四川盆地长宁示范区龙马溪组页岩岩石力学特性及脆性评价

页岩的岩石力学特性对页岩气开发效果具有重要影响,因此以四川盆地长宁示范区志留系龙马溪组泥页岩层段为研究对象,分析其力学与脆性特性。采用矿物组分分析、地球物理测井分析和实验室力学实测相结合的方法,比较了龙马溪组龙一段和龙二段的脆性矿物含量、泊松比、杨氏模量、岩石脆性、三轴压力等力学特性。结果表明:龙二段比龙一段具有更高的脆性矿物含量,龙一段的泊松比明显高于龙二段,利用纵横波时差比可以反映泊松比的变化,纵横波时差关系图的斜率与泊松比具有相反的变化趋势。龙一段样品的杨氏模量低于龙二段样品,通过杨氏模量和泊松比关系图发现龙一段与龙二段发生分离,龙二段页岩段的脆性指数大于0.5,应力、应变曲线的负坡较陡。综合评价分析表明:龙二段具有较低的泊松比、纵横波时差比和较高的杨氏模量,龙一段比龙二段更易变形。因此龙二段脆性优于龙一段脆性,有利于后期的压裂改造。      

残余和现今应力场重迭法预测强震危险时区

以红河断裂带测区为例，用Ｘ射线法测量了测区的古构造残余应力场及其应变能密度场，用有限单元法计算了测区在两种边界条件下的水平最大剪应力场，用实验和理论证明了古构造残余主压应力大小和方向对岩石破坏、破裂扩展和震级的影响。用上述方法预测，松平—南涧、玉溪—开远、普洱为测区内强震危险区段。结合地球自转角速度相对变率的天文观测曲线在时间轴上的外延，预测得１９８９－１９９６、１９９９－２００４、２００７－２０１３、２０１６－２０１８年为测区内强震危险时段。     

Experimental investigation on the relevance of mechanical properties and porosity of sandstone after hydrochemical erosion

Under the effect of chemical etching, the macroscopic mechanical properties, mesoscopic structure, mineral content, and porosity of rocks undergo significant changes, which can lead to the geological disasters; thus, an understanding of changes in the microscopic and macroscopic structure of rocks after chemical etching is crucial. In this study, uniaxial mechanical tests and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were carried out on sandstone samples that had been previously subjected to chemical erosion under different pH values. The aim was to study changes in properties and mechanical characteristics, including deformation and strength characteristics, of the rock, and microscopic pore variation characteristics, and to perform preliminary studies of the chemical corrosion mechanism. Results show that different chemical solutions have a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, the axial strain corresponding to the peak axial stress, elastic modulus, etc. With the passage of time, porosity increases gradually with exposure to different chemical solutions, and exposure to chemical solutions results in large changes in the NMR T2 curve and T2 spectrum area. Sandstone exposed to different chemical solutions exhibits different corrosion mechanisms; the root cause is the change of mineral.     

单轴压缩条件下不同含水率黑云母二长花岗岩破坏特征与机制

花岗岩在不同含水率条件下的变形破坏特征和机制对此类工程岩体稳定性评价具有重要的意义。开展不同含水率黑云母二长花岗岩单轴压缩试验,分析破坏特征和应力-应变曲线特征,开展断口扫描电镜试验,分析微观形貌特征,研究破坏机制。试验结果表明:黑云母二长花岗岩具有明显的应变软化特征;随含水率增大,曲线上微裂隙压密阶段长度逐渐增加,稳定破裂阶段及非稳定破裂阶段长度均逐渐缩短,但所占比例增大,曲线上峰前阶段涨落交替现象加剧;饱和时单轴抗压强度和弹性模量相比干燥时分别降低了40.68%,20.3%;变形破坏过程可大致分为以下5个阶段:平静期、裂纹萌生期、裂纹扩展伴随颗粒弹射期、片状碎片剥落伴随颗粒弹射期及崩落式破坏期;随含水率增大,花岗岩破坏时的剧烈程度、发出的声响及脆性程度均逐渐降低;花岗岩破坏机制为拉-剪复合破坏,低含水率时以压致拉张破坏为主,随含水率增大呈现拉张破坏减少而剪切破坏增多的趋势,饱和时以剪破坏为主。研究结果可为黑云二长花岗岩与水之间的耦合模型构建提供理论支撑,对水-岩耦合环境下工程岩体稳定性分析具有重要科学意义。      

