北向断裂，而是由多条北东－北北东向次级断层左阶羽列而成。由于岷江断裂总体延伸方向的差异，可以把它分为南、北、中三段。中段控制第四纪盆地，并具有晚第四纪活动性。进一步的研究认为，断理解几何特征导致的断层分段对断裂的潜在地震能力具有控制作用。     

小江断裂带西支断裂南段新活动初探

本文根据实地调查,分析了小江西支断裂南段两条分支断裂的展布特征及其活动性。用冲沟长度、错动量及平均侵蚀速率,估算了断裂的水平滑动速率。指出南段分支断裂作多重右阶斜列展布,现今活动以左旋走滑为主,兼有倾向运动分量,全新世以来平均水平滑动速率为1.66mm/a。     

从石油人工地震资料分析成都平原地震地质背景的新认识

根据近 2 0余年来四川地震、石油部门积累的四川盆地及邻区的地震地质调查、强震及中强地震震例总结、成都凹陷人工地震勘探普查与详查的工作成果 ,一方面研究了所揭示的成都凹陷及邻区的隐伏构造类型与展布范围 ,尤其是对成都—德阳间是否存在“隐伏断裂”作了详细的厘定 ,资料表明NE向的新津断裂向北消止于双流县彭镇以南 ;另一方面研究了活动断裂与地震活动的成生关系及相应的活动特征 ,其中最重要的是将浅表断裂和深层地腹型断裂加以明确的区分和圈定 ,提出了5种发震断裂类型。综合上述认识 ,划出了成都凹陷强震潜在震源区。研究认为 :成都—德阳一线两侧宽 4 0km、长百余公里的地带 ,具有稳定的地震地质环境和良好的工程地震条件     

新疆伊宁盆地活动断裂新活动特征研究

新疆伊宁盆地主要分布有巩留南、喀什河、雅马特等6条活动断裂，断裂走向近东西向与北酉一北北西向。其中巩留南断裂、喀什河断裂、雅马特断裂等在晚更新世一全新世时期有过多次显著的新活动，切错了晚更新世一全新世堆积物。在喀什河断裂上1812年发生了8级大展，形成长约100km的地震形变带。在巩留南断裂、雅马特断裂、伊宁断裂上也有受控于断裂近代新活动的中等地震发生。     

活动断裂地震危险性的研究现状和展望

本文综述了活动断裂地震危险性研究的历史、发展现状、存在的问题及发展方向。在活动断裂地震危险性研究中,重点论述了在概率分析研究阶段地震复发模式、概率模型、断裂间相互作用以及最大震级的评估等问题,指出未来活动断裂地震危险性分析研究的主要发展方向是多学科资料和研究手段、动力环境分析和力学模型的引入。     

华北新生代断陷盆地边缘的山麓断裂与盆缘主干断裂的比较分析——以内蒙古临河断陷盆地为例

华北西部许多第四系隐伏的断陷盆地,经人工地震探测发现在盆地边缘存在生长性主干大断裂。于大断裂附近隆起的山麓露头区,有时出露新活动断裂,二者性质似乎"相同"、产状近于平行。隐伏的主干大断裂发育的最晚时代(时代上限)与山麓活动断裂的形成时代接近,因此被认为是同一断裂系,其差异仅仅是出露与隐伏的不同。为此以内蒙古临河断陷盆地为例进行了实地野外观察与地震反射剖面解释,认为隐伏的主干断裂是自下向上发育的生长断裂,是地壳运动的产物,而山麓露头的活动断裂则是自上向下滑落,断裂的形成倾向于(主要)是重力因素。二者本质上毫无关系,不是一个断裂系,不能依据山麓活动断裂的特征来推导隐伏断裂的性状与活动性。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。