Earthquake-triggered landslides affecting a UNESCO Natural Site: the 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake in the World National Park,China

On August 8~(th), 2017, an Ms 7.0 magnitude earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, northern Sichuan Province, China. The Jiuzhaigou Valley World National Park was the most affected area due to the epicentre being located in the scenic area of the park. Understanding the distribution characteristics of landslides triggered by earthquakes to help protect the natural heritage sites in Jiuzhaigou Valley remains a scientific challenge. In this study, a relatively complete inventory of the coseismic landslides triggered by the earthquake was compiled through the interpretation of high-resolution images combined with a field investigation. The results indicate thatcoseismic landslides not only are concentrated in Rize Gulley, Danzu Gully and Zezhawa Gully in the study area but also occur in the front part of Shuzheng Gully along the road network(from the entrance of Jiuzhaigou Valley to Heye Village). The landslides predominantly occur on the east-and southeastfacing slopes in the study area, which is a result of the integrated action of the valley direction and fault movement direction. The back-slope effect and the slope structure caused the difference in coseismic landslide distribution within the three gullies(Danzu Gully, Rize Gully, and Zezhawa Gully) near the inferred fault. In addition, the topographic position index was used to analyse the impact of microlandforms on earthquake-triggered landslides by considering the effect of the slope angle. The study results reveal a higher concentration of landslides in the slope position class of the middle slope(30°-50°) in Jiuzhaigou Valley. These findings can provide scientific guidance for the protection of natural heritage sites and post-disaster reconstruction in Jiuzhaigou Valley.     

Source tectonic dynamics features of Jiuzhaigou <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>s</Subscript> 7.0 earthquake in Sichuan Province,China

On August 8, 2017, a M_s 7.0 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of Jiuzhaigou National Park, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525. The objective of this study was to explore the seismogenic fault of the earthquake and tectonic dynamics of the source rupture. Field investigations, radon activity tests, remote sensing interpretations, and geophysical data analyses were carried out immediately after the earthquake. The Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred at the intersection of the northern margin of the Minshan uplift belt and the south part of the Wenxian–Maqin fault in the south margin of the West Qinling geosyncline. There are two surface rupture zones trending northwest (NW), which are ground coseismic ruptures caused by concealed earthquake faults. The rupture on the southwest is the structure triggering the earthquake, along the Jiuzhaitiantang–Epicenter–Wuhuahai. The other one on the northeast (Shangsizhai–Zhongcha–Bimang) is a reactivation and extension of the secondary fault trending NW. The source rupture of this earthquake is a strike-slip shear fracture associated with the fault plane trending NW 331° and steeply dipping 75°, which is continuously expanding at both ends. The tectonic dynamics process of the source rupture is that the “Jiuzhaigou protrusion” is left-lateral sheared along the seismogenic fault in the NW direction. Finally, the Maqin fault and the arc fault system at the top of the “Wenxian protrusion” will be gradually broken through sometime in far future, as well as earthquaketriggered landslides will be further occurred along the narrow corridor between the seismogenic faults. The research results revealed the basic geological data and tectonic dynamic mechanism in this earthquake.     

Relationships between landslide types and topographic attributes in a loess catchment, China

Topographic attributes have been identified as the most important factor in controlling the initiation and distribution of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall.As a result,these landslides influence the evolution of local surface topography.In this research,an area of 2.6 km 2 loess catchment in the Huachi County was selected as the study area locating in the Chinese Loess Plateau.The landslides inventory and landslide types were mapped using global position system(GPS) and field mapping.The landslide inventory shows that these shallow landslides involve different movement types including slide,creep and fall.Meanwhile,main topographic attributes were generated based on a high resolution digital terrain model(5 m × 5 m),including aspect,slope shape,elevation,slope angle and contributing area.These maps were overlaid with the spatial distributions of total landslides and each type of landslides in a geographic information system(GIS),respectively,to assess their spatial frequency distributions and relative failure potentials related to these selected topographic attributes.The spatial analysis results revealed that there is a close relation between the topographic attributes of the postlandsliding local surface and the types of landslide movement.Meanwhile,the types of landslide movement have some obvious differences in local topographic attributes,which can influence the relative failure potential of different types of landslides.These results have practical significance to mitigate natural hazard and understandgeomorphologic process in thick loess area.     

