以综合手段求废弃矿山地质环境治理实效的探讨

通过对废弃矿山地质环境的恢复和治理工程,可以有效地减少水土污染、水土流失,消除地质灾害隐患,恢复可利用的土地资源,改善矿区和周边居民的生产和生活环境,达到矿地和谐,为废弃矿山周边社会经济的可持续发展打下良好基础。     

无为市石涧镇打鼓庙一带矿山地质环境生态修复工程初探

为了消除露天矿山存在的崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害隐患,减轻废弃矿山对环境的污染,恢复原有的生态环境,本文以无为市石涧镇打鼓庙矿山地质环境恢复治理工程为例,探讨了露天矿山地质环境恢复治理的综合方法,包括针对边坡进行削坡、对残丘采坑进行推高垫低、地形地貌整理、覆土复绿等工程施工方法,消除因采矿遗留的地质灾害隐患的同时提高了植被覆盖率和土地利用率,可为其它类似的矿山地质环境综合治理提供参考。     

废弃矿山环境治理的景观再造研究——以玉田县某采石场为例

为了探索废弃矿山生态环境恢复治理中的景观再造模式,本文以玉田县某采石废弃矿山为例,通过现场调查和勘探,分析了废弃采石矿山环境地质问题,即地形地貌景观破坏、土地资源压占损毁、地质灾害隐患以及植被破坏等问题。在此基础上,提出了景观再造方案。研究结果表明:废弃矿山的景观再造能够重塑地形地貌景观,恢复损毁土地,消除地质灾害隐患,重构环境生态系统,达到了矿山生态环境恢复治理的目的。研究成果为开展类似废弃矿山生态环境系统修复提供了新思路、新方法和实践应用参考。     

空间治理视角下露天废弃矿山生态修复路径研究

基于我国露天废弃矿山生态修复工作现状以及废弃矿山造成的压占污染土地资源、次生地质灾害、水生态环境破坏、植被生态系统破坏等问题,研究了当前国土空间生态修复视角下露天废弃矿山的地质安全隐患治理、水生态系统恢复治理、污染土地治理与开发、空间综合开发利用修复路径,提出了编制废弃矿山整体指引性规划、制定"一矿一策"精准制定恢复策略、鼓励市场化方式推进矿山生态修复的建议.     

废弃矿山植被恢复工程地质灾害危险性评估关键问题分析

系统论述了废弃矿山植被恢复工程地质灾害危险性评估的的工作内容、方法、评估范围等关键技术问题。文章提出废弃矿山植被恢复工程地质灾害危险性评估工作兼具地质灾害危险性评估和矿区地质工程环境条件评价的双重目的,为植被恢复工程建设提供必要的设计依据。分区、分段、分单元全方位地质灾害调查和综合评估是开展废弃矿山植被恢复工程地质灾害危险性评估的有效方法,最后分析和讨论了地质灾害危险性的现状评估、预测评估以及适宜性评估等关键问题。     

安徽省矿山地质环境现状与发展趋势分析

安徽省矿产资源丰富,煤、铁、铜、硫铁矿、石灰石、石膏矿等6种矿产构成资源主体;开发利用程度较高,也诱发了一系列的矿山地质灾害、矿业开发对土地资源、地下水资源的影响与破坏、废水废渣污染等矿山地质环境问题.本文根据调查资料,对矿山地质环境现状及其发展趋势进行了分析,并提出了矿山地质环境保护及治理对策.     

大厂矿集区矿业开发之环境效应

大厂矿集区的矿业开发在取得经济效益的同时,也对矿集区环境造成较大的破坏,矿山环境地质调查表明其矿山废弃的矿石,尾矿库的堆积造成地下水污染,矿山酸性废水,环境景观的影响等,且存在一定程度的地质灾害等环境地质隐患,值得关注。     

废弃矿山生态恢复工程地质灾害危险性评估方法探讨

废弃矿山一般地处地质环境较复杂的山区,人类工程活动强烈,加之废弃矿山植被恢复工程的特殊性,与常规建设工程的地质灾害危险性评估相比,其工作方法和内容等都具有明显的区别。本文以北京市房山区霞云岭乡废弃矿山地质灾害危险性评估为实例,着重探讨了此项评估技术的基本思路、方法和技术手段等内容,以期为类似工程地质灾害危险性评估工作提供参考。     

