台风环流区域内中尺度涡量传播特征的研究

用一个高分辨率f平面直角坐标系的正压准地转模式,实施了10组积分时间为36 h的试验,研究了初始位于台风外区的一个中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果表明:这种相互作用可以激发一个从外区伸展到内区的较小尺度的涡旋对,以此方式将涡量内传至台风中心附近。同时,中尺度涡旋呈现涡量集中化的特征。涡量内传与涡量集中化共存,使内区涡量增多,导致台风增强。此外,在一定条件下,这种相互作用还可以使涡量带破碎和断裂,形成一系列空间尺度更小的涡块。     

东移低涡动力学的初步研究

用一个正压原始方程模式实施了六组试验，研究了东移低涡的动力学。结果表明：无论是切变基流与低涡的相互作用，还是涡块与低涡的相互作用，都可引起低涡强度在短暂时段内增强，但整个积分时段内低涡强度的演变仍呈下降趋势。切变基流、低涡和多个涡块的相互作用，可以改变下降的趋势。正相对涡度切变基流中低涡和涡块的合并，是东移低涡强度得以维持和发展的一个直接的原因。     

多尺度系统中台风自组织的研究

在一个4种尺度(副热带高压、台风、β中尺度涡群和γ中涡尺度)共存的系统中,用正压原始方程模式数值地研究台风自组织及其强度变化问题。结果指出:(1)由于多尺度的相互作用,在初始台风衰减的过程中,在该台风的西南方经自组织形成了一个新的台风,其尺度、强度与初始台风相同。在初始台风衰减消失后,新的台风维持一定的强度继续向偏西北方向移动。(2)初始γ中涡的个数和位置对自组织起来的台风的强度有显著影响。其影响机制是非线性相互作用的结果在不同尺度层次的传递。γ中尺度层次或γ中—β中层次的相互作用直接影响到β中层次涡作用的结果,或者使双β中涡合并,或者使双β中涡分离。β中涡层次的相互作用直接影响到台风层次———新台风自组织的过程。这种影响最后反映到自组织起来的台风的强度和路径变化的宏观行为。     

小尺度系统对涡旋自组织的影响

在涡旋自组织动力学的框架内,利用．厂平面准地转正压模式讨论小尺度涡旋系统对两个中β尺度涡旋的自组织过程的影响。4组数值试验表明：小尺度涡旋的存在,可能会改变双涡相互作用的终态,使原本不合并的两个涡旋组织起来;双涡相互作用的终态对小尺度涡旋的初始位置敏感;存在“Z”型敏感区域,当小尺度涡旋出现在这一区域时,就有可能改变双涡相互作用的终态;小尺度涡旋对双涡相互作用产生影响需具备4个条件,即初始位于敏感区内,有足够的强度,距离适当且生存时间足够长。     

中尺度涡旋和台风涡旋相互作用的数值研究

用一个高分辨率的正压涡度方程模式，实施了4组积分时间为24h的试验，研究了台风环流区域内中尺度涡旋的不同初始径向位置条件下与台风涡旋的相互作用，结果表明，中尺度涡旋初始径向位置不同，可以引起随后扰动相对涡度场演变特征的改变。     

不同初始涡廓线对涡旋自组织影响的初步研究

用一个带有地形项的准地转正压模式,研究了不同初始涡廓线对涡旋自组织的作用。结果表明：初始涡廓线的不同,不仅可以影响到自组织的过程,而且可以影响到自组织起来的准终态涡的性质。     

