冲绳海槽晚更新世以来沉积速率的变化与沉积环境的关系

１９９２年６月冲绳海槽进行了热水活动和底质调查。从所采岩芯中挑选有代表性的岩芯６个,对样品进行了放射性同位素Ｔｈ、＾２３０Ｔｈ、＾２３２Ｔｈ、Ｕ、＾２３４Ｕ、＾２３８Ｕ的测定。结果表明,冲绳海槽全新世期间沉积物沉积速率比晚更新世期间低,全新世平均沉积速率为２．１０－８．５０ｃｍ／ｋａ,晚更新世平均沉积速度为７．４０－２０．１０ｃｍ／ａｋ。这揭示了晚更新世低海平面期间大量的陆 火山碎屑冲绳海槽,而全     

冲绳海槽沉积物的化学成分特征及其地质意义

本文根据1983年采集样品系统地研究了冲绳海槽沉积物的化学成分,结果表明,冲绳海槽沉积物的主要化学成分为SiO_2,CaCO_3和Al_2O_3,尤其以CaCO_3含量较高而明显地区别于深海沉积物或陆架沉积物。从常量元素与微量元素之间的关系来看,冲绳海槽沉积物的绝大部分样品接近于陆壳物质,只有少数样品与洋壳物质相近。上述特征表明,冲绳海槽沉积物的物质来源除了生物沉积成因以外,在一定程度上仍以陆源碎屑沉积为主体,同时也有部分海底火山物质的加入。     

18.5ka以来冲绳海槽中部沉积物碎屑态来源和古环境变化的常量元素记录

为进一步了解冲绳海槽中部18.5ka以来柱状沉积物碎屑态的常量元素组成特征及其古环境指示意义,对KX12-3孔进行了151个样品中碎屑态的提取及其常量元素和粒度综合分析。结果表明:主要常量元素含量表现出明显的两段式垂向变化特征,底部的Z1阶段(492~96cm)形成于末次冰消期及早全新世(18.5~9.6ka),中国大陆河流(长江、黄河)物质输入是沉积物中陆源碎屑物质的主要来源;而顶部的Z2阶段(96~0cm)则形成于早全新世以来(9.6ka),沉积物中的陆源碎屑物质仍以中国大陆来源为主,台湾物质输入也有一定贡献。此外,岩心中还记录到了7.3ka时发生的K-Ah火山事件。常量元素相关性、R型因子及典型常量元素比值分析均表明主要氧化物含量在垂向上的变化主要受控于附近的陆源碎屑物质输入,热液活动和火山物质的影响较小。不同时期陆源碎屑物质对研究区的影响表现出明显的变化规律,并与海平面波动及黑潮的演化具有很好的耦合关系。此外,在5~3.5ka期间,KX12-3孔的Fe_2O_3、MgO、Fe/Ti、Mg/Ti值及粒度减小,这应该是由当时黑潮的减弱或"摆动"出冲绳海槽引起的。     

88ka以来冲绳海槽北部古环境演化:来自元素地球化学的证据

对CSH1岩心全样沉积物样品进行元素地球化学分析,揭示了过去88ka冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分、水动力条件及陆源碎屑物质源区风化历史。冲绳海槽北部碎屑沉积物母岩主要以长英质为主,在MIS 1期沉积物存在大量火山源物质。过去88ka,沉积物源区风化程度较弱,但是自冰消期以来有逐渐增强的趋势。沉积物Zr/Nb比值表明在MIS 1期和MIS 5.1期水动力较为强烈,这与黑潮增强的时间一致,可能是指示黑潮强度的一个指标。冲绳海槽北部陆坡沉积物陆源碎屑贡献在低海平面时期显著增加,而在MIS 1和MIS 5.1期生源贡献显著增加。冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分变化明显受到黑潮和入海径流的调节,实际上受海平面和东亚季风的制约。     

