高原冻土区三分量地震探测方法试验

三分量地震勘探是一种综合利用纵波和转换波进行精细构造探测的有效方法技术,转换波成像剖面具有较高的分辨率,可以识别小断层、小构造等地质现象。笔者结合在西藏羌塘盆地开展的三分量地震探测方法技术试验,初步对三分量地震勘探的数据采集方法、资料处理及对比解释技术进行了探讨和研究,验证了该方法在永久冻土区的有效性,取得了较好的试验效果。对今后在青藏高原开展多波多分量地震勘探方法技术的应用与研究有一定的借鉴作用。     

P-SV转换波的分离提取技术

多波多分量地震勘探技术是一种综合利用纵波、转换波等多种地震波进行精细探测的有效方法。转换波的分离提取处理步骤至关重要,用地质模型的多分量模拟数据,对P—SV转换波的分离提取方法进行了处理试验。根据试验结果认为,多波多分量数据波场的不同特征可采用不同的分离方法。     

多波多分量地震技术在煤田勘查中的应用

90年代以来，多波多分量地震技术在海上石油勘探中获得成功。其中的三维三分量转换波地震技术因能解决水文和煤层裂隙等问题，而被应用于煤田普查，本文简要介绍了模波和转换波地震勘方法，并结合实例说明近年来三维三分量转换波地震技术在煤田勘查中的应用现状。     

三分量地震散射波成像在天津蓟县城市活断层探测中的应用

在精细解决近地表地质问题方面,三分量地震探测技术具有明显的优势。笔者基于点散射地震—地质模型,推导出多分量散射波时距方程,在建立多分量散射波成像原理的基础上,对天津蓟县城市活断层探测的三分量地震资料进行处理。成像结果表明,基岩面的波组特征明显、构造内幕特征较丰富,而且基岩面附近的小断层发育。通过研究,基本明确了该地区基岩与第四系土层的接触关系,探明了山前断裂情况和基岩面附近的地质结构特征。     

金属矿转换波地震勘查技术模拟

结合金属矿体地震地质数学模型,对多波多分量地震勘探的数据采集和资料处理方法进行了探讨和研究,主要针对多波资料的分离、去噪、共转换点道集选排、动校叠加、偏移等特殊技术进行了处理试验。在无法得到有效反射纵波资料的地区,可尝试采用转换波地震勘探方法技术;也可利用多波多分量地震勘探分析纵、横波速度以获得较多的岩性参数,降低多解性。模拟研究结果对今后开展金属矿转换波地震勘探方法技术的应用与研究有一定的借鉴作用。     

陆域冻土区天然气水合物多波地震数值模拟研究

多波地震勘探技术能够同时获得纵波和转换波资料,与常规的纵波勘探相比,能够提供更多的地下介质信息。且转换波对于埋深较浅的小断层、小幅度构造有更高的分辨率,充分利用多分量地震资料可以有效的提高地震勘探的精度。本文将多波地震技术引入到陆域冻土区天然气水合物勘探中,对陆域冻土区水合物进行多波地震数值模拟研究。采用弹性波有限差分方法进行多分量正演模拟,利用仿射坐标转换法将原始的多分量地震数据进行纵横波叠前分离,并通过多波高斯束偏移方法分别对波场分离后的PP波和转换PS波进行叠前深度偏移成像。根据我国祁连山冻土区水合物实际地震地质资料,建立逼近真实地质情况的天然气水合物数值模型。对上述水合物模型进行多波地震数值试算表明,多波地震勘探技术是一种有效的陆域冻土区水合物探测方法,充分利用多波地震资料有利于查明陆域冻土区水合物精细的地质构造,取得更好的勘探效果。     

盐下转换波迭前深度偏移成像：墨西哥湾Mahogany地区

用迭前深度偏移方法处理了墨西哥湾Ｍａｈｏｇａｎｙ地区的四分量海义革震（４Ｃ－ＯＢＳ）测量数据中的水平分量,水平分量数据主要包含Ｐ－Ｓ转换波能量,这些转换波在从Ｐ波变为Ｓ波的传播路径中至少有一次波转换。利用本文介绍的技术,浅层低速沉积、盐体的顶和底以脑盐下沉积都得到了成像。     

欧美应用地球物理现状——多波地震勘探

随着多道遥测地震仪和三分量数字检波器的问世及数字处理和资料解释技术的进步，众多欧美大学、研究所及油气公司的地球物理学者针对多波地震勘探理论、资料处理模块、纵波对比试验等开展了大量的研究工作。目前深层横波震源技术尚不成熟，大量的多波技术研究仍然是针对转换波。为保证纵波资料质量，一些项目将传统检波器获得的纵波资料与三分量获得的纵波资料进行对比，即用三分量数字检波器采集的同时，仍用传统纵波检波器进行采集。此外，与三维三分量地震勘探相配套的三维多波VSP技术等也处于研究之中。     

莺歌海盆地地层各向异性多波地震判别技术研究

充分利用中国在海上采集到的多波地震资料:PZ分量(P波)时间偏移剖面、X分量(P-SV波)时间偏移剖面和Y分量(P-SH波)时间偏移剖面,对莺歌海盆地3个构造(A构造、B构造、C构造)和D砂体的地下岩石介质的各向异性特征进行了研究,Y分量(P-SH波)、X分量(P-SV波)的旅行时间闭合差、准各向异性系数和泊松比结果表明A构造、B构造、C构造等存在不同程度的各向异性,且A构造的各向异性最强.实践证明,在海洋石油勘探中,多波地震资料用于地下岩石介质各向异性的判别是可行的.     