随机分布的小尺度涡对涡旋自组织影响的研究

以往双涡相互作用的动力学一般都在决定性的框架内研究。文中用一个平流方程模式,实施积分时间为30 h的8组试验,分析决定性和随机性共存系统中双涡相互作用和涡旋自组织的问题。随机性通过以下方式引入模式:先用Iwayama方案生成随机分布的小尺度涡,再将这些小尺度涡加入初始场。试验中,初始随机分布小尺度涡的强度参数K分别取0.0、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0。结果表明,没有小尺度涡的条件下(K=0.0),初始分离的两个β中尺度涡逆时针互旋,其准终态流型是两个分离的涡;引进小尺度涡后,K取0.8、1.0时,初始分离强度相同的两个β中尺度涡,逐渐形成主次之分。主涡将次涡拉伸成为螺旋带,其准终态流型是一个自组织起来的类似于台风环流的涡旋。准终态涡中心的相对涡度值随K值的加大而加大。结果还表明,准终态流型不仅与初始小尺度涡的强度参数有关,而且与初始小尺度涡的分布有关。此外,在相同初始场的情况下,还实施了3类不同边畀条件的试验:第1类,在东西边界取周期条件,在南北边界取固定条件;第2类,在所有边界均取固定条件;第3类,在所有边界均取周期条件。这3类试验的准终态流型相同,都显示出一个类似于台风涡旋的环流。根据这些结果可以初步认为,涡旋自组织的研究从决定性动力学向随机动力学的过渡是值得探索的。     

一个β中涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程

利用高分辨率f平面正压拟谱模式,分析一个β中尺度涡对双台风相互作用影响的物理过程。结果表明：β中涡的存在可以使原本排斥的两个DeMaria型台风涡旋合并;β中涡改变双台风相互作用终态的物理机制是：初始时段处于某一台风涡旋正影响区内的β中涡,构成了非对称涡度场,进而在该台风涡旋内部产生指向另一个台风涡旋的气流。该气流如果足够强,则会使两个台风的中心距离在短时间内下降到合并临界距离之内,触发双涡合并过程的发生。     

涡旋Rossby波传播的不同特征

用一个柱坐标系涡度正压方程的半谱模式，实施了4组试验，研究了不同初始扰动涡旋分布条件下，涡旋Rossby波的传播特征问题。结果指出：正值、负值相间的沿方向角二波分布的初始场，与只有正值涡旋的初始场相比，其后涡旋Rossby波的传播有明显的差别，即前者向内传播的涡量比后者衰减得快，而且前者是单峰传播，后者是双峰传播。     

多涡自组织的初步研究

在涡旋自组织动力学的框架内,用f平面二维准地转模式研究了初始场上不规则分布的由12个β和γ中尺度涡构成的涡群如何自组织成一个较大涡旋的问题。结果表明,多涡自组织是一个逐次合并的过程,开始时是相邻双涡的合并,然后形成三涡流型,最后才形成一个α中尺度的终态涡。因此,多涡共存条件下的双涡作用,是多涡自组织的一个基本的物理过程。初始场上的每一个涡或涡块,主要有两类“前景”,一是其涡量与相邻涡涡量合并,成为新的一个涡的内区的涡量来源;二是被相邻涡的环流拉伸,成为新的一个涡的螺旋带涡量的来源。每一个新的涡,类似地也有这两类前景,直至惟一的一个较大尺度的涡自组织起来。初始涡结构描述精度不同,自组织过程中涡互旋和涡合并的速率均会不同,终态涡内区涡量来源也不相同,说明准确给出初始涡群涡结构特征十分重要。最后指出了二维准地转流自组织过程数值解的一个属性,即总动能缓慢衰减,总涡度拟能迅速衰减,最大尺度涡旋的环流迅速加大。     

A simple model of baroclinic adjustment and parameterization of eddy heat transport

Summary A nonlinear, forced, dissipative quasi-geostrophic, two-level -plane model of baroclinic instability is formulated. The model resolves a baroclinic zonal flow and a wave of arbitrary zonal scale. Multiple equilibrium solutions describing Hadley and eddy circulations coexist. Only the circulation with smaller thermal wind is stable. The most efficient eddy activity occurs at a zonal wavenumber close to the wavelength of maximum instability of linear baroclinic instability theory. For a wide range of forcing and dissipative parameters, the steady baroclinic zonal wind of the eddy regime is close to the critical shear of linear theory. Eddy statistics are obtained analytically in terms of the doparture of the zonally symmetric state from radiative equilibrium. A parameterization for the eddy heat transport is obtained.With 14 Figures     