Spatial distribution of large-scale landslides induced by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake

The 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 induced hundreds of large-scale landslides. This paper systematically analyzes 112 large-scale landslides (surface area > 50000 m2), which were identified by interpretation of remote sensing imagery and field investigations. The analysis suggests that the distribution of large-scale landslides is affected by the following four factors: (a) distance effect: 80% of studied large-scale landslides are located within a distance of 5 km from the seismic faults. The farther the distance to the faults, the lower the number of large-scale landslides; (b) locked segment effect: the large-scale landslides are mainly located in five concentration zones closely related with the crossing, staggering and transfer sections between one seismic fault section and the next one, as well as the end of the NE fault section. The zone with the highest concentration was the Hongbai-Chaping segment, where a great number of large-scale landslides including the two largest landslides were located. The second highest concentration of large-scale landslides was observed in the Nanba-Donghekou segment at the end of NE fault, where the Donghekou landslide and the Woqian landslide occurred; (c) Hanging wall effect: about 70% of the large-scale landslides occurred on the hanging wall of the seismic faults; and (d) direction effect: in valleys perpendicular to the seismic faults, the density of large-scale landslides on the slopes facing the seismic wave is obviously higher than that on the slopes dipping in the same direction as the direction of propagation of the seismic wave. Meanwhile, it is found that the sliding and moving directions of large-scale landslides are related to the staggering direction of the faults in each section. In Qingchuan County where the main fault activity was horizontal twisting and staggering, a considerable number of landslides showed the feature of sliding and moving in NE direction which coincides with the staggering direction of the seismic faults.     

Landslide distribution and sliding mode control along the Anninghe fault zone at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Tibetan Plateau is known as the roof of the world. Due to the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, many active fault zones are present. These active fault zones such as the Anninghe fault zone have a significant influence on the formation of special geomorphology and the distribution of geological hazards at the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The Anninghe fault zone is a key part of the Y-shaped fault pattern in the Sichuan-Yunnan block of China. In this paper, high-resolution topographic data, multitemporal remote sensing images, numerical calculations, seismic records, and comprehensive field investigations were employed to study the landslide distribution along the active part of the Anninghe. The influence of active faults on the lithology, rock mass structures and slope stress fields were also studied. The results show that the faults within the Anninghe fault zone have damaged the structure and integrity of the slope rock mass, reduced the mechanical strength of the rock mass and controlled the slope failure modes. The faults have also controlled the stress field, the distribution of the plastic strain zone and the maximum shear strain zone of the slope, thus have promoted the formation and evolution of landslides. We find that the studied landslides are linearly distributed along the Anninghe fault zone, and more than 80% of these landslides are within 2-3 km of the fault rupture zone. Moreover, the Anninghe fault zone provides abundant substance for landslides or debris flows. This paper presents four types of sliding mode control of the Anninghe fault zone, e.g., constituting the whole landslide body, controlling the lateral boundary of the landslide, controlling the crown of the landslide, and constituting the toe of the landslide. The results presented merit close attention as a valuable reference source for local infrastructure planning and engineering projects.     

