张强凹陷长北背斜生油岩有机地球化学特征

张强凹陷长北背斜罗系上统有沙海组和九佛堂组两套生油岩系，其有机质丰度属中等，沙海组生油岩多为腐泥腐殖型，地球化学分析表明，沙海组下段的生油岩处于低熟－成熟阶段。该地区各层原油主要来源于侏罗系上统沙海级下段生油岩。     

湘西震旦—寒武纪黑色岩系的有机岩石学特征及其形成条件

湘西上震旦统、下寒武统黑色岩系主要由富碳硅质页岩、石煤、硅质页岩、硅质岩、磷块岩和重晶石岩等组成。有机质属于腐泥型, 无形态组分是黑色岩系的主要显微组分类型, 微粒体、细粒状体呈密集状组成岩石的基质。有形态组分总体含量较低, 多为藻类体, 零星分布于基质中, 表明一方面有机质受热演化程度较高, 另一方面表明有机质来源于浅水台地边缘。湘西黑色岩系中有机质主要来源于藻、菌类生物, 台缘斜坡带是有机质聚集的有利场所, 缺氧环境 （事件） 主要起因于藻类的大量发育与有机质降解的耗氧过程, 为有机质得以保存、转化提供了必要条件。     

白果园黑色岩系型银（钒）矿床沉积古环境与银（钒）初始富集

白果园银（钒）矿产于震旦系陡山沱组黑色色岩系中。矿床的地球化学和有机地球化学研究表明，黑色页岩含丰富以低等海生生物为主的腐泥型有机质，黑色页岩形成于局限的滞留海盆。     

南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系烃源岩沉积环境与生烃潜力

南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系发育多层暗色泥岩,从有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等3方面对DK-3井烃源岩进行评价表明,其有机质丰度相对较高,有机质类型为Ⅱ1(腐殖-腐泥型)~Ⅱ2(腐泥-腐殖型)型,烃源岩整体处于成熟热演化阶段;烃源岩生烃潜力最高的层段为深度140~350 m内的黑色湖相泥岩,其有机质丰度高,类型好,且已达到成熟阶段;其次为深度630~720 m内的灰色泥岩夹层;其他层段烃源岩有机质丰度整体偏低,生烃潜力有限。     

新疆吉木萨尔南油页岩成因分析

吉木萨尔南油页岩矿床属近海型.通过对该油页岩物理性质、化学成分分析,可知吉木萨尔油页有机碳含量为8.65％～16.52％,氯仿沥青“A”含量为0.07％～0.25％,生烃潜量(S1+S2)在20 mg/g以上,达到好一最好标准生油岩,但有机碳含量偏低,有机质划为Ⅱ1型-腐植腐泥型.油页岩的形成经历3个阶段:一是生物的繁盛和有机质的沉积;二是有机质的成岩转化;三是油页岩形成后的自然演化.     

南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系烃源岩沉积环境与生烃潜力

南祁连盆地木里凹陷侏罗系发育多层暗色泥岩,从有机质丰度?有机质类型?有机质成熟度等3 方面对DK-3井烃源岩进行评价表明,其有机质丰度相对较高,有机质类型为Ⅱ1(腐殖-腐泥型)~Ⅱ2(腐泥-腐殖型)型,烃源岩整体处于成熟热演化阶段;烃源岩生烃潜力最高的层段为深度140~350 m内的黑色湖相泥岩,其有机质丰度高,类型好,且已达到成熟阶段;其次为深度630~720 m内的灰色泥岩夹层;其他层段烃源岩有机质丰度整体偏低,生烃潜力有限?     