层状地基中桩的轴向静载沉降特性

采用双折线荷载传递函数,根据桩在竖向静载下的荷载分布与传递规律,运用功的互等定律,导出了一组确定层状地基中桩的轴向荷载沉降曲线的解析简化递推算式,可根据桩侧介质的分布情况和桩的形状对桩进行沉降分析模拟,能较精确确定桩的轴向静载沉降曲线,同时推导了桩顶刚度系数的迭代公式,以此为基础可确定桩的承载力。结合运用实例进行了论证,说明了方法的有效性和正确性。     

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Cohesive strength and seismogenic stress pattern along the active basement faults of the Precordillera-Sierras Pampeanas ranges, western Argentina: An experimental analysis by means of numerical model

A two-dimensional finite element method （FEM） model that incorporates faults, elastic rock physical properties, topographical load due to gravity and far-field plate velocity boundary conditions was used to recognize the seismogenic stress state along the fold-and-thrust belt of the Precordillera-Sierras Pampeanas ranges of western Argentina. A plane strain model with nine experiments was presented here to examine the fault strength with two major rock phyical properties： cohesion and angle of internal friction. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with bulk rock properties were applied to analyse faults. The stress field at any point of the model was assumed to be comprised of gravitational and tectonic components. The analysis was focused to recognize the seismogenic shear strain concentrated in the internal-cristaline domain of the orogene shown by the modeling. Modeling results are presented in terms of four parameters, i. e., （i） distributions, orientations, and magnitudes of principal stresses （σ1 and σ3）, （ii） displacement vector1 （iii） strain distribution, and （iv） maximum shear stress （τmax） contour line within the model. The simulation results show that the compressive stress is distributed in and around the fault systems. The overall orientation of of σ1 is in horizontal directions, although reorientations do occur within some stress weaker parts, especially subsequent to the faults. A large-scale shear stress is accumulating along the active faults of Tapias-Villicum Fault （TVF）, Salinas-Berros Fault （SBF）, Ampacama-Niquizanga Fault （ANF） and Las Charas Fault （CF）, which could act as local stress and strain modulators to localize the earthquakesoccurrence.     

三维钻孔应变的力学模型

讨论了两个问题：（１）三维圆孔问题的力学模型。论证了常用的平面弹性力学圆孔问题的钻孔应变公式并不能满足三维弹性力学平衡方程。为此重新推导出三维空孔问题的解，进而可得到有底空孔、有底耦合封固、有底顶头加力等几种边界条件的钻孔应变解。（２）在边界条件上，实际地球潮汐形变应力与三维圆孔问题力学模型的应力有差异。论证了在目前钻孔应变测量的精度情况下，边界条件的这一差异不影响三维圆孔问题力学模型在应变固体潮中的应用     

Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression

Geological disasters will happen in cold regions because of the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on rocks or soils, so studying the effects of these cycles on the mechanical characteristics and permeability properties of rocks is very important. In this study,red sandstone samples were frozen and thawed with 0,4, 8 and 12 cycles, each cycle including 12 h of freezing and 12 h of thawing. The P-wave velocities of these samples were measured, and the mechanical properties and evolution of the steady-state permeabilities were investigated in a series of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. Experimental results show that, with the increasing of cyclic freeze-thaw times, the P-wave velocity of the red sandstone decreases. The number of freeze-thaw cycles has a significant influence on the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. The evolution of permeability of the rock samples after cycles of freeze-thaw in a complete stress-strain process under triaxial compression is closely related to the variation of the microstructure in the rock. There is a highly corresponding relationship between volumetric strain and permeability with axial strain in all stages of the stress-strain behaviour.     