2015阿拉善左旗Ms5.8地震区布格重力异常及归一化总梯度的构造意义

分析阿拉善左旗Ms5.8地震区区域布格重力异常与断裂带的展布关系,并重点利用苏海图-平罗-鄂托克旗实测剖面,计算得到较为精细的剖面布格重力异常和布格重力异常归一化总梯度（简称G^H）图像。剖面结果分析表明：1）区域主要活动断裂均对应G^H等值线的条带或切分局部区,这些部位一般显示强变形特征,如巴彦乌拉山山前断裂(F1)或阿拉善块体东南边界与约10 km宽、延伸约30 km深的西倾高G^H变化带一致| 2) 阿拉善左旗Ms5.8地震的发震构造不是磴口-本井断裂(F3),但受F3控制|3) 银川-平罗断裂(F6)为平罗8.0地震的发震构造,震源深度约15 km。     

2016年青海门源MS6.4地震前的区域地壳形变特征

选取2016-01-21青海门源MS6.4强震发震区域周围200 km范围的10个连续GPS观测站和74个流动GPS观测站资料,分析研究2016年门源MS6.4地震之前的区域地壳形变特征：1）基于10余年GPS资料的速度场计算结果表明,发震区域所处的祁连-海原断裂系具有显著高于周边区域的地壳应变率和地震矩累积率。在发震区域20 km × 20 km范围内,最大和最小主应变率分别为21.5 nanostrain/a（方向NW-SE,拉张）和-46.6 nanostrain/a (方向NE-SW,挤压),地震矩累积率达17.4×1015 N·m/a。主应变挤压的主轴方向与本次地震的震源机制相一致。2）基于震前6 a连续GPS观测站坐标变化时间序列的计算结果表明,自2010年以来,发震区域的面膨胀值随时间呈“非线性”不断变小的趋势,反映出发震区域一直处于应变的挤压缩减状态,但在震前的2~3个月,面膨胀与最大剪切应变均发生了一次明显的反向趋势变化。这些震前的地壳形变异常变化,或许反映了发震区应力-应变积累在接近临界破裂状态时的非线性调整。     

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???????Envisat??????????????2004??7??12???2005??4??8?????????Ms6.7??Ms6.5?????InSAR????α??????????????ε????????????20 km??20 km??Χ???EW?????????Σ??????η???19.0 cm??30.5 cm???????????????????????????ε???????????????????????,????λ??83.71??E,30.70??N,??Mw6.1,83.72??,E30.52??N????Mw6.2??????????????? 1 m??1.4 m?????ε??????????NW?????3?????????????NS?????????-????????????λ     

2015年西藏定日MW5.7地震震源参数估计和静态应力触发研究

采用InSAR形变监测资料计算2015年西藏定日M_W5.7地震同震形变场,反演发震断层几何参数和滑动分布。在此基础上,研究尼泊尔M_W7.8主震对定日地震的静态库仑应力触发影响。综合分析地震滑动机制和构造特征,认为定日断层为西倾隐伏断层。反演结果表明,地震破裂相对集中,主要深度在6~9 km,破裂以正断滑动为主。发震断层走向约178°,倾角约 48°,破裂区长约5 km,宽约5 km,最大滑动量约0.2 m,释放的地震矩约3.7×10¹⁷ N·m,对应矩震级M_W5.6。尼泊尔主震同震库仑应力在定日地震震源处约为0.2 bar,造成藏南申扎-定结拉张地堑应变加载。     

基于Sentinel-1A的2021年双湖MW5.7地震同震破裂模型

利用Sentinel-1A SAR数据提取2021年西藏双湖县M_W5.7地震同震形变场及2.5D形变场,反演断层滑动分布模型。计算不同节面解为接收断层产生的库仑应力变化差异确定发震构造,并结合余震分布信息评估未来地震风险性。结果表明,地震震中为34.37°N、87.71°E,震源深度6.51 km,发震断层倾向东、走向33°、倾角50°、平均滑动角-74°,以倾滑为主兼有少量左旋走滑分量,最大滑动量0.26 m。短时间内,震区南部地震风险较小,北部则需要结合更多资料进一步分析。本次地震是在羌塘块体持续向东扩张的背景下,受EW向拉伸作用使得黄水湖正断层发生的一次弥散型变形活动,SN向地堑得到进一步扩张。     