江苏省废弃矿山旅游资源开发利用探析

随着我国生态环境建设的加快和经济的转型,一些矿山逐渐被禁止开采,废弃矿山的残垣断壁不仅严重地影响了周边的自然风貌及生态环境,而且极易诱发滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害。目前,废弃矿山的综合修复及再利用已成为我国政府和公众关注的焦点。江苏省近20年积极探索废弃矿山旅游资源开发道路,建设了南京冶山矿山公园、牛首山佛顶宫、徐州潘安湖湿地公园等特色景点,形成废弃矿山治理工程的一大特色。本文通过江苏省废弃矿山旅游开发现状的综合分析,总结出以旅游价值识别要素、开发模式及景观营造方法为核心的废弃矿山旅游资源开发模式,同时给出了目前江苏省废弃矿山旅游产业存在的问题,并从景观营造、品牌建设、旅游管理方面提出解决问题的建议,旨在促进废弃矿山旅游产业的发展。     

江苏省废弃矿山旅游资源开发利用探析

随着我国生态环境建设的加快和经济的转型,一些矿山逐渐被禁止开采,废弃矿山的残垣断壁不仅严重地影响了周边的自然风貌及生态环境,而且极易诱发滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、地面塌陷等地质灾害。目前,废弃矿山的综合修复及再利用已成为我国政府和公众关注的焦点。江苏省近20年积极探索废弃矿山旅游资源开发道路,建设了南京冶山矿山公园、牛首山佛顶宫、徐州潘安湖湿地公园等特色景点,形成废弃矿山治理工程的一大特色。本文通过江苏省废弃矿山旅游开发现状的综合分析,总结出以旅游价值识别要素、开发模式及景观营造方法为核心的废弃矿山旅游资源开发模式,同时给出了目前江苏省废弃矿山旅游产业存在的问题,并从景观营造、品牌建设、旅游管理方面提出解决问题的建议,旨在促进废弃矿山旅游产业的发展。     

Environmental impact of the abandoned coal mines on the surface water and the groundwater quality in the south of Bochum,Germany

Surface water and groundwater samples were collected from 20 locations, situated in the vicinity of the abandoned coal mine fields south of Bochum. The main objective of this research is to assess the environmental impacts of these mines on the surface water and groundwater quality as well as to determine the factors controlling these impacts. The water samples were collected from stream sources, groundwater, surface water and engineered channels during April 2011. Physicochemical parameters were measured during fieldwork. Water samples were analysed for major ions and aluminium, iron, manganese, ferrous iron, zinc and hydrogen sulphide. The hydrochemistry of the surface water and the groundwater of this area is characterized by near-neutral to alkaline conditions, represented by predominance of calcium bicarbonate and sometimes calcium sulphate water types. Hence, the surface water and the groundwater quality in this region is significantly affected by abandoned coal mines. These effects resulted from oxidation of iron disulphide minerals that release iron, sulphate and hydrogen. The presence of carbonate-rich materials, which contained within the landfilling materials, has led the releasing of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate. These materials could be the main source responsible for raising the alkalinity of the affected water. The environmental hazard of the abandoned coal mines in this area is related to the high concentration of Fe especially in the groundwater that possess the highest Fe concentration compared to other water sources: the Fe is 18 times larger than the allowed value in drinking water. Significant spatial variations of the water pollution were noted in this study. For this reason, the environmental hazards of the abandoned coal mines in Germany should be considered at closure of coal mines in the near future. Otherwise, these mines will be sources of environmental threats unless all necessary measures are taken to reduce their impact.     