青海滩间山金矿床成矿模式

滩间山金矿床位于柴达木地块北缘,产于中元古界蓟县系万洞沟群碳质糜棱片岩和华力西晚期侵入岩中。矿床形成与柴北缘区域地壳多阶段演化和多次成矿作用有关,属多因复成矿床。矿床是在热水沉积、区域变质、热变质等预富集的基础上,与区域绿片岩相韧性剪切带的退化演化同步,经历了脆韧性、韧脆性和脆性剪切变形成矿阶段的演化并遭受华力西晚期侵入岩浆活动的叠加改造形成的。成矿物质来自容矿黑色岩系和华力西晚期侵入岩。     

基于损伤分区与统一强度理论的岩石本构模型

自然界中岩石内部均存在一定程度的损伤,损伤的持续演化过程对岩体的稳定性极为不利。为了研究岩石的损伤演化过程,将岩石分为未损伤部分、闭合裂隙部分与张开裂隙部分,采用统一强度理论与统计损伤理论分析岩石微元强度的分布,通过分析变形协调条件下各部分的应力-应变特征得到岩石的损伤本构模型与损伤演化模型,与巴东组紫红色泥岩三轴压缩试验结果对比验证后将模型应用于某反倾层状岩质边坡的破坏深度分析。分析结果表明:提出的损伤本构模型可以较好地模拟巴东组紫红色泥岩的三轴压缩应力-应变特性,提出的损伤演化模型可以较好地分析巴东组紫红色泥岩的损伤演化过程,且模型参数具有明确的物理意义;此外,根据基于损伤演化模型的反倾层状岩质边坡破坏深度修正模型计算得到的结果偏保守,用于岩土工程设计偏安全。      

基于Hoek-Brown准则的节理岩体能量参数估算

岩体变形和破坏可以看作能量耗散和释放的过程.由于节理岩体结构复杂且难以开展室内试验,因此无法通过试验直接求取其能量学参数.基于Hoek-Brown准则和岩石能量理论,提出了节理岩体在临界状态能量学参数的估算方法.针对含贯通节理(或层面)岩体,通过修正岩块单轴抗压强度以体现贯通节理的方向效应.采用PFC3D分别模拟小尺寸岩样(Φ50mm×100mm)和大尺寸岩体(Φ2m×2m)的三轴压缩试验,通过岩石三轴试验结果拟合岩石数值模拟的细观参数并应用于节理岩体的模拟.根据节理岩体模拟得到应力应变曲线和能量流,验证了Hoek-Brown准则对节理岩体能量参数估算的合理性.     

Supporting characteristics analysis of constant resistance bolts under coupled static-dynamic loading

To study the tensile mechanical properties of constant resistance bolts, the RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis) statics software is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on a constant resistance bolt. The numerical test results show that the plastic strain value is 12 times the magnitude of the elastic strain. During plastic deformation, the fluctuation in the stress magnitude is relatively stable, indicating that the bolt has good constant resistance characteristics. The numerical test results are in good agreement with the laboratory test results of M.C. He, and the accuracy and reliability of the numerical test method are verified. Therefore, the RFPA software with coupled static-dynamic loading is further adopted to study the supporting effects of traditional bolts and constant resistance bolts under coupled staticdynamic loading. The numerical comparison of the test results show that the constant resistance bolts can effectively control the deformation amount and rate of the laneway surrounding rock, reduce the total and rate of increase in the accumulated acoustic emissions,decrease the stress on the units in the model and protect the stability of the laneway. This paper verifies that a constant resistance bolt has better impact resistance mechanical properties than those of a traditional bolt and provides an effective way to control rock burst and soft rock that is prone to large deformation damage.     

