川东北元坝气田长兴组白云岩成因研究

上二叠统长兴组礁滩相白云岩是川东北元坝气田的主要储层。长兴组白云岩主要分布在长二段顶部礁盖、礁间滩、礁后滩等沉积相。通过层序地层学、岩石学、地球化学等方法对白云岩成因进行了研究,结果表明:不同类型的白云岩具有相似的87Sr/86Sr值(集中分布在0.7071~0.7075之间),并与晚二叠世海水及泥晶灰岩87Sr/86Sr值相似,指示白云岩化流体主要来自于同期海水;利用低温条件下白云石-水之间氧同位素温度分馏方程恢复的白云岩化流体温度在40~55℃之间,表明白云岩化作用发生于低温浅埋藏环境中。在浅埋藏白云岩化过程中,受沉积地貌和海平面升降的影响,不同沉积相带发生白云岩化作用时流体的性质有所不同:(1)礁盖残余生屑/砂屑中-粗晶白云岩具有明显偏负的δ18O值以及较高的Fe、Mn含量和白云石晶体缓慢结晶的特征,受大气淡水作用明显,属于混合水白云岩化;(2)礁间滩粉晶白云岩具有明显偏正的δ18O值,高Fe、Mn、Sr含量和较低的有序度值,白云岩化流体来源复杂,但整体与蒸发性卤水有关;(3)礁后滩细-中晶白云岩具有非常低的Fe、Mn和高MgCO3含量,白云石具有快速结晶的特点,为正常海水条件下的白云岩化。     

川东北地区下寒武统龙王庙组白云岩成因分析

通过剖面实测、薄片鉴定、阴极发光分析和地球化学分析,对川东北地区下寒武统龙王庙组白云岩成因进行了研究。研究结果表明:研究区龙王庙组自下而上发育灰岩—过渡岩性—白云岩,以颗粒结构为主,白云石主要为泥—粉晶,呈它形—半自形晶,阴极发光呈昏暗光—暗红光。样品的MgO与CaO呈负相关,白云岩Mg2+/Ca2+较低,高Na含量,低Sr、Fe、Mn含量,白云石有序度较低,各岩性稀土元素配分曲线平行一致分布,δCe无异常,δEu负异常,灰岩δ13C偏正、δ18O处于同期海水内,白云岩δ13C、δ18O偏正,87Sr/86Sr高于同期海水值。结合区域地质背景、岩石学特征和地球化学分析结果,研究区白云石化流体为高盐度蒸发海水,研究区白云岩为渗透回流白云石化作用形成。     

下扬子地区上震旦统-下古生界白云岩地球化学特征及成因：以南京地区为例

扬子地台上震旦统-下古生界白云岩广泛发育，是最重要的碳酸盐岩储集层.目前对下扬子地区白云岩的研究程度较低，严重制约了对该区白云岩储层性能的深化认识和油气勘探工作.研究以南京地区为例，通过对该区上震旦统-下古生界白云岩进行系统的岩石学、主量和微量元素、碳-氧同位素及稀土元素分析，确定了白云岩的类型及成因.结果表明：研究区发育泥晶白云岩、粉-细晶白云岩、细晶白云岩、中晶白云岩4种白云岩类型.上震旦统泥晶白云岩具有较高的Mg含量和较低的Fe、Mn、Sr元素含量，δ¹⁸O平均值高达0.2‰，形成温度近于地表温度，盐度指数明显高于海水，∑REE值约为28×10^-6,δCe和δEu呈负异常，平均分别为0.867和0.917，稀土元素配分模式与海相灰岩类似，为近地表强蒸发浓缩海水流体环境下准同生白云石化成因；中寒武统粉-细晶白云岩晶体具有雾心亮边和环边状结构，Mg、Fe、Mn元素含量和稀土元素特征与泥晶白云岩类似，盐度指数较高，说明有相似的海水流体性质，δ¹⁸O值介于-2.5‰～-6.5‰，为浅埋藏环境下渗透回流白云石化成因；上寒武统...     