THE INFLUENCE OF EDDY VISCOSITY ON THE SUBTROPICAL PLANETARY-SCALE CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

The influence of eddy viscosity on the distribution of subtropical quasi-stationary planetary waves in summeris analysed theoretically.It is found that since the basic flow is very weak,the eddy viscosity may play an impor-tant role for the subtropical planetary-scale motion in summer.A linear,quasi-geostrophic,34-level spherical coordinate model is also utilized to calculate the differencesof quasi-stationary planetary waves and of quasi-stationary disturbance pattern responding to forcing bytopography and heat sources under the different eddy viscosities.The computed results show that thecoefficient of eddy viscosity considerably influences the strength of the subtropical planetary-scale circulationin summer.     

Skew eddy fluxes as signatures of non‐linear tidal current interactions,with application to Georges Bank

Abstract

The eddy flux of a conservative scalar in a time‐dependent rotary velocity field may have a component that is normal to the scalar gradient. This component is the “skew flux”, which consists of the scalar transport by the Stokes velocity and a part that is always non‐divergent (and hence does not affect scalar evolution). Since tidal velocity fields usually have rotary features, tidal‐band eddy scalar fluxes may include a skew component that can be useful in indicating the occurrence of non‐linear current interactions.

The skew temperature flux associated with the semidiurnal tide in a continental shelf region is demonstrated using simple models, and moored current and temperature observations from Georges Bank. The observed fluxes on the Bank are largely directed along isobaths, with apparent contributions from the topographic rectification of the barotropic tidal current over the Bank's side and from the rotary tidal ellipses in a frontal region. Simple models indicate that the weaker cross‐isobath fluxes can arise through the influence of frictionally induced vertical structure on topographic tidal rectification, a baroclinic tidal current interaction, or the interaction of baroclinic and barotropic tidal currents. In some cases, the simple models show qualitative agreement with the observed fluxes and currents but, in general, more realistic models and better estimates of the background mean temperature field are required to obtain quantitative estimates of the relative importance of these interactions and other processes. Nevertheless, the observations and models suggest that non‐linear interactions involving both barotropic and baroclinic tidal currents are occurring on Georges Bank.     

北半球阻塞高压的维持Ⅱ:瞬变扰动强迫和平均流位涡平流的形成

着重探讨大西洋阻高和东亚阻高个例中瞬变扰动位涡（涡度）输送强迫和太平洋阻高中平均流位涡平流的形成机理。结果表明，扰动在阻高西南部西风分流区因形变而产生的扰动拟能向更小尺度串级过程，并不是扰动位涡输送强迫形成的必要机理。扰－流相互作用在阻高西（北）部非分流气流中也十分显著。数值试验表明，这一相互作用也可能是扰动强迫作用形成的机理。而青藏高原和附近海陆对比的强迫作用则可能是太平洋阻高中平均流的位涡平流形成的重要因素。对比分析表明，阻高维持机制的地域性差别可能与其上游（如青藏高原地区、落基山脉）地形和热源强迫作用不同有关。     

涡旋粘性对于夏季副热带准定常行星尺度环流的影响

本文从理论上分析了涡旋粘性对于夏季副热带准定常行星波分布的影响,指出夏季副热带地区由于纬向气流很弱,涡旋粘性对于准定常行星尺度运动起着重要作用。 本文还利用一个线性34层准地转球坐标模式计算了不同涡旋热力扩散系数下地形与热源强迫所产生准定常行星波的差别及准定常扰动环流系统的差别,计算结果说明了涡旋粘性系数对于副热带准定常行星尺度环流的强度有很大影响。     