土工格室加固风积沙路基不同深度动力响应试验研究

风积沙路基的处理一直是沙漠公路建设面临的难题, 土工格室加固方法可为沙漠公路建设提供一条新路径, 结合S21线(乌鲁木齐-阿勒泰)沙漠公路路基现场试验, 研究不同路基深度动力响应特征, 对土工格室加固风积沙性能探究具有重要的价值及意义。结果表明: ①测试车速对路基不同深度处动应力、动加速度和动速度的时程曲线波动性影响较大, 且提高车速时, 动速度峰值、动加速度峰值和动应力峰值都出现了明显的增加; ②随着路基层深度的不断增加, 动速度幅值、动加速度幅值和动应力幅值均呈现出逐渐衰减的趋势, 其中在土工格室加固风积沙层衰减幅度最大; ③沿路基横断面水平方向上, 动速度幅值、动加速度幅值和动应力幅值均呈指数型衰减的趋势, 距振动源水平距离为5 m时, 其幅值衰减至10%左右, 可将此水平范围作为工程设计参考值。      

A Stiffness Surface Method to Analyze the Cross-Sectional Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes Subjected to Axisymmetric Loads

Axial and hoop stiffness can describe the elastic responses of reinforced thermoplastic pipes(RTPs) subjected to axisymmetric loads, such as tension, compression, pressure, and crushing loads. However, an accurate analytical prediction cannot be provided because of the anisotropy of RTP laminates. In the present study, a stiffness surface method, in which the analytical expressions of the axial and hoop stiffness are derived as two concise formulas, is proposed. The axial stiffness formula is obtained by solving the equilibrium equations of RTPs under a uniaxial stress state based on the homogenization assumption, whereas the hoop stiffness formula is derived from the combination of the elastic stability theory, the classical lamination theory, and NASA SP-8007 formula. To verify the proposed method, three types of RTPs are modeled to conduct the quasi-static analyses of the tension and crushing cases. The consistency between numerical and analytical results verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method on the prediction of the axial and hoop stiffness of RTPs, which also proves the existence of stiffness surfaces. As the axial stiffness is proportional to the radii, the axial stiffness surface consists of a series of straight lines, which can be used to predict both thin-walled and thick-walled RTPs.Meanwhile, the hoop stiffness is more applicable for thin-walled RTPs because the proposed method ignores the proportional relationship between the homogenized hoop elastic moduli and the reciprocal radii in helical structures.     

基于逻辑回归模型和3S技术的思南县滑坡易发性评价

区域滑坡易发性评价对滑坡灾害防治具有重要意义，贵州省思南县由于其特殊的自然地理和地质条件，受滑坡地质灾害的影响非常严重，因此，非常有必要对思南县的滑坡易发性进行评价。在滑坡编录的基础上，采用由RS、GIS和GPS组成的3S技术，获取了思南县的数字高程模型、坡度、坡向、剖面曲率、坡长、岩土类型、地表湿度指数、距离水系的距离、植被覆盖度和地表建筑物指数10个滑坡影响因子；再在频率比和相关性分析的基础上，利用逻辑回归模型对思南县的滑坡易发性进行了评价并绘制了易发性分布图。结果表明:利用逻辑回归模型预测思南县滑坡易发性的准确率(AUC值)达到0.797，较为准确地预测出了思南县滑坡分布规律；极高和高滑坡易发区主要分布在高程低于600 m、地表坡度较大且以软质岩类为主的区域；而极低和低滑坡易发区主要分布在高程较高、地表坡度较小且以硬质岩类为主的区域。      

煤层底板音频电透视探测成果反映的底板阻水条件

应用音频电透视技术，分析了杨村煤矿2702工作面底板30m和50m深度界面的探测成果，并与井下水文钻孔揭露的煤层底板岩层结构及探水结果对比研究，发现音频电透视探测的煤层底板综合视电导率高异常与岩层的裂隙性及其充水程度具有很强的关联性；岩层裂隙与含水层连通性良好部位明显显现视电导率高值异常，结果表明，音频电透视探测成果能够综合反映底板岩层的阻水条件。     