雪峰山西侧震旦系陡山沱组烃源岩生烃潜力及油气地质意义

通过对雪峰山西侧地区震旦系陡山沱组烃源岩的系统观测、采样和有机地球化学研究总结了烃源岩分布规律、有机质母质类型,烃源岩的形成与沉积环境的关系、有机质成熟度及生烃史.陡山沱组黑色页岩分布及有机炭含量变化与陡山沱台盆相间的沉积模式有较大关系,陡山沱烃源岩主要分布于黔北、黔东等及上扬子东南缘等地区,黔北、黔东等地黑色页岩厚度20～70m,有机碳高值区(2.0％以上)主要分布在黔北、黔东及上扬子东南缘如石门—桃源—安化等地.有机显微组成分析表明该地区陡山沱组黑色页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ型,族组成质量分数均有饱和烃＞非烃＞芳烃的特点,盆地和斜坡相饱/芳一般要高于局限台地,不仅反映陡山沱组黑色岩系为腐泥型生油岩,而且反映陡山沱组沉积时期各地沉积母质类型与沉积环境具有一定的关系.陡山沱组不同地区沉积环境干酪根δ13Corg值不仅表明海洋浮游生物、海洋性自养菌及海生藻类为主的有机质来源在各地种类及丰度差别较大,对于特定生源(海生藻类、海洋浮游生物或海洋性自养菌)沉积有机质,沉积水体越深干酪根δ 13Corg一般越低,沉积形成的烃源岩有机质含量越高,表明烃源岩有机质含量是由有机质生产力、沉积母质类型和沉积环境共同决定.等效镜质体反射率为1.78％～3.05％,甲基菲指数MPI1值计算遵义松林陡山沱组有机成熟度Rc为1.96％,湄潭梅子湾Rc为2.06％～2.10％,反映大部分样品达到过成熟阶段,少量处于高成熟湿气阶段.生烃史模拟结果表明张家界地区陡山沱组烃源岩早志留世晚期(434Ma)进入生油阶段,中三叠世早期(244Ma)到达生油高峰并于中三叠世晚期Ro(％)达到1.3进入凝析油及湿气阶段,该结果反映陡山沱组烃源岩沉积背景为裂谷盆地晚期,古地温梯度较高生油门限深度较低,生油时间较早,有利于震旦系灯影组油气早期成藏.     

青藏措勤盆地早白垩世多巴组烃源岩评价

该区早白垩世多巴组烃源岩岩石类型、有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质热演化程度等方面研究表明,多巴组烃源岩有机质丰度偏低,有机质以腐泥型和腐殖腐泥型为主,有机质的热演化以高成熟为主,总体评价为较差烃源岩．该成果为在措勤盆地进一步开展油气勘探提供可靠的地质资料。     

银额盆地哈日凹陷银根组优质烃源岩地球化学特征及其形成环境

对于低勘探程度盆地,寻找优质烃源岩对于勘探方向的选择具有重要意义。本文基于大量测试分析资料,以哈日凹陷为研究对象,对银额盆地银根组优质烃源岩的岩石学和地球化学特征进行了研究,并对该烃源岩中有机质来源及其形成环境进行了分析。研究表明,优质烃源岩岩性为泥晶白云岩和白云质泥岩。烃源岩w(TOC)平均5.62%,有机质丰度极高;有机质类型为Ⅰ—Ⅱ1型,属腐泥型,或腐殖腐泥型有机质;烃源岩成熟度较低,但底部已经达到成熟热演化阶段,具有较高的生烃潜力。优质烃源岩的有机质来自高等植物和水生生物的混合源。优质烃源岩Pr/Ph值为0.19~0.27,代表强还原性的沉积环境;伽马蜡烷指数为0.30~0.54,高伽马蜡烷含量表明高盐度的沉积环境。藻类勃发形成的高生产力和缺氧环境是银根组优质烃源岩形成的2个关键条件。     

洞庭盆地下第三系生油岩干酪根的颜色与类型

笔者对洞庭盆地下第三系干酪根进行了直观的研究,在显微镜下观测其颜色和类型,共观测样品31块,分属9口钻井。观测结果表明,这一盆地下第三系生油岩的有机质多为腐植型,此类型生油能力极小。同一生油岩中所含的孢子和花粉化石为棕黄色到棕色,这指明有机质已达到成熟或高成熟状态。由于洞庭盆地下第三系的生油母质类型甚差,所以,本文认为很难期望这里的生油岩具有良好的生油潜力。     