珊溪水库地区深部构造探测研究

通过对珊溪水库地区进行深地震反射探测,获得该地区近地表至地壳中部的精细几何结构和深浅构造关系。结果表明,该地区地壳结构在纵向具有明显的分带性,在横向显示出以断层为界的块状结构特点。研究区内走向北西的双溪-焦溪垟断层向深部延伸超过20 km进入中下地壳,为该区域内主要控制性断层,主要影响周围浅部断层的发育,是该地区主要发震构造。     

菲律宾棉兰老岛2019年4次MW>6.0地震断层运动模型及库仑应力传输研究

基于雷达干涉测量技术,利用ALOS-2、Sentinel-1卫星升降轨雷达影像,获得2019-10~12发生在菲律宾棉兰老岛的4次M_W>6.0地震的同震形变场,并以此形变结果为约束,反演得到4次地震的断层运动模型。综合分析发现,此次地震序列由3条断裂的破裂引起,其中2019-10-16和2019-10-31的2次地震为同一发震断裂,2019-10-31地震断层破裂区域位于2019-10-16地震断层破裂的东北延伸段,最大滑动量约为1.1 m,约为2019-10-16地震最大滑动量的2倍。2019-10-29地震由一条独立断层破裂引起,断层最大滑动量约为2.0 m。2019-12-15地震由一条东北向倾斜断层破裂引起,断层最大滑动量约为3.0 m。此外,2019-10-16地震引起2019-10-29地震显著滑动区明显的正向库仑应力传输;而2019-10-29地震显著增加了2019-10-31地震震源区域的库仑应力;前3次地震对2019-12-15地震孕震断层的库仑应力传输总和为负值,说明静态库仑应力传输可能不是此次地震触发的主要诱因。     

InSAR同震形变场及其在震源参数确定中的应用研究进展

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术是20世纪70年代发展起来的一种空间大地测量技术,具有全天时、全天候、高精度、广域覆盖的优势,自20世纪90年代以来在地震地壳形变监测研究领域得到了广泛应用,对地震发生机理研究具有重要意义.尤其是InSAR技术观测的同震地壳变形结果可以为分析发震断层几何学特征和动力学机制提供重要约...     

Seismic response of cracking features in Jubao Mountain during the aftershocks of Jiuzhaigou Ms7.0 earthquake

Jiuzhaigou is a world-heritage site located in the plateau area of Northwest Sichuan Province,China. Serious slope failures in the epicentral area were triggered by the Ms7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred on August 8, 2017. The source areas of the hazards are usually concentrated near ridge crests,revealing the possible occurrence of ground motion amplification phenomena. To explore the role of the amplification of ground motions in the formation of earthquake-triggered slope failures, two seismometers were installed, on the next day after the main shock, at the bottom of the slope of Jubao Mountain near the seismogenic fault. The two monitoring sites are located at elevations of 1414 m(J1) and 1551 m(J2, the top of the mountain). Five aftershocks were recorded by the monitoringinstruments. We compared the mean levels of the peak ground acceleration(PGA) observed at different locations, and investigated the directional variations in the shaking energy by analyzing the polar diagrams of the Arias intensity(Ia). Then, in order to identify the directional resonance phenomenon and their frequencies and amplification coefficients, we examined the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR) and the standard spectral ratio(SSR). Polar diagrams of the Arias intensity(Ia) indicated that the site response of Jubao Mountain showed a pronounced directivity(in the EW direction) with shaking maxima near the hill top oriented orthogonally to the elongation of the relief. We observed an obvious resonance phenomenon at site J2 at relatively low frequencies(2.5-9 Hz) and very weak spectral amplifications at site J1 at high frequencies(5-15 Hz), which suggested that the predominant frequency of monitoring site J2 was obviously attenuated and that the difference in the spectra was related to the influences of the local-scalesite conditions of the whole mountain. The results of spectral ratio analyses(HVSR and SSR) showed that the direction of resonance was concentrated around an EW orientation, and the amplification factors near the hill top were larger than 2. It suggests that geologic factors also play a significant role in the anisotropic amplifications affecting the tops of slopes besides the topographic effects.     