末次盛冰期以来冲绳海槽中部沉积物有机碳和磷的地球化学研究

利用元素及同位素地球化学方法研究了冲绳海槽中部沉积物岩芯中有机碳及磷的地球化学特征及影响因素。结果表明，冲绳海槽沉积速率（16.5~32.5 cm/ka）变化小，不是沉积物中有机碳埋藏的重要影响因素。相对于全新世氧化性底水环境，末次盛冰期/冰消期冲绳海槽缺氧底水环境提高了沉积物对有机碳的埋藏效率。冲绳海槽沉积物中各形态磷的相对含量与其他边缘海沉积物中的相似。交换态磷（Ex-P）含量低、变化小。末次盛冰期/冰消期缺氧底水环境下铁氧化物的还原溶解导致铁结合磷（Fe-P）释放以及自生磷矿物（Au-P）的形成。全新世氧化性底水条件有利于铁氧化物的有效再生及对磷的再吸附，但不利于Au-P的保存。总有机碳（TOC）和有机磷（Org-P）之间良好的相关性表明TOC埋藏对Org-P含量的重要控制作用。冲绳海槽沉积物中碎屑磷（De-P）含量低于长江口及东海陆架沉积物中的含量，这与陆源碎屑向外海传输减弱有关。在约9.3 ka BP（岩芯200 cm深度），TOC、Fe-P、Org-P、De-P以及Fe_HR均出现的极小值可能由物质坡移造成。     

冲绳海槽南部沉积物碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学特征及物源示踪意义

冲绳海槽南部作为冲绳海槽全新世以来沉积速率最快的区域,其沉积物记录了物源区、黑潮及东亚季风演化等多方面的信息.通过碎屑锆石年代学,对冲绳海槽南部H4-S2孔沉积物开展了物源示踪研究.结合核密度估计图解(Kernel Density Estimation,KDE)、累积年龄分布(Cumulative Age Distri...     

冲绳海槽中段近4万年来沉积物属性和来源

对冲绳海槽中段DGKS9603孔134个样品(孔深0~481cm),测试了18种常、微量元素,对该柱样的29个样品(孔深0~488cm)进行了REE测试。对采自长江三角洲的CYm柱样和黄河三角洲的S3柱样中的晚更新统的5个样品进行了常、微量元素和REE测试。分析表明,冲绳海槽中段在全新世、末次盛冰期和末次间冰期的沉积物均以陆源物质为主,生物沉积为次。末次盛冰期以陆源硅质碎屑沉积的大量增加为特征;全新世生物沉积量有较大的增加;末次间冰期介于上述两者之间,但较全新世更富陆源物质。冲绳海槽的物源演化受末次冰期的影响,具有阶段性。对比冲绳海槽与长江和黄河物源的地球化学参数,包括REE、稀有元素、惰性常、微量元素,判识出末次盛冰期冲绳海槽的陆源物质,具有长江源的物质属性,沉积物可能主要来自古长江。     

冲绳海槽末次冰期、全新世沉积物化学元素分布特征

根据测定冲绳海槽０８０、０８２两岩芯中放射性同位素和化学元素的垂种布，基于＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３２Ｔｈ放射性活度比值，确定了末次冰期和全新世之间确切地层年代。测得资料表明，在全新世和晚更新世期间沉积物中元素丰度有很大的变化，反映了冲绳海槽在不同历史时期沉积环境的变迁和物质来源的差异。     

冲绳海槽中西部边缘区沉积物成因和沉积环境

本文根据１９９６年“中－法合作东海计划”在冲绳海槽中西部边缘区所取柱状样岩芯沉积物粒度分析资料,对该区沉积物特征进行研究。结果表明,火山沉积和富含生物的半远洋深海软泥沉积是本区的主要特征。以４８１ｃｍ为界,上、下两层沉积物截然不同,可能是沉积物的来源不同或者是水动力条件的差异。该区主要受火山活动的影响,其次是黑潮、大洋风暴     

冲绳海槽中西部边缘区沉积物成因和沉积环境

本文根据１９９６年“中－法合作东海计划”在冲绳海槽中的中西部边缘区所以柱样岩芯沉积物粒度分析资料,对该区沉积物特征进行研究,结果表明,火山沉积和富含生物的半远洋深海软泥沉积是本区的主要特征,以４８１ｃｍ为界,上下两层沉积物截然不同,可能是沉积物的来源不同或者是水动力条件的差异,该区主要受火山活动的影响,其次是黑潮,大洋风暴。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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