黑色页岩微量元素形态分析及地质意义

本文采用 4级不同形态逐级提取的方法研究了湘西上震旦统、下寒武统黑色页岩微量元素的物相分布特点。各形态微量元素含量和主要矿物电子探针分析结果表明 ,微量元素主要受控于有机质和硫化物含量的变化 ,较高的有机产率和缺氧的古海洋环境是影响黑色页岩中微量元素分布的决定因素。     

下扬子皖南大隆组黑色岩系发育特征及油气资源潜力初探

下扬子地区上二叠统大隆组黑色岩系是区域潜在的烃源层,但过去关注较少。为加深对该问题的认识,本文以新近在皖南地区发现的3条剖面为例,通过详细的岩石学和有机地球化学综合研究,讨论了大隆组黑色岩系的发育特征及油气资源潜力。结果表明,宣城牛山、泾县蔡村和泾县昌桥三条剖面中大隆组黑色岩系均稳定发育,岩石类型包括硅质岩、钙质泥岩和硅质泥岩等。综合地层对比和沉积学研究结果,发现研究区在大隆期经历了一个完整的海进—海退的沉积旋回,黑色岩系主要发育于深水、还原滞留、欠补偿的海洋环境。岩石学和有机地球化学研究结果显示该地区大隆组黑色岩系的有机质丰度高,有机碳含量平均在2.0%左右,有机质类型以II_2和III型为主,并普遍进入高过成熟演化,因此区域勘探应以天然气勘探为主。对比研究区大隆组黑色岩系与中新生代火成岩的分布关系,推测大隆组黑色岩系中有机质的高过成熟演化可能与华南中新生代大规模的岩浆作用影响有关,因此在未受/少受影响的地区(例如泾县—广德一带),也可能存在一定的原油资源潜力。这些认识还可供区域黑色岩系基础地质研究参考。     

Comparison of organic geochemistry and metal enrichment in two black shales: Cambrian Alum Shale of Sweden and Devonian Chattanooga Shale of United States

In most black shales, such as the Chattanooga Shale and related shales of the eastern interior United States, increased metal and metalloid contents are generally related to increased organic carbon content, decreased sedimentation rate, organic matter type, or position in the basin. In areas where the stratigraphic equivalents of the Chattanooga Shale are deeply buried and and the organic material is thermally mature, metal contents are essentially the same as in unheated areas and correlate with organic C or S contents. This paradigm does not hold for the Cambrian Alum Shale Formation of Sweden where increased metal content does not necessarily correlate with organic matter content nor is metal enrichment necessarily related to land derived humic material because this organic matter is all of marine source. In southcentral Sweden the elements U, Mo, V, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb are all enriched relative to average black shales but only U and Mo correlate to organic matter content. Tectonically disturbed and metamorphosed allochthonous samples of Alum Shale on the Caledonian front in western Sweden have even higher amounts for some metals (V, Ni, Zn and Ba) relative to the autochthonous shales in this area and those in southern Sweden.     

四川盆地五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩有机岩石学特征研究

目前五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩中显微组分缺乏统一的分类方案,命名也较为混乱,给页岩气勘探与评价造成了困难。为此,采用全岩光片和有机地球化学(TOC、δ¹³C_org)分析等方法,对四川盆地五峰—龙马溪组黑色页岩中显微组分进行有效识别与特征总结,探讨其可能成因,并判断其有机质类型。研究结果表明:五峰—龙马溪组页岩中显微组分主要由海相镜质组、腐泥组、动物有机碎屑组和次生组组成。其中,海相镜质组由无结构镜质体组成,呈浑圆状或长条状,具有强的光反射能力,但分布并不广泛;腐泥组主要由无结构腐泥体组成,为藻类遭受热降解过程而形成的无结构且无固定形态的显微组分,在富有机质页岩中广泛分布;动物有机碎屑组主要包括笔石表皮体、几丁虫和放射虫有机碎屑体;次生组由次生沥青体组成,广泛分布在页岩基质孔隙中,呈无固定形状。五峰—龙马溪组页岩中主要发育腐泥组和次生组,其次为动物有机碎屑组和海相镜质组,其有机质类型以Ⅰ-Ⅱ₁型干酪根为主,且腐泥组和次生组含量越高,有机质类型越好,其生烃潜力越大。     