Characteristics of landslide in Koshi River Basin,Central Himalaya

Koshi River basin, which lies in the Central Himalayas with an area of 71,500 km2, is an important trans-boundary river basin shared by China, Nepal and India. Yet, landslide-prone areas are all located in China and Nepal, imposing alarming risks of widespread damages to property and loss of human life in both countries. Against this backdrop, this research, by utilizing remote sensing images and topographic maps, has identified a total number of 6877 landslides for the past 23 years and further examined their distribution, characteristics and causes. Analysis shows that the two-step topography in the Himalayan region has a considerable effect on the distribution of landslides in this area. Dense distribution of landslides falls into two regions: the Lesser Himalaya(mostly small and medium size landslides in east-west direction) and the TransitionBelt(mostly large and medium size landslides along the river in north-south direction). Landslides decrease against the elevation while the southern slopes of the Himalayas have more landslides than its northern side. Change analysis was carried out by comparing landslide distribution data of 1992, 2010 and 2015 in the Koshi River basin. The rainfallinduced landslides, usually small and shallow and occurring more frequently in regions with an elevation lower than 1000 m, are common in the south and south-east slopes due to heavy precipitation in the region, and are more prone to the slope gradient of 20°~30°. Most of them are distributed in Proterozoic stratum(Pt3ε, Pt3 and Pt2-3) and Quaternary stratum. While for earthquake-induced landslides, they are more prone to higher elevations(2000~3000 m) and steeper slopes(40°~50°).     

利用近震波形研究2016年唐山M4.1地震震源参数及发震断层

基于首都圈地震台网观测数据，利用Hypo2000方法对2016-09-10河北唐山M4.1地震主震震中进行准确测定。采用近震波形反演方法，确定主震的最佳双力偶震源机制解为：节面Ⅰ走向122°、倾角60°、滑动角-42°；节面Ⅱ走向236°、倾角54°、滑动角-142°；矩震级约为M_W4.3。结合近震深度震相sPL确定主震的震源深度约为6 km。使用双差定位法对余震进行重新精确定位，结果显示，余震深度集中分布在4~9 km，整体形态近于铅直，表明发震断层面具有倾向北西、倾角较陡的特点，与节面Ⅱ的性质较为一致，据此推测节面Ⅱ为发震断层面，节面Ⅰ为辅助面。将发震断层面参数与震源区附近断层性质进行对比分析认为，发震断层应为唐山断裂带中唐山-丰南断裂。     

Assessment of secondary mountain hazards along a section of the Dujiangyan-Wenchuan highway

Conducting a hazard assessment for secondary mountain hazards is the technical basis for reconstructing destroyed highways and for disaster prevention.It is necessary to consider the role and influence of structural engineering measures as an important assessment factor.In this study,based on six substantial field investigations conducted between July 2008 and July 2012,a 2 km wide zone along both sides of the Dujiangyan Wenchuan(Du Wen) Highway was selected as the study area.Microgeomorphic units and small watersheds in the study area were extracted with GIS software and used as basic assessment units.Through field investigations,remote sensing surveys and experimental analysis,a structural engineering effectiveness assessment was conducted using the technique of principal component analysis.The results showed the following:1) A total of 491 collapses,12 landslides,32 slope debris flows and 17 gully debris flows were scatted across the study area.The total overall areal density of all mountain hazards was 25.7%.The distribution of secondary hazards was influenced mainly by seismic intensity,active fault zones,lithology,slope and altitude.More than 70% of secondary hazards occurred in zones with a seismic intensity of XI,a distance to the fault zone of between 0 and 25 km,a slope between 25° and 50°,and an altitude of between 1,000 m and 1,800 m.2) Different structural engineering measures play different roles and effects in controlling different types and scales of secondary mountain hazards.3) With a secondary mountain hazard area of 128.1 km2and an areal density of 34.9%,medium,high and very high hazard zones accounted for 74% of the study area and were located on the high,steep slopes along both sides of the highway.The low hazard zone was located mainly in the valley floor,on gentle slope platforms and at locations 1.5 km away from the highway the hazard area was 45 km2and the areal density was 3.3%.4) The methodology for hazard assessment of secondary mountain hazards,which is based on five factors,solves such key technical problems as the selection of assessment units,multi-source data fusion,and the weight calculation for each assessment index.This study provides a new and more effective method for assessing secondary mountain hazards along highways,and the proposed models fit well with validation data and field observations.The findings were applied to reconstruction and disaster mitigation in the case of the Du Wen Highway and proved to be feasible.     