多分量转换波地震勘探初探

多分量地震勘探的理论方法研究起步较早,其中多分量转换波地震勘探由于其投资小、获取地下信息多的原因。近几年逐渐成为地震勘探领域的研究热点。此外,由于多分量勘探可以同时提供纵波和横波的速度信息,使岩性研究成为可能;快慢横波的分离和分裂时差又额外地给我们提供了进行非均质性介质弹性参数反演的可能,包括各向异性因子、裂缝的发育方向和发育密度。总之,多分量转换波地震勘探使我们在常规地震勘探的投资框架下,使岩性、缝洞型储层的发现及开发地震的量化成为可能。在本篇文章中,我们简单介绍这项理论方法技术。以及多分量转换波地震的发展现状及前景。     

Identification and characterization of marine geohazards in the deep water eastern offshore of India: constraints from multibeam bathymetry,side scan sonar and 3D high-resolution seismic data

The eastern offshore of India covers a vast stretch of sedimentary tract fed by major rivers like Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi in the north, Krishna and Godavari in the center, and Cauvery and Palar in the south, which led to variations in shelf-slope characteristics, degree of slope and hence slope instability. The structure as well as seismic attribute maps prepared from multibeam bathymetry and high-resolution 3D seismic data set has been analyzed to identify various geohazards in the deep water offshore regions of the east coast of India. These can be categorized as slope instability, slope canyons, shallow gas, mass transport complexes, sediment waves, gas hydrates, gas chimney, mud volcanoes and shallow faults. The slope instability is primarily related to rapid sedimentation by the active river systems while the other geohazards are often developed in association with shallow gas flows and leakages. The bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) identified in the seismic sections indicate the presence of gas hydrates. Rapid sedimentation, BSR formation, dissolution and expulsion of water as well as gas and their subsequent vertical migration are responsible for the formation of shallow gas-related hazards. The results from the above analysis are of immense help in minimizing the risk of shallow hazards during exploration, drilling and subsurface installation activities along the eastern Indian offshore.     

二十一世纪的地震勘探技术

2 1世纪 ,地震勘探技术将进一步发展 ,三维地震的主流技术地位仍不可动摇 ,提高三维地震的分辨率是进一步提高三维地震解决地质问题能力的主要发展方向。三维叠前深度偏移技术将进一步发展并成为常规处理技术 ,全三维可视化解释将使三维地震信息得到更充分的利用。多波地震将全面应用于油气勘探。该项技术的应用 ,将使地震勘探技术从构造勘探真正推向岩性勘探 ,推向直接找油找气。时间延迟地震标志着开发地震已走向实用 ,其技术的发展有赖于三维地震技术发展     

Underthrusting of Tarim beneath the Tien Shan and deep structure of their junction zone: Main results of seismic experiment along MANAS Profile Kashgar-Song-Köl

The results of reflection CMP seismic profiling of the Central Tien Shan in the meridional tract 75–76° E from Lake Song-Köl in Kyrgyzstan to the town of Kashgar in China are considered. The seismic section demonstrating complex heterogeneous structure of the Earth’s crust and reflecting its near-horizontal delamination with vertical and inclined zones of compositional and structural differentiation was constructed from processing of initial data of reflection CMP seismic profiling, earthquake converted-wave method (ECWM), and seismic tomography. The most important is the large zone of underthrusting of the Tarim Massif beneath the Tien Shan.     

Structural evolution of a normal fault array in the Gambier Embayment,offshore Otway Basin,South Australia: insights from 3D seismic data

This study was undertaken to determine the structural evolution of a normal fault array using detailed kinematic analysis of normal fault tip propagation and linkage, adding to the growing pool of research on normal fault growth. In addition, we aim to provide further insight into the evolution of the offshore Otway Basin, Australia. We use three-dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data to analyse the temporal and spatial evolution of a Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic age normal fault array located in the Gambier Embayment of the offshore Otway Basin, South Australia. The seismic reflection data cover a NW–SE-oriented normal fault array consisting of six faults, which have grown from the linkage of numerous, smaller segments. This fault array overlies and has partial dip-linkage to E–W-striking, basement-involved faults that formed during the initial Tithonian–Barremian rifting event in the Otway Basin. Fault displacement analysis suggests four key stages in the post-Cenomanian growth history of the upper array: (1) nucleation of the majority of faults resulting from resumed crustal extension during the early Late Cretaceous; (2) an intra-Late Cretaceous period of general fault dormancy, with the nucleation of only one newly formed fault; (3) latest Cretaceous nucleation of another newly formed fault and further growth of all other faults; and (4) continued growth of all faults, leading to the formation of the Cenozoic Gambier Sub-basin in the Otway Basin. Our analysis also demonstrates that Late Cretaceous faults, which are located above and dip-link to basement-involved faults, display earlier nucleation and greater overall throw and length, compared with those which do not link to basement-involved faults. This is likely attributed to increased rift-related stress concentrations in cover sediments above the upper tips of basement faults. This study improves our understanding of the geological evolution of the presently under-explored Gambier Embayment, offshore Otway Basin, South Australia by documenting the segmented growth style of a Late Cretaceous normal fault array that is located over, and interacts with, a reactivated basement framework.     