湘西黑色岩系地球化学特征和成因意义

本文采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ,ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ,形态硫分析,硫同位素,物相分析等方法综合研究了湘西晚震旦世－早寒武世黑色岩系的地球化学特征和形成条件,湘西黑色岩系以富有机物质为特征,其来源为藻,菌类生物,形成于缺氧环境。缺氧标志包括有机碳,黄铁矿含量,硫同位素,稀土元素的分布,δＵ,ＤＯＰ和生物标志物等参数,在黑色页岩中富集Ｖ,Ｎｉ,Ｍｏ等微量元素,并在局部地区形成具有工业价值的矿床,研究认为,生物,有机质对一     

大火成岩省与大规模黑色页岩沉积的成因联系及其意义

大火成岩省对全球性大气-海洋环境的巨变及生物灭绝有非常重要的影响。已有研究结果表明,显生宙（即寒武纪以来）大火成岩省与全球大洋缺氧与生物灭绝有明显的成因联系,显生宙国际地质年代表中多个金钉子均与以大火成岩省、黑色页岩及生物灭绝为代表的全球性地质事件相对应。但由于对前寒武纪,特别是"地球中年期"（18~8亿年,"枯燥的10亿年"）大气氧浓度、海洋的氧化-还原状态及生物门类及演化认识的局限性,关于前寒武纪大火成岩省与环境的影响及其与黑色页岩沉积的成因联系一直很不清楚。通过对全球哥伦比亚（奴那）超大陆中约13.8亿年全球性大火成岩省及黑色页岩沉积时空分布的研究,发现这些大火成岩省及黑色页岩的分布有明显的规律。约13.8亿年大火成岩省广泛分布在北美、格陵兰、西伯利亚、波罗地、卡拉哈里、刚果、西非、亚马逊、南极及西澳大利亚等大陆上;而同期的黑色页岩在华北及北澳大利亚克拉通广泛分布,在西伯利亚、巴西及印度等克拉通也有分布。根据这些黑色页岩在超大陆重建图中的空间分布,提出了哥伦比亚（奴那）超大陆中这些广泛分布的约13.8亿年黑色页岩可能沉积于连通的大型海相盆地,而不是以往所认为的局部封闭的小盆地。通过约13.8亿年大火成岩省与黑色页岩内火山灰（斑脱岩）年龄的对比,进一步提出约13.8亿年存在一次与全球性大火成岩省有关的大洋缺氧事件,以此期大火成岩省与黑色页岩为代表的全球性地质事件为中元古代盖层系与延展系提供了精确的界限年龄为1383 Ma。初步的研究结果还显示,"地球中年期"可能还有多期的大火成岩省与黑色页岩沉积有时空联系,有望为晚前寒武纪地质年代表划分提供新的事件约束。      

Occurrence of Highly Mature Organic Matter in Marine Black Shale Petroleum Source Rocks of Basal Cambrian from Northern Tarim Basin, China

More and more evidence indicates that organic matter (OM) in immature organicrich sediments and sedimentary rocks is chemically adsorbed onto the outer surfaces of minerals and into interlayer (inner) surfaces of smectitic clay minerals in the form of amorphous molecular-scale carbon. But there have been few reports about the occurrence of highly mature OM in marine black shales ( petroleum source rocks ). The occurrence of highly mature OM in the black shales of basal Cambrian from northern Tarim Basin is studied in this paper. Based on the comprehensive analyses of total organic carbon contents (TOC) , maximum thermolysis tempera tures ( Tmax ) of OM, mineral surface areas (MSA) ,and scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopic (TEM) observations of the black shales, it is concluded that the highly mature OM in the marine black shales of the basal Cambrian from northern Tarim Basin occurs in particulates ranging in size from 1 to 5 μm in diameter. Through the contrast of the occurrence of the highly mature OM in the black shales with that of the immature ones in modern marine continental margin sediments, some scientific problems are proposed, which are worth to study further in detail.     

