济宁市旅游地质资源类型及开发保护研究

济宁市旅游地质资源丰富,类型多样,可分为科考/科普性旅游地质资源、观赏性旅游地质资源和商品性旅游地质资源3大类,下有地壳演化地质遗迹、经济地质人类活动遗迹、第四纪现代地质景观、河流湖泊景观、文物性地质景观及观赏石6个亚类,景点众多。对济宁市旅游地质资源进行系统的分析总结,对开发利用和保护旅游地质资源、增长人们对地质遗迹认识、振兴地方经济有重要意义。     

济南华山省级地质公园地质遗迹分类及地学意义

济南华山地质公园是集地质剖面、地质构造、地貌景观、水体景观、环境地质景观等众多地质遗迹类型于一体的综合性地质公园,园区内地质遗迹尤以岩浆岩侵入接触剖面、构造形迹、奇石而闻名.区内地质遗迹可分为五大类、八类、九个亚类,具有较高的科普和游览价值.本文在前人研究的基础上,从岩石学、火山地质学、构造地质学、地貌学、采矿学等方面...     

山东烟台招虎山地质遗迹特征及综合评价

招虎山属于崂山山系的分支,形成时代为中生代燕山运动晚期,主要岩性为细粒二长花岗岩和正长花岗岩,地质遗迹类型共分地质（体、层）剖面、地质构造、地貌景观、水体景观和环境地质遗迹景观5个大类、7个类、9个亚类。本文分析了地质遗迹的成因、形态及规模等,并对其进行了科普、观赏、旅游开发3个方面的综合评价,招虎山地质遗迹种类繁多、地学信息量丰富、地质内涵深隧,地学科普旅游潜在巨大的价值,合理开发招虎山地质遗迹资源,可能为当地带来显著的社会效益和经济效益。     

Early Holocene High Magnitude Debris Flow Events and Environmental Change as Illustrated by the Moxi Platform, Hengduan Mountains, SW China

Introduction Landscape evolution in glaciated high mountains environment in southwestern China is undergoing the coupled processes of monsoon- induced denudation and active tectonic. The debris fan development, in particular sediment transfer, is most int…     

平衡剖面技术在洼陷构造分析中的应用——以临南洼陷古近系为例

平衡剖面技术作为现代构造地质学领域的一项重大成就,在构造地质、石油地质与勘探以及盆地模拟方面应用广泛。该文在介绍平衡剖面技术的基础上,根据平衡剖面原理对临南洼陷研究区内的5条地震剖面进行了平衡剖面的恢复以及伸展参数的计算,对该地区的构造演化史进行了分析。研究表明,临南洼陷古近纪构造活动强烈,构造活动由早到晚基本具有由强减弱的趋势,孔店组沉积时期盆地的构造沉降和伸展活动最强,沙河街组一段到东营组沉积时期盆地的伸展活动趋于微弱,到新近纪盆地的伸展活动基本停止。     

THE FLORISTIC STRUCTURE OF THE XIZANG PART OF THE QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU PLANT SUBKINGDOM

The flora of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau belongs to the floristic subkingdom of the Holarctic plant kingdom. The Xizang part of this subkingdom can be divided into 4 plant regions. 1) the Yarlung Zangbo River valley region. There are 1,003 species of seed plants, making up 19.38% of the total species in Xizang, and 159 endemic species, 15.89% of the total seed plants. The flora originates mainly from the East Himalayas and the Hengduan Mountains. 2) The Tanggute region. There are 349 species of seed plants and 10 endemic species. The flora represents an intermediate one between the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains.3) The Qiangtang region. There are 255 species of seed plants and 18 endemic species. The flora derived from the Himalayan flora and mixed with a great number of Tethysian elements. 4) the Ali region. There are 547 species of seed plants and 41 endemic species. The flora seems to be closely related to Tethysian one.     

Spatial and temporal variation of drought index in a typical steep alpine terrain in Hengduan Mountains

This study describes the spatial and temporal variation of a drought index and makes inferences regarding the environmental factors that influence this variability in the Hengduan Mountains. A drought index is typically used to determine the moisture conditions and the magnitude of water deficiency in a given area. Based on data from 26 meteorological stations over the period 1960-2012, the spatial and temporal variations of the drought index were analyzed using a thin plate smoothing splines method that considered elevation as a covariate. The drought index was estimated based on the potential evapotranspiration (E₀) as defined by the Penman Monteith model modified by FAO (1998). The results of the reported analysis showed that the drought index in the Hengduan Mountains has been decreasing since 1960 at a rate of -0.008/a. This represented a progressive shift from the "sub-humid" class, which typified the wider area in the Hengduan Mountains, toward the "humid" class, which appeared in the Hengduan Mountains areas. The drought index was relatively high in the north and low in the south and the variation of the drought index varied with seasons. The drought index showed increasing trends in summer and autumn and it is greater in autumn than in summer, while it showed a decreasing trend in spring and winter. Drought index is inversely proportional to the soil relative humidity and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).     