Synoptic eddy feedback and air–sea interaction in the North Atlantic region

This paper explores the role of synoptic eddy feedback in the air-sea interaction in the North Atlantic region, particularly the interaction between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) tripole. A linearized five-layer primitive equation atmospheric model with synoptic eddy and low-frequency flow (SELF) interaction is coupled with a linearized oceanic mixed-layer model to investigate this issue. In this model, the “climatological” storm track/activity (or synoptic eddy activity) is characterized in terms of spatial structures, variances, decay time scales and propagation speeds through the complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis on the observed data, which provides a unique tool to investigate the role of synoptic eddy feedback in the North Atlantic air–sea coupling. Model experiments show that the NAO-like atmospheric circulation anomalies can produce tripole-like SSTA in the North Atlantic Ocean, and the tripole-like SSTA can excite a NAO-like dipole with an equivalent barotropic structure in the atmospheric circulation, which suggests a positive feedback between the NAO and the SSTA tripole. This positive feedback makes the NAO/SSTA tripole-like mode be the leading mode of the coupled dynamical system. The synoptic eddy feedback plays an essential role in the origin of the NAO/SSTA tripole-like leading mode and the equivalent barotropic structure in the atmosphere. Without synoptic eddy feedback, the atmosphere has a baroclinic structure in the response field to the tripole-like SSTA forcing, and the leading mode of the dynamic system does not resemble NAO/SSTA tripole pattern.     

On gradient transport turbulence models for stably stratified shear flow

The gradient transport model for stably stratified horizontal shear flow in which eddy diffusivity and viscosity are assumed to depend on the gradient Richardson number, Ri, is augmented with terms representing a finite adjustment time of the exchange coefficients. Barenblatt et al. (J. Fluid Mech., 253: 341–358, 1993) showed that using such a model, initial value problems for the formation of a stepwise structure of the buoyancy distribution are well posed. The model proposed is analysed taking into account the interaction between buoyancy and velocity fields. A condition for the formation of steps is derived from a linear stability analysis. Numerical computations show that a realistic stepwise finestructure develops, provided linear instability is allowed on a finite interval of Ri only.     

Momentum flux and wave spectra measurements from an air-sea interaction buoy

Momentum flux measurements by eddy correlation method and wave height measurements with a capacitance-type wave staff were carried out from a stable air-sea interaction buoy anchored 5 km off Tiana Beach, Long Island, New York State. A characteristic height of sea surfaceh _s was estimated from wave height spectra. A roughly linear variation of surface shear stress withh _s was found for an aerodynamically rough sea surface.     

涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究

针对野外实验所发现的不同观测法测定地表能通量不平衡问题,进行了均匀加热大气边界层的大涡模拟实验.用模拟的湍流风、温度和湿度涨落的时间序列证实,对流边界层低频涡普遍存在,并经常以一簇一簇热泡的形式出现.风速较小时,有限时长的取样不足以捕捉低频涡的贡献,可造成涡旋相关法测量的统计量异常偏低.仿照涡旋相关法的步骤进行数据处理发现,经去除平均或趋势计算的温度和湿度通量偏低程度在边界层下部随观测高度的增高而显著,其中尤以湿度通量为甚.其结果在一定程度上可以解释低风速条件下地表能通量测量的不闭合问题,但是尚不能完全解释诸如青藏高原实验出现的严重不闭合.文中对此作了探讨性的讨论.     

The impact of doubled CO2 on the energetics and hydrologic processes of mid-latitude transient eddies

The Northern Hemisphere winter (DJF) stationary eddy response of a general circulation model (GCM) to a doubling of atmospheric CO₂ is simulated with a linear steady state model as a response to anomalies in diabatic heating (latent, sensible and radiative), mountain and transient eddy effects. For this analysis the doubled CO₂ experiment performed by Wilson and Mitchell (1987) is used. The linear simulations of the control and perturbation climate capture most of the important features of the GCMs stationary eddies. The simulation of the anomalous stationary eddy pattern in the Northern Hemisphere captures only some of the important features of the GCMs anomalies. The climate anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere are poorly simulated. In the Northern Hemisphere the climate anomalies are dominated by the effect of transient eddies and mountains. In low latitudes also the contribution of latent heating is important. The contributions of sensible and radiative heating are small.