Geology of the Devonian black shales of the Appalachian Basin

Black shales of Devonian age in the Appalachian Basin are a unique rock sequence. The high content of organic matter, which imparts the characteristic lithology, has for years attracted considerable interest in the shales as a possible source of energy. The recent energy shortage prompted the U.S. Department of Energy through the Eastern Gas Shales Project of the Morgantown Energy Technology Center to underwrite a research program to determine the geologic, geochemical, and structural characteristics of the Devonian black shales in order to enhance the recovery of gas from the shales. Geologic studies by Federal and State agencies and academic institutions produced a regional stratigraphic network that correlates the 15 ft black shale sequence in Tennessee with 3000 ft of interbedded black and gray shales in central New York. These studies correlate the classic Devonian black shale sequence in New York with the Ohio Shale of Ohio and Kentucky and the Chattanooga Shale of Tennessee and southwestern Virginia. Biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic markers in conjunction with gamma-ray logs facilitated long-range correlations within the Appalachian Basin. Basinwide correlations, including the subsurface rocks, provided a basis for determining the areal distribution and thickness of the important black shale units. The organic carbon content of the dark shales generally increases from east to west across the basin and is sufficient to qualify as a hydrocarbon source rock. Significant structural features that involve the black shale and their hydrocarbon potential are the Rome trough, Kentucky River and Irvine-Paint Creek fault zone, and regional decollements and ramp zones.     

Comparative studies of organic matter petrography of the late palaeozoic black shales from Southwestern Poland

There are at least two sapropelic units associated with Late Palaeozoic black shales in Central Europe. The older unit, of Late Carboniferous age, is the lower part of the Anthracosia Shales in the Intrasudetic Basin, and the younger one is the well-known Zechstein Kupferschiefer in both the Foresudetic Monocline and the Northsudetic Basin. The first unit is of lacustrine origin, while the second one represents deposition in a shallow marine depositional environment. Both units contain high amounts of organic matter, thus being typical black shales.The organic matter dispersed in these shales was studied petrographically. In general, the vitrinite reflectance of the shales studied indicates variable, but moderate organic matter maturity (0.68–1.25%), equivalent to the oil window. Detailed microscopic studies of the organic material dispersed in the lower unit of the Anthracosia Shales showed that liptinite, especially alginite is the most abundant component. Secondary altered organic matter, i.e. solid hydrocarbons, rarely occurs. Organic components together with mineral matter constitute a lacustrine sapropelic association, a humic (terrestrial) association and an intermediary association. The character and predominance of alginite and lacustrine sapropelic association are indicative of an open-lacustrine depositional environment. In general, this organic composition is typical of type I kerogen.Microscopic analysis of the Kupferschiefer revealed a mixture of liptinite, vitrinite and inertinite macerals, and other organic components such as amorphous sapropelic mass (ASM) and solid bitumens. The most common organic components are liptinite macerals. Bituminite and alginite predominate, and are diagnostic macerals of this unit. The amount of bituminite locally exceeds 85 vol.%. Other liptinite macerals such as sporinite and liptodetrinite, are present in significantly lower amounts, one exception being ASM, which may be present in higher amounts. Humic constituents (vitrinite and inertinite) are rare, present in small amounts in the Kupferschiefer beds. The organic matter composition points to type II kerogen for this unit.     

内蒙古狼山—渣尔泰山地区与黑色岩系有关的铂族元素矿床找矿前景

铂族元素(PGE)为中国急缺的矿产资源。近年来,国外(如俄罗斯)在黑色岩系内发现了非传统类型的PGE矿床,中国南方也发现了与黑色岩系有关的PGE矿化。黑色岩系将成为PGE和稀有金属的一种新来源。内蒙古中西部狼山—渣尔泰山地区属中元古代裂谷系,具有类似的区域成矿构造背景,黑色岩系极为发育,并在黑色岩系分布区发现有砂铂矿床、PGE重砂异常及一系列与黑色岩系有关的金铜多金属矿床等良好的找矿线索,具有寻找与黑色岩系有关的PGE矿床的找矿前景。