Prediction research of deformation modulus of weak rock zone under in-situ conditions

Weak rock zone (soft interlayer, fault zone and soft rock) is the highlight of large-scale geological engineering research. It is an important boundary for analysis of rock mass stability. Weak rock zone has been formed in a long geological period, and in this period, various rocks have undergone long-term consolidation of geostatic stress and tectonic stress; therefore, under in-situ conditions, their density and modulus of deformation are relatively high. Due to its fragmentary nature, once being exposed to the earth’s surface, the structure of weak rock zone will soon be loosened, its density will be reduced, and its modulus of deformation will also be reduced significantly. Generally, weak rock zone can be found in large construction projects, especially in the dam foundation rocks of hydropower stations. These rocks cannot be eliminated completely by excavation. Furthermore, all tests nowadays are carried out after the exposure of weak rock zone, modulus of deformation under in-situ conditions cannot be revealed. In this paper, a test method explored by the authors has been introduced. This method is a whole multilayered medium deformation method. It is unnecessary to eliminate the relatively complete rocks covering on weak rock zone. A theoretical formula to obtain the modulus of deformation in various mediums has also been introduced. On-site comparative trials and indoor deformation modulus tests under equivalent density conditions have been carried out. We adopted several methods for the prediction researches of the deformation modulus of weak rock zone under in-situ conditions, and revealed a fact that under in-situ conditions, the deformation modulus of weak rock zone are several times higher than the test results obtained after the exposure. In a perspective of geological engineering, the research findings have fundamentally changed peoples’ concepts on the deformation modulus of weak rock zone, provided important theories and methods for precise definition of deformation modulus of deep weak rock zone under cap rock conditions, as well as for reasonable engineering applications.     

页岩储层体积压裂缝网形成的主控因素及评价方法

页岩储层的体积压裂能有效沟通天然裂缝使其形成缝网系统,极大地提高了页岩气的产能,让页岩气的开采尽快获得经济效益,因此对体积压裂缝网形成研究显得尤为重要,在对国内外大量页岩储层测试数据和体积压裂缝网形成研究成果全面系统调研和深入分析总结的基础之上,认为页岩储层体积压裂缝网的形成主要受控于3个方面的因素:①储层本身质量好,高的脆性矿物含量、杨氏模量,低的断裂韧度、泊松比、应力衰减速率和储层敏感性等,即储层的可压裂性越高,越易形成缝网;②地质背景条件优越,低的应力各向异性、天然裂缝发育、小的逼近角等,利于压裂裂缝延伸并扩展成缝网;③压裂工程措施适当,包括起裂方位和压力、支撑剂及压裂液性能、施工液量及排量等施工参数设计合理,有利于水力裂缝的充分扩展;另外,对以上控制因素的评价方法主要有室内实验、软件数值模拟及现场监测等,这些认识对体积压裂缝网形成机理研究及压裂优化设计具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。      

论丹凤岩群东段之建造

按照自然出露情况，丹凤岩群东段可以划分为商南─丹凤段和商镇─高桥段。研究证明，商南─丹凤段中侵入岩的出露面积大于变质地层。变质地层的变质级达角闪岩相；原岩主要是陆源碎屑岩和泥灰岩，有少量的灰岩和基性火山岩。而商镇—高桥段全部由侵入岩组成。这两段的侵入岩构成了完整的正序岩浆演化序列，包括了钙碱性系列中从基性端元到酸性端元的几乎全部岩石类型，明显地具有活动陆缘型岩石组合。商镇—高桥段的塑性变形明显地弱于商南—丹凤段。在后一段的郭家沟剖面，辉长质变晶超糜棱岩带宽度达几百米，变形强度达深层次的辉石相。