羌塘盆地半岛湖地区上侏罗—下白垩统礁灰岩地球化学特征和成岩流体性质

半岛湖地区生物礁以发育灰岩为主,包括以造礁生物为主的骨架岩和非礁碳酸盐岩,针对生物礁相碳酸盐岩的显微组构分析和阴极发光分析,测得不同点礁各类礁相碳酸盐岩的常微量元素和碳、氧同位素组成,分别为:35件样品Mn,Sr,Fe元素平均质量分数为129×10-6,270×10-6和1 320×10-6,具有较低的Mn含量、较高的Sr含量、Fe含量,表明在成岩过程中海源流体发挥了主导作用,同时遭受了不同程度的大气淡水成岩流体的影响;碳同位素值变化不大且都为正值,变化区间为1.4‰~3.5‰,平均值为2.61‰;氧同位素值变化区间为-7.4‰~-2.7‰,平均值为-5.25‰,古海水盐度指数Z值变化较小,为126.6~132.7,平均值为130.5。结果表明,成岩流体盐度较高,溶蚀孔洞较为发育的颗粒灰岩和礁灰岩具有相对更低的δ18 O值,晚侏罗—早白垩世时期,羌塘盆地北部大量有机碳被高速埋藏是导致半岛湖地区礁相碳酸盐岩碳同位素值普遍偏高的首要原因。     

重庆开县上二叠统长兴组红花生物礁成礁模式

通过对红花生物礁露头的精细解剖和微相分析,研究了礁的内部构成和成礁模式。红花生物礁发育3期礁体旋回：礁A、礁B和礁C。礁A由生屑泥晶灰岩和骨架岩构成;礁B由生屑泥晶灰岩、粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成;礁C由粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成。红花生物礁造礁生物有钙质海绵、钙藻类、苔藓虫和水螅类,附礁生物为有孔虫、腕足类、双壳类、腹足类和棘皮动物等。单个礁体内,由下往上的生物演化为：腕足类+双壳类+有孔虫组合→钙藻类→钙质海绵+水螅类+钙藻类+苔藓虫组合→生物碎屑;岩性演化为：生屑泥晶灰岩→粘结岩→骨架岩→生屑灰岩。礁B的生屑滩内生屑间为泥晶充填,生屑分选、磨圆较好,是由相邻的高能生屑滩侵蚀搬运到礁B侧翼低能区沉积形成。3期礁都发育在碎屑滩上,礁A为低能环境下形成的礁,礁B和礁C在礁A形成的高地上成礁,为高能环境礁;单个礁体的完整成礁模式为：在浅滩之上,钙藻类大量生长、粘结吸附颗粒固结基底,钙质海绵和钙藻类在硬质基底上繁茂生长,形成具有抗浪格架的生物礁,礁体暴露水面死亡后遭波浪、水流改造形成生屑滩。     

四川东部华蓥山三叠系海相碳酸盐岩对海水信息的保存性评估

海相碳酸盐成岩蚀变及其对海水信息保存程度的认识与评估在古海洋学和沉积地质学等学科领域研究中有着重要意义,尤其对于沉积地球化学和化学地层学等方面的研究是必不可少的基础工作。笔者通过对四川东部华蓥山仰天窝剖面三叠系海相碳酸盐岩样品的微观组构观察、阴极发光和微量元素等分析表明,大多数的样品保留了较好的原始沉积组构,具有极弱和弱的阴极发光强度、较低的Mn含量和较高的Sr含量,同时也具有较小的Mn/Sr值。只有6个样品被认为遭受了较大的成岩蚀变而对海水信息的保存程度较差,需要被剔除,而大多数的样品只遭受了较小的成岩蚀变作用,较好地保留了当时海水的信息,仍然在很大程度上代表了当时的海水。     