嵩山旅游资源及其开发利用

嵩山不仅是中外地质学家憧憬和瞩目的地质场所，而且还是一个旅游胜地。本文较详细地论述了嵩山的山石景观、岩溶景观、天然地质博物馆及人文景观。嵩山旅游资源类型齐全，分布集中，开发潜景远大。作者对开发嵩山旅游资源，加强资源保护等提出了对策和建议。     

Diversity and geographical pattern of altitudinal belts in the Hengduan Mountains in China

This paper analyses the diversity and spatial pattern of the altitudinal belts in the Hengduan Mountains in China. A total of 7 types of base belts and 26 types of altitudinal belts are identified in the study region. The main altitudinal belt lines, such as forest line, the upper limit of dark coniferous forest and snow line, have similar latitudinal and longitudinal spatial patterns, namely, arched quadratic curve model with latitudes and concave quadratic curve model along longitudinal direction. These patterns can be together called as “Hyperbolic-paraboloid model”, revealing the complexity and speciality of the environment and ecology in the study region. This result further validates the hypnosis of a common quadratic model for spatial pattern of mountain altitudinal belts proposed by the authors. The spatial pattern of altitudinal belts is closely related with moisture-related exposure effect in the Hengduan Mountains. Different combinations (spectra) of altitudinal belts and different base belt types appear in windward and leeward flanks and even in the same flanks of different ranges. This is closely related with the parallel mountain ranges of the Hengduan Mountains, which, at nearly right angle with the moving direction of prevailing moisture-laden air masses from west and east, hold up the warm and humid monsoon wind from moving into the core region and result in different moisture conditions in windward and leeward flanks. However, how to quantitatively describe the moisture-related exposure effect needs further study. In addition, the data quality and data accuracy at present also affect to some extent the result of quantitative modeling and should be improved with RS/GIS in the future.     

Ecological vulnerability analysis of Tibetan towns with tourism-based economy: a case study of the Bayi District

This paper provides a generalizable mode for the ecological vulnerability evaluation for tourism planning and development in high mountain areas. The Bayi District located in southeastern Tibet is taken as a typical town to study the conflict between the protection of natural ecological environment and the exploitation of tourism resources. Based on the Sensitivity-Recovery-Pressure (SRP) framework, a set of vulnerability evaluation systems for plateau tourism regions were developed. The spatial principal component analysis (SPCA), remote sensing and GIS technologies were integrated to apply for spatial quantification of evaluation index system. The ecological vulnerability of the Bayi District was divided into five levels: potential, mild, moderate, severe, and extreme, and our results showed that significantly severe and extreme vulnerability areas were mainly distributed throughout the southwestern and central northern alpine pasture and glacial zones. Potential and mild vulnerability areas were mainly distributed in the vicinity of the Yarlung Zangbo River tributary basin. Then three tourism development and environmental protection zones were classified and appropriate measures for the protection were proposed. It also provides a reference for the spatial distribution of a range of areas that require different protection measures according to ecological vulnerability classification.     

内蒙古科右前旗文牛屯地区铅及多金属矿成矿地质特征

内蒙古自治区科右前旗文牛屯地区位于大兴安岭多金属成矿带中段,属太平洋构造岩浆岩带的一部分。地处古生代古亚洲构造-成矿域与中生代环太平洋构造-成矿域强烈叠加的地段,多期成矿的复合、叠加和转换使其成矿地质条件更优越,资源前景良好,尤其是有色金属资源十分丰富。建议加强基础工作,有望发现大型铅及多金属矿床。     

Forest landecape and bird diversity in mountain region, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan

The degeneration of forest landscapes is mainly caused by human impact on the natural environment, which is posing a great threat to biodiversity. We studied the relationship between forest landscapes and birds in mountain regions of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. In Jinuo ethnic region, forest landscape is degenerating, and bird diversity is reducing as a result of human influence. However, in Hani ethnic region of Mengsong area, a comparative study area, there are also traditional practices of agriculture and forestry. The traditional practices are dynamically adaptive to local geographic environment and social economic conditions. A great deal of biodiversity exists in the place where people have lived for many generations and use the resources of environment in a sustainable manner. Considering bird diversity and forest landscape of mountainous area, both economic and ecological benefits should be taken into account, which relate to land use and landscape protection. Biodiversity conservation, resource management and policy making should pay much attention to the best interconnection of land use and landscapes protection.     