广北地区沙四段滨浅湖微相的垂向演化及其地震相解释

笔者通过关键井的岩性,测井相和地震相的研究,认为东营凹陷广北地区的下第三系沙四段为滨湖亚相的砂坝,砂泥混合滩,泥滩等微相以及浅湖亚相的远砂坝,席状砂,浅湖泥等微相构成的滨湖沉积体系,由老到新的垂向上沉积演化为浅湖亚相（ES^64）－滨湖亚相（ES^34,ES^44,ES^54)－浅湖亚相（ES^14,ES^24),反映出水进－水退－水进的沉积旋回,通过地震剖面的对比和地震相的解释,建立和各沉积微相与地震相对应关系,探索不同沉积微相砂体中油气的富集规律。     

面向海上地震资料的τ-p域保幅处理方法

AVO分析和反演需要地震资料处理时最大限度地保持振幅相对关系,然而常规处理中球面扩散补偿、拉伸畸变和多次波均会影响振幅相对关系,海上地震资料尤为严重。提出一套面向海上地震资料的τ-p域保幅处理方法。该方法通过τ-p域无需球面扩散补偿且多次波周期性增强的特点,减少球面扩散补偿与多次波对振幅相对关系的破坏,通过τ-p域拉伸因子非时空变换的特点减少动校拉伸产生的频率和能量畸变。最后通过挪威海上实际资料的处理验证了方法的合理性与可行性。     

Haines Structure: a probable Eocene complex impact structure in the offshore Canning Basin,Western Australia

A seismic structure imaged in a single 2D seismic profile from the offshore Canning Basin, Western Australia, is interpreted to be a possible complex impact crater on the basis of its seismic character. The feature, herein referred to as the Haines Structure, is symmetrical in two dimensions over ～2.5 km and comprises a centrally uplifted basal surface, a depressed upper surface, a highly deformed intervening package and an overlying horizon that is ‘sagging’ over the depression. The possible impact structure lies within carbonate units of Eocene or Early Oligocene age as determined from seismic correlation to petroleum exploration wells. The structure has not been drilled; therefore distinguishing characteristics used to define an impact origin, such as shock metamorphism, are not available. Comparison with other features in the Neogene succession of Australia's North West Shelf that have previously been interpreted as impact structures highlights the presence of key elements in the Haines Structure that characterise known complex impact craters, and the absence of seismic features related to alternative processes, such as a link to deeper structures that would be expected beneath a volcanic pipe.     

透射边界-地基-风电结构地震响应与破坏模式

近海风力发电结构是由无限域地基、基础及上部结构组成的体系,有限域透射人工边界和地震动输入模式直接影响结构体系的动力响应。首先,建立透射人工边界-地基-基础-塔筒结构和固定边界-地基-基础-塔筒结构的有限元模型;然后,简要澄清了透射边界地震动输入之所以采用外力而不采取地震动物理量（加速度、速度和位移）的原因所在;最后,对给出的3种作用模式：（1）固定边界地震动输入,（2）只考虑外源输入波作用,（3）同时考虑外源输入波和内源振动的散射波作用,分别进行计算分析和比较。通过数值计算并结合理论分析,（1）澄清了对透射边界采用外力进行地震激励输入的方法的原因,这种输入方法合理可靠,符合实际情况;（2）在地震波等效荷载的生成中,针对圆形横截面地基提出了一种阻尼力、刚度力的便捷性生成方法,大大减小了工作量;（3）从自身振动特点及阻尼设置角度,解释了地震作用下采用透射边界比采用固定边界时风电结构响应减小的原因;（4）指出了地震作用下透射边界地基模型在结构动力响应与倒塌计算中内源振动反射的不容忽视性。     

New data on the geological structure of the gas Aral-Kyzylkum shaft

Shaft-like structures that host petroleum deposits were studied within the Epi-Paleozoic plates using seismic methods. This study is very topical, as it revises existing ideas on the geological structure and tectonic position of the Aral-Kyzylkum shaft and presents the author’s 3D model of this structure, which was constructed on the basis of interpretation of 2D seismic data. It was established that tectonic uplift of the Aral-Kyzylkum shaft is an Alpine positive structure, which was initiated above the Early Cimmerian system of grabens in the modern strain field. This revision allowed us to propose a new model of petroleum structures of this type and estimate the possibility of using structural-geological approaches to an analysis of their petroleum potential.