下扬子区上石炭统船山组碳酸盐台地层序与相对海平面变化控制:以句容剖面为例

江苏句容地区的上石炭统船山组碳酸盐沉积发育泥晶灰岩、细晶灰岩、生物碎屑泥晶灰岩、泥晶生物碎屑灰岩、含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩和含生物屑核形石灰岩6种岩性,可区分出潮坪、开阔台地、台盆、浅滩和生物礁5种相类型。这套碳酸盐沉积序列由S1、S2和S3三个层序构成,其中S1为Ⅰ型层序,S2和S3为Ⅱ型层序。依据岩性、沉积相、古生物与元素地球化学特征编制出的相对海平面变化曲线,反映船山组经历了3次海平面相对上升和下降。相对海平面升降控制了层序的发育,层序S1由滨海砾岩-潮坪结晶灰岩(低水位体系域)、台盆相含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩-泥晶灰岩(海侵体系域)和浅滩相含生物屑核形石灰岩(高水位体系域)构成;层序S2由生物礁相泥晶生物碎屑灰岩与开阔台地相生物碎屑泥晶灰岩-含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩-泥晶灰岩(海侵体系域)和开阔台地相含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩(高水位体系域)构成;层序S3由开阔台地相泥晶灰岩(海侵体系域)和浅滩相含生物屑核形石灰岩-潮坪相结晶灰岩-块状灰岩(高水位体系域)构成。下扬子区船山组是在构造相对稳定背景下发育的一套以开阔台地为主局部有滩有盆出现的碳酸盐沉积。开阔台地和台盆环境中沉积的灰岩是良好的生油层位,礁滩环境中的灰岩具备良好的储集性能。     

C、O、Sr同位素及微量元素组成在生物礁礁体环境研究中的应用

分析生物礁灰岩中C,O,Sr同位素及微量元素组成有助于研究生物礁体的形成环境.研究表明:δ 13C值的变化与生物埋藏量、埋藏速率、海平面的变化有着很密切的关系;海平面上升,δ 13C值增大,同时表明造礁生物大量繁殖;δ 18O值的变化反映古环境的温度变化,δ 18O升高,温度降低; 87Sr/ 86Sr的比值与海平面的升降变化表现一种负相关性,海平面上升, 87Sr/ 86Sr的比值降低.Sr, Mn等微量元素可以间接指示礁体环境变化,并且验证了所采集的样品数据的准确性.环境变化是决定生物礁发育的重要影响因素.     

湖北利川见天坝上二叠统海绵礁中的硅化作用

见天坝海绵礁发育于湖北省利川县见天坝(图1)上二叠统长兴组第二段。下伏地层长一段主要为盆地相黑灰色含泥质、有机质骨针和虫介屑粒泥岩与泥粒岩(即生物碎屑泥晶灰岩与泥晶生物碎屑灰岩),含燧石结核、团块以及条带,层内泥质纹层及不规则泥纹条带发育,底部含丰富的碳酸盐化的放射虫和海绵骨针,顶部厚10米的钙屑浊积岩是海绵礁的生长基底。     

塔里木盆地玉北地区蓬莱坝组白云岩类型及成因

塔里木盆地玉北地区蓬莱坝组发育粉-细晶自形白云岩、中晶自形-半自形白云岩、粗晶自形-他形白云岩三种白云岩类型。粉-细晶白云岩具纹层状构造,稀土元素配分模式、总稀土含量与同期灰岩相似,氧同位素组成与同期海水成因的白云岩相近,表明白云岩化流体为同期海水,较高的盐度指数指示了相对浓缩的海水条件,较低的有序度值反应出快速的白云岩化过程,为准同生白云岩化的产物,白云石晶间均匀充填富Fe、富Si及高~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值的陆源物质,表明玉北地区在蓬莱坝组粉-细晶白云岩沉积期由于相对海平面较低从而受到陆源物质混入的影响。中晶白云岩和粗晶白云岩的稀土元素配分模式、总稀土含量、~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值等与同期海水特征相似,表明白云岩化流体为海水,可见残余颗粒结构,成岩温度较低,埋藏较浅,为埋藏的海水以及沿原始颗粒灰岩的粒间孔及可能存在的裂缝等通道向下运移的海水提供的Mg~(2+)导致的白云岩化,后期重结晶作用破坏了粗晶白云岩中的残余颗粒结构并导致其Fe、Mn含量及成岩温度、有序度值高于中晶白云岩,Sr含量及δ~(18)O值低于中晶白云岩。部分中-粗晶白云石边缘可见加大边,表明后期存在少量他源流体导致的次生加大作用。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)