废弃矿井地下水淹没过程的水流与水位数值模拟

定量分析和研究废弃矿井淹没过程的水流特征对于预测和防止废弃矿井地下水淹没过程中诱发的次生灾害具有重要意义。建立了废弃矿井淹没的多种介质水流数学模型,得出了淹没补给水量随时间、矿井内淹没水位和补给水源含水层水位之间的相关关系,建立了淹没补给水量与相关影响因素之间的函数关系式,完成了矿井淹没过程中涌水量实时计算的FEFLOW模块设计和开发。进行了近水平煤层开采后废弃矿井充水淹没水位回弹过程的数值模拟计算,得到了不同充水介质在充水淹没过程中的水流和水位回弹特征。结果显示,FEFLOW二次开发模块运算效果良好,具有实用价值。      

Simulation of groundwater level recovery in abandoned mines,Fengfeng coalfield,China

Abandoned mines are of high potential risk as they could be a large underground storage of pollutants(heavy metals and organic wastes, etc.). Various physical, chemical and biological reactions would take place when groundwater flows into underground spaces, which makes abandoned mine a huge potential hazard to groundwater environment. The recovery of groundwater level is one of the key elements controlling the reactions and causing such hazards. This paper simulated groundwater level recovery processes in the abandoned mines, Fengfeng coalfield by using the computer program FEFLOW. The paper integrated the pipe flow model, "three zones" model and groundwater inrush(discharge) model in the simulation of groundwater in the complex laneway-aquifer system. Groundwater flow in the laneway systems was considered pipe flow and described in Bernoulli equation. The water-bearing medium(coal seam roof) overlying the laneway systems was divided into "three zones" composed of the caving zone, fissure zone and bending zone based on the disruption degrees of previous mining. Groundwater in the Ordovician limestone aquifer(bottom of coal seam) flowing into laneway systems was considered a major inrush/recharge source, and its flow rate was calculated by an inrush(discharge) model which was newly developed in this study and incorporated into FEFLOW. The results showed that it would take approximately 95 days for groundwater in abandoned mines to recover to regional groundwater level elevation, and the total amount of water filling up would be about 1.41195×10~7 m~3, which is consistent with the actual data. The study could be of theoretical and practical significance to mitigate abandoned mines' hazards and improve mine groundwater utilization.     

Technologies of Preventing Coal Mine Water Hazards for Sustainable Development in North China

As hydrogeological conditions of coal field in North China are complicated, coal mine water hazards have been occurring frequently. Nearly 80% of coal mines are affected by Ordovician and Permo-Carboniferous Karst water. According to rough statistics, 200 incidents of water inrush have occurred since 1950, 1,500 persons have died, and there is an economic loss of 3 billion Yuan (RMB). The climate of North China belongs to drought or semi-drought zone. So the recharge amount of ground water by infiltration of precipitation is limited. Stronger coal mine water drainage has brought a series of environmental problems, such as water resource and lots of famous Karst springs exhausted, surface collapse emerged, mine water contaminated. Coal mine water hazards are so serious that the economic benefit of coal mines is dropping. Sustainable development of coal mines is affected. So, preventing coal mine water hazards and protecting geological environment are essential. This thesis focuses on preventing coal mine water hazards technologies. The technologies include four aspects: exploration of hydrogeological conditions; prediction and forecast of water inrush; mining under safe water pressure; and sealing off groundwater by grouting.     

中国煤矿水害基本特征及其主要影响因素

分析了中国煤矿水害发生发展的基本规律,研究了中国煤矿水害的基本特征及其产生原因。较为系统地论述了我国煤矿水害防治技术存在的主要问题、技术难关以及生产企业对矿井水害防治技术的基本需求。重点分析了深部煤炭资源开发过程中高承压水底板突出机理及其防治技术和废弃矿井老空水突出机理与防治技术。提出了中国煤矿水害防治技术和矿井水文地质安全保障体系建设的发展趋势。      

Using stable isotopes (δD, δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O, δ<Superscript>34</Superscript>S and <Superscript>87</Superscript>Sr/<Superscript>86</Superscript>Sr) to identify sources of water in abandoned mines in the Fengfeng coal mining district,northern China

