氦气的天然气地质意义

氦气具有的不易液化、稳定性好、扩散性强等特点,使它既能在天然气藏中富集,又能垂向运移至地表。氦有大气氦、壳源氦和幔源氦3种来源。3He主要来源于地幔;4He主要来源于地壳,通常以R/Ra来表示氦的来源。氦气具有丰富的天然气地质意义：地表氦气浓度异常有一定油气指示意义;氦气的同位素分布特征值（R/Ra）还具有指示油气构造环境、指示断裂带及旁证CO2气藏的成因等地质意义。     

渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气成因与来源研究

渭河盆地地热水中含有丰富的水溶氦气,通过采集分析渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气成分和He同位素研究了氦气的成因与来源。分析结果表明,渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气体积分数普遍超过0.1%,最高达到3.395%。地热水水溶氦气的3He/4He比值介于(3.61±0.29)×10-8～(7.80±0.23)×10-7之间,氦气的R/Ra值小于1.00。天然气的4He/20Ne比值研究一致表明,渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气主要为壳源成因,混有微量的幔源氦。区域地质资料分析表明,富铀花岗岩放射性成因的氦气是渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气的主要来源,大面积出露于秦岭造山带以及隐伏于渭河盆地南缘新生代沉积层下的富铀花岗岩体为渭河盆地地热水水溶氦气的主要气源岩。     

河北平原第四系地下水氦同位素特征

通过对河北平原第四系地下水He同位素进行比较分析,根据过剩He(4Heexc)、3He/4He比值、δ3He值分析认为,河北平原第四系地下水He同位素有5个特征:(1)地下水中过剩He浓度沿着地下水的流向而增高;(2)地下水中的过剩He浓度随着地下水埋深加大而增高;(3)满城—沧州剖面上过剩He浓度大于石家庄—衡水剖面上的过剩He浓度;(4)河北平原第四系地下水主要是由大气降水补给的;(5)衡水热水过剩He浓度很高(>674 83×10-8cm3STPg-1),这表明以放射成因He为主,地幔成因的He极少。另外地下水的3He/4He比值、R/Ra、δ3He值是判断氦源的一个灵敏的指示剂。     

渭河盆地富氦天然气井分布特征与氦气成因

渭河盆地的石油钻井、地热井及秦岭北缘水文井中普遍发现含高体积分数氦气显示,其氦体积分数之高为国内外少见。渭河盆地天然气氦同位素3He/4He为(2.1～76.0)×10-8,属壳源氦,个别样品有少量幔源氦加入,形成了独特的壳源高氦-富氦天然气。氦气体积分数较高井临近富铀、钍的花岗岩体,说明壳源氦来源于花岗岩的放射性衰变;个别样品有一定的幔源氦加入,表明区内也有一定的幔源氦运聚过程。渭河盆地新近—古近系具有良好圈闭与运移条件,为氦气赋存提供了良好条件。     

河北平原地下水氦氩同位素特征

通过对河北平原地下水氦同位素进行分析比较，根据过剩He(4He exc)、3He/4He比值、δ3He和36Ar/38Ar及40Ar/36Ar值分析认为，河北平源地下水氦氩同位素有7个特征；①地下水中过剩He浓度沿地下水的流向而增高；②地下水中过剩He浓度随着地下水埋深加大而增高；③满城-沧州剖面上过剩He浓度大于石家庄-衡水剖面上的过剩He浓度；④河北平原地下水主要是由大气隆重水补给的；⑤衡水热水过剩He浓度很高（>674.83×10-8cm3STPg-1水）；⑥地下水的36Ar/38Ar比值平均值为5.37，非常接近地球大气的比值（5.35）；⑦地下水的40Ar/36Ar比值从296-412，均比大气氩的40Ar/36Ar比值（295.6）大，这表明40Ar都是放射成因的，且具有“年代积累效应”。     

柴达木盆地北缘富氦天然气的发现——兼议成藏地质条件

在柴达木盆地北缘全吉山、团鱼山地区的煤炭钻孔和泥页岩解吸气中发现了体积分数较高的氦气显示。对2个地区的6件样品进行甲烷C同位素和He同位素分析,其中2个样品的δ13C1值分别为-38.4‰和-39.9‰,属于有机成因。4个样品的3He/4He同位素测试结果在0.03×10-6~1.3×10-6之间,表明氦气来源以壳源氦为主,个别样品有少量幔源氦加入。通过区域背景资料和物探资料分析认为,柴北缘壳源成因的氦可能主要来源于基底富U、Th花岗岩体的放射性衰变,而柴北缘的山前深大断裂则可为氦的运移提供良好通道。氦气产生后,在垂向运移过程中结合其他烃类或非烃类气体,在侏罗系、古近系—新近系良好的储盖条件下,有可能形成独特的富氦天然气富集。     