2020-07-23西藏尼玛MW6.3地震震源参数InSAR反演与发震构造研究

针对2020-07-23西藏尼玛M_W6.3地震发震构造的复杂性(无明显地表破裂、发震断层倾向存在争议等),利用哨兵-1A升、降轨影像数据获取此次地震的同震形变场,并以此为约束通过设置两组可能性断层滑动模型及结合区域余震分布和地质构造背景,探讨此次地震发震断层的活动方式,在此基础上进一步反演获得断层面滑动分布特征。结果表明,此次地震发震断层为依布茶卡地堑东侧NWW向正断层,断层走向为207°,倾角为33.1°,平均滑动角为-89.27°,以正断倾滑为主;地震破裂主要集中在沿断层面5.4~9.3 km深处(未破裂至地表),最大滑动量约1.7 m,矩震级为6.3级。此次地震的发生是青藏地块现今构造运动变形的结果。     

遥感技术在西藏当雄地区活动断裂调查中的应用

以遥感数据、地震资料以及震源机制解为基础,对西藏当雄地区亚东-谷露断裂以及嘉黎断裂进行遥感解译和对比分析。研究表明,亚东-谷露断裂北段地貌特征为正断拉张及右旋走滑综合作用的结果;中段存在拉张运动与左旋走滑运动,并发育地堑,冲沟位错显示该处具有6～66 m的水平位移量,其中1411年当雄南8级地震在该处产生6～12 m的水平位移;南段次级断层充分发育,北端表现为右旋运动,往南开始表现出左旋运动特征,同时地堑充分发育。结合震源机制解反演结果,推测走滑断层控制该区地壳浅部（8 km以上）以走滑型为主的地震事件的发生,而该处的地堑形成于地壳深部（8 km以下）的正断型应力机制,并控制地壳深部正断型地震事件的发生。嘉黎断裂整体断层隐伏,西段存在右旋运动,往东南则开始出现左旋运动,该处地震事件和应力机制均为走滑型。     

安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带闭锁特征研究

分别利用1999~2007年和2009~2014年多期GPS观测获取的水平速度场数据,采用负位错反演模型,研究安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带的滑动速率和闭锁程度空间分布特征,同时结合历史强震记录,分析这几条断裂的地震危险性。结果显示：1)安宁河断裂和则木河断裂滑动速率受汶川地震影响有所减弱,小江断裂滑动速率在汶川地震后基本保持不变;2)则木河断裂中段和小江断裂的断层闭锁程度受汶川地震影响而显著加强,安宁河断裂、则木河断裂的西昌和巧家以北区域的闭锁程度基本不受汶川地震的影响;3)汶川地震发生前后,安宁河断裂的石棉-冕宁段、则木河断裂的西昌与巧家以北区域和小江断裂的通海-建水段闭锁深度均在20 km以上。结合历史强震记录和其他方法的研究结果,三者在未来一段时间内发生强震的危险性要高于其他断层段。