With depleted coal resources or deteriorating mining geological conditions, some coal mines have been abandoned in the Fengfeng mining district, China. Water that accumulates in an abandoned underground mine (goaf water) may be a hazard to neighboring mines and impact the groundwater environment. Groundwater samples at three abandoned mines (Yi, Er and Quantou mines) in the Fengfeng mining district and the underlying Ordovician limestone aquifer were collected to characterize their chemical and isotopic compositions and identify the sources of the mine water. The water was HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg type in Er mine and the auxiliary shaft of Yi mine, and HCO₃·SO₄-Na type in the main shaft of Quantou mine. The isotopic compositions (δD and δ¹⁸O) of water in the three abandoned mines were close to that of Ordovician limestone groundwater. Faults in the abandoned mines were developmental, possibly facilitating inflows of groundwater from the underlying Ordovician limestone aquifers into the coal mines. Although the Sr²⁺ concentrations differed considerably, the ratios of Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and the ³⁴S content of SO₄^2? were similar for all three mine waters and Ordovician limestone groundwater, indicating that a close hydraulic connection may exist. Geochemical and isotopic indicators suggest that (1) the mine waters may originate mainly from the Ordovician limestone groundwater inflows, and (2) the upward hydraulic gradient in the limestone aquifer may prevent its contamination by the overlying abandoned mine water. The results of this study could be useful for water resources management in this area and other similar mining areas.     

纳林河矿区某大型矿井地下水环境影响数值模拟研究

矿井采煤对地下水环境的影响主要为对具有供水意义的含水层水位及水量产生影响,确定采煤引起地下水水位降及漏失量是煤矿地下水环境影响评价的关键。以纳林河矿区某大型矿井为例,运用Visual MODFLOW建立模拟区地下水流数值模型,利用实测流场和长观孔的动态观测资料识别和验证数值模型,利用模型来预测采煤对第四系-白垩系含水层水位及水量的影响。模拟结果显示:前25年采煤引起地下水最大水位降为3.6 m,引起地下水的漏失量最大为141.87万m^3/a,占矿井涌水量的29.88%;利用矿化度法确定的越流量占矿井涌水量的6.39%~34.89%,模拟结果基本合理,可作为矿井采煤对地下水环境影响的研究依据。     

山东西南部南四湖流域环境地质综合调查

本文论述了水体污染、矿山环境地质灾害、地下水环境异常、南四湖淤积、地球化学环境与地方病等环境地质问题，探讨了煤炭开采对南四湖湖容演变的积极影响。湖体及主要人湖河流污染严重；流域内煤炭资源开发引起的矿山环境地质灾害比较严重，地面塌陷面积达112．395km^2；各种固体废弃物积存总量6412．68万t；矿井排水对矿区地下水资源造成严重破坏。地方病以地氟病和克山病为主。在对流域内环境地质问题综合分析的基础上，提出了对流域环境地质问题的治理措施。     

Mechanism of the water invasion of Gaoyang Iron Mine,China and its impacts on the mine groundwater environment

With the development of mining of iron deposits in China, groundwater invasion and the impacts of groundwater drainage, such as regional groundwater table lowering, overlapping cones of depression, subsidence, and water quality deterioration are environmental problems which endanger mining production and human life. Effective prevention of water invasion or timely determination of the mechanism of water bursting and rational design of drainage plans are the most urgent mining challenges. The mechanism of water invasion and the environment impacts on the groundwater system of the Gaoyang Iron Mine, China were dealt with in this paper. A systematical investigation of the hydrogeological conditions and monitoring of groundwater dynamics of the mine were completed. Results show that the limestone of the middle Ordovician System constitutes the under floor of the iron deposit. This limestone is the main source of water invasion into the mine. Groundwater dynamic equilibrium conditions are broken due to mine drainage. Water invasion and drainage have caused a serious impact on the groundwater environment of the area.     

煤矿(床)水文地质学的研究现状及展望

煤矿(床)水文地质学是研究煤炭资源开发过程中地下水活动规律以及为防止其对采煤工程的不利影响,保护矿区生态环境的一门应用性地质学科,对煤矿安全生产工作具有重要的推动作用。近年来,在保水采煤技术、华北型煤田防治水技术体系、陷落柱发育规律及其治理技术、煤层底板含水层注浆改造保障技术等方面取得了重要进展。随着煤炭开采强度和开采规模的进一步扩大,学科发展面临着诸如老空水及陷落柱探测、矿坑充水条件变化、矿井水患实时评价及治理等重大问题。提出了在学科发展中应优先解决诸如“三高”(高地压、高地温、高水压)地质条件下煤矿突水机理、西部地区煤炭资源开发过程中突水溃砂机理、水资源承载力及其调蓄技术、矿井水资源化及其合理利用研究以及综放开采条件下冒裂带发育规律研究等科学问题。