郯庐断裂带流体中氦的来源、空间分布及地质意义

郯庐断裂带是中国东部规模最大、构造运动强烈以及地震频发的活动断裂带,其深部结构与现今活动状态引人注目。对郯庐断裂带郯城段和庐江段温泉与深井地下水逸出和溶解气体进行He同位素组成和气体组分分析结果显示,郯庐断裂带流体³He/⁴He测试值为大气参考值(记作1 Ra)的0.15～1.15倍。郯城段样品的³He/⁴He和⁴He/²⁰Ne值分别为0.96～1.15 Ra和0.24～0.30,显示有大气和地下水氚衰变对He来源的贡献。庐江段样品的³He/⁴He空气校正值和⁴He/²⁰Ne值分别为0.15～0.79 Ra和0.28～272,扣除大气贡献后He主要来源于地壳放射性元素衰变(90.4%～98.4%),局部受到地幔脱气作用的显著影响(幔源He占比最高为9.6%)。在空间上,庐江段幔源He占比呈现出随采样点远离断裂带而逐渐减小的趋势,反映了幔源流体运移过程中经历的稀释效应。幔...     

全球洋岛玄武岩氦同位素组成的地幔动力学意义

洋岛玄武岩 (OIB)氦同位素组成 (3 He 4 He)在地理分布上具有非均匀性特征。3 He 4 He值为 5～ 6Ra 的OIB主要分布在南半球 ,而分布于冰岛和夏威夷 (包括Loihi)等地的OIB3 He 4 He值为 10～ 35Ra。低3 He 4 He值OIB具有富集大离子亲石元素U、Th的源区 ,由于U、Th衰变释放的4He同位素的积累导致其3 He 4 He值降低。该源区的形成是俯冲作用导致深海沉积物与地幔混合 ,其地理分布受Pangea大陆周边的古俯冲带制约。高3 He 4 He值OIB的源区则是亏损U、Th的地幔胞 (mantleblob) ,该地幔胞是由极度亏损U、Th的再循环洋壳或大陆下地壳与未排气的地幔胞混合形成的。经过 1～ 2Ga的演化形成即相对亏损4He同位素而3 He 4 He值高的源区。同时 ,这种地幔胞富集难融组分 ,所以较洋中脊玄武岩 (MORB)的源区更为稳定 ,即高3 He 4 He值源区的部分熔融需要更高的地幔温度。超级地幔柱上升可以导致地幔升温和高3 He 4 He值源区的熔融。3 He 4 He值OIB地理分布的非均匀性反映出全球地幔对流系统复杂的半球非对称性格局。     

世界首例沉积壳层幔源工业储集的发现

七、八十年代地学研究的热点和前沿领域之一是关于地幔的研究,氦是地幔挥发分的重要组成。其同位素3He/4He的丰度比是判识含氦地质体来源于幔、壳和大气的重要指标,其相应的表征值为1.1×10-5,10-6和1.4×10-6,在研究我国东部含油气区的工业气井天然气组分和同位素组成时,发现一批沿郯庐大断裂两侧分布的工业气井,其氦浓度为0.05～0.1％,达到了氦气资源所要求的品位.其3He/4He比值达3.7×10-6～6.36×104,由于工业气井中大气氦的组分可忽略不计,可用壳-幔二元混合模式计算氦气中幔源氦所占份额,结果表明幔源氦达33.7～57.3％,从而在我国领土上第一次发现了幔源氦在沉积壳层形成工业储集。为了解这一发现在国际上的意义位置,请中科院兰州文献情报中心科技文献检索室进行了国际联机检索,证明从1967年到1991年3月（从可能出现有关文献及1990年我所论文发表分别作了相应时间的前后延伸）国际上无有关报导,证明这一发现在世界范围也是首次。此项发现对我们更深入认识地球、地幔形成演化,对于进一步了解幔源挥发份的脱气、运移乃至成藏有重大理论意义,从而对指导有关矿产的勘查也具有实践意义。     

下扬子无为盆地异常高压富氦天然气的发现及其成藏地质条件

在无为盆地WWY1井三叠系周冲村组首次发现了异常高压富氦天然气显示,对其中2个气样的气体组分分析发现,He的体积分数分别为4.51%和4.56%,远高于0.1%的氦气工业利用标准;³He/⁴He值分别为5.50×10^-8和6.40×10^-8,幔源氦占比仅仅为0.32%和0.40%,应属典型的壳源氦。同时依据δ¹³C_CH4、δ¹³C_CO2、CO₂含量及N₂含量综合分析认为该天然气为有机成因,其烃源岩类型与研究区广泛发育的二叠系烃源岩相吻合。通过区域地质资料和深部地球物理资料分析认为其氦源极可能来源于古—中元古代基底花岗岩。长江深断裂带可作为联通深部地壳与浅部地层的重要通道,对于氦气扩散外移起到了关键作用。当富氦流体运移至浅部遇到天然气等载体气气藏时,流体的氦浓度迅速降低,氦气大量脱溶进入载体气气藏形成富氦天然气藏,活动的断裂系统...     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)