FOREST LANDSCAPE AND BIRD DIVERSITY IN MOUNTAIN REGION, XISHUANGBANNA, YUNNAN

１ＧＥＮＥＲＡＬＳＩＴＵＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＩＥＤＡＲＥＡ１．１ＮａｔｕｒａｌＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＴｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｗａｓｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅＪｉｎｕｏＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎ（２０°５３′１１″－２２°９′５９″Ｎ，１００°５５′３３″－１...     

沂蒙山国家地质公园地质旅游资源评估研究

沂蒙山国家地质公园地质旅游资源丰富,独有的岱崮地貌群景观以及长江以北最大地下峡谷的喀斯特地貌景观,且从超基性金伯利岩到酸性花岗岩的岩石地貌类型丰富。同时,地质公园旅游种类众多,且地质旅游资源较为集中,适合开展地质旅游。通过介绍沂蒙山国家地质公园概况和主要地质遗迹景区,并运用了综合评价法对沂蒙山国家地质公园主要地质遗迹地质旅游资源进行评估,评估结果显示主要地质遗迹景区的地形与地质资源较为独特,地质遗迹景观较为丰富,但文化资源方面未引起足够重视;景区的相关设施与交通建设尚可,但相对不完善,有待提高。目前沂蒙山国家地质公园开发适度,但保护的力度有所欠缺,应坚持开发与保护并重原则;地质科普教育工作没有得到有效宣传,应更加突出科普教育意义,体现地质遗迹的科学价值。通过地质旅游资源评估,对该区域的地质旅游资源进行重新的认识,激发游客和学者对沂蒙山国家地质公园的热情,实现地质遗迹价值,推动景区的地质旅游发展。     

Topographic controls on the annual runoff coefficient and implications for landscape evolution across semiarid Qilian Mountains,NE Tibetan Plateau

The combination of different topographic and climatic conditions results in varied precipitation-runoff relations, which in turn influences hillslope erosion, sediment transport and bedrock incision across mountainous landscapes. The runoff coefficient is a suitable tool to represent precipitation-runoff relations, but the spatial distribution of the runoff coefficient across tectonically active mountains in semi-arid environments has received little attention because of limited data availability. We calculated annual runoff coefficients over 22 years for 26 drainage basins across the semi-arid Qilian Mountains based on:(i) annual discharge records; and(ii) the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset to enhance our understanding of the precipitation-runoff processes. The mean annual runoff coefficients show no obvious spatial trends. When compared to potential controlling factors, mean annual runoff coefficients are highly correlated with mean slope rather than any climatic characteristics(e.g., mean annualprecipitation and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The slope-dependent runoff coefficient could theoretically have enhanced the topographic control on erosion rates and dampen the influence of precipitation. The enhanced discharge for drainage basins with less precipitation but steep topography in the western Qilian Mountains will enable fluvial incision to keep pace with ongoing uplift caused by the northward growth of the Qilian Mountains. The geomorphic implications are that tectonic rather than climatic factors are more significant for long-term landscape evolution in arid and semi-arid contexts.     

Variation of Thornthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains,China

The Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water(precipitation) in an area relative to the climatic demand for water(potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the spatial and temporal variation of drought and to verify the influence of environmental factors on the drought in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Results indicate that the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Hengduan Mountains had been increasing since 1960 with a rate of 0.1938/yr. Annual Thornthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains was between –97.47 and 67.43 and the spatial heterogeneity was obvious in different seasons. Thornthwaite moisture index was high in the north and low in the south, and the monsoon rainfall had a significant impact on its spatial distribution. The tendency rate of Thornthwaite moisture index variation varied in different seasons, and the increasing trends in spring were greater than that in summer and autumn. However, the Thornthwaite moisture index decreased in winter. Thornthwaite moisture index increased greatly in the north and there was a small growth in the south of Hengduan Mountains. The increase of precipitation and decrease of evaporation lead to the increase of Thornthwaite moisture index. Thornthwaite moisture index has strong correlation with vegetation coverage. It can be seen that the correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Thornthwaite moisture index was positive in spring and summer, but negative in autumn and winter. Correlation between Thornthwaite moisture index and relative soil relative moisture content was positive in spring, summer and autumn, but negative in winter. The typical mountainous terrain affect the distribution of temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other meteorological factors in this region, and then affect the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The unique ridge-gorge terrain caused the continuity of water-heat distribution from the north to south, and the water-heat was stronger than that from the east to west part, and thus determined the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The drought in the Hengduan Mountains area is mainly due to the unstable South Asian monsoon rainfall time.     

THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISM RESOURCES IN JILIN PROVINCE

This paper comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the tourism resources in Jilin Province,China.And it consists of three parts.The first two parts are on the resources evaluation and analysis.Based on the results of evaluation about the structural and spatial distribution of the tourism resources,it is found that ,the natural resources play fundamen-tal roles in Jilin,while the human and cultural resources are important complementary parts as well .In the spatial distribu-tion analysis,the resources show the characteristic of “six clusters“and “three belts “spatial relations.Four clusters are centered on the cities,which are Changchum,Jilin,Baicheng,Tonghua and Jiˊan;one cluster is around the Changbai Moutains and one cluster nears the frontier at Tumen between China,Russia and P.D.R.Korea.And the three belts are;1)The west belt.It contains Xianghai and Momoge natural protection region.The evident of this zone is its ecologi-cal and ethical tourism resources.2)The middle belt characterized by urban traveling and recreation,including Jilin and Changchum,together with their nearby Nongˊan and Siping.3)The last belt is also the most important one,which is the east zone.It covers the Changbai Mountains,the golden triangles of Tonghua and the Tumen River.This zone is remark-able for its abundant natural landscapes and unique folk-customs.In the last part the concept planning is briefly construct-ed for the tourism resources in Jilin Province according to the above evaluation and analysis.     

Assessment of ecological importance of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on ecosystem service flows

Assessments of ecological importance based on static indexes that do not consider service flows frequently underestimate the importance of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a "source". On the basis of natural environmental characteristics, this study selected six type of ecosystem services for evaluation, including water retention, soil retention, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, sandstorm prevention, and tourism. According to the attributes of each ecosystem service flow, we calculated the flow length and traffic accessibility indexes, using Arc GIS hydrological module and kernel functions separately, to comprehensively analyse the ecological importance levels of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results showed that after considering the service flows, the ecologically important zone shifted to the core area of the Three River Source Region, such as Zadoi County located in the Tanggula Mountains. The area of extreme importance is mainly distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, Tanggula Mountains, Hengduan Mountains, and Qilian Mountains, which accounts for 31.7% of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, providing approximately 60% of the ecosystem services and having extremely high protection efficiency and protection value. By introducing ecosystem service flow indexes, this study confirmed the ecological importance of core source areas such as the Tanggula Mountains, weakened the space bias caused by not considering the spatial transfer of ecosystem services, and provided technical support for optimizing ecological protection strategies and coordinating regional development.     

Detrital apatite fission track constraints on Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China: Evidence from Cenozoic strata in Lulehe section,Northern Qaidam Basin

The Northern Qaidam Basin is located at the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. It contains very thick Cenozoic terrestrial clastic sediments, which records the formation of the northern Qaidam Basin due to compressional deformation during the Indo-Asian collision. In this paper, we used detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology, including 4 sandstones and 2 conglomerates samples from the Lulehe section, to reveal the Cenozoic evolution of the northern Qaidam Basin. Fission-track dating indicated the source region of the Lulehe section has experienced important cooling and uplifting in the Late Cretaceous (at ~85.1 Ma and ~65 Ma) and the Eocene (~52 Ma), respectively. The AFT age distribution on the section suggested that the provenance of Lulehe section sediments were mainly derived from the south Qilian Shan (Qilian Mountains) and Altun Shan (Altun Mountains), and two significantly provenance changes may occur at 43.4-46.1 Ma and ~37.8 Ma, respectively. The results may have strong constrains on the Cenozoic deformation and tectonic evolution of the northern Qaidam Basin and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

旅游资源的GIS评价系统

本文旨在研究GIS技术与旅游资源评价模型相结合的系统原型,出于确定旅游资源规模的目的,本文以国家级风景名胜区旅游资源评价系统为例,建立了基于GIS的国家级旅游资源评价系统,并详尽地介绍了系统的构建、系统功能的实现等。本文中以郭来喜等和尹泽生等的分类模型为基础,发展了资源评价模型,提出了全国性特色资源和地方性特色资源,并采用了数据流的分析方法,通过GIS技术进行系统开发,而且利用第三方控件ActiveBar2.0及ActiveSkin1.0优化系统界面。通过本系统,能够对国家级的各风景名胜区进行基于2个模型的分类评价以及风景点品质的评价,从而进行比较,起到辅助决策的作用。