莺-琼盆地基底控制断裂样式的模拟探讨

莺歌海盆地与琼东南盆地(即莺一琼盆地)是南海西北部2个重要的含油气盆地。莺歌海盆地走向NW,发育在红河断裂带上;琼东南盆地走向NE,与莺歌海盆地近直角相交。根据物理模拟实验,认为莺歌海盆地的演化受到了NW与近S-N向基底断裂的控制,在印支地块顺时针挤出应力场下发育和演化;而琼东南盆地则受到NE向基底断裂的控制,在SSE向伸展应力场控制下发育,NW与NE向构造带相互影响,造成了琼东南盆地北侧边界断裂走向近E—W,向南呈台阶式下掉,南侧边界断裂走向NE,莺琼过渡区隆凹格局复杂。由于莺歌海盆地NW向构造活动早于琼东南盆地NE向裂陷作用,从而导致NW向构造控制地位的形成,NW向断裂和构造表现为对NE向断裂和构造的阻截。     

琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带结构构造及其演化特征

琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带,即松南—宝岛—长昌凹陷,位于琼东南盆地中央坳陷东端。在大量地震资料解释的基础上,对38条主要断层进行了详细分析。获得以下认识:(1)琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带平面上表现为近EW向展布的平行四边形,剖面结构表现为自西向东由半地堑—不对称的地堑—半地堑有规律变化。(2)琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带断裂系统可划分控制凹陷边界断层、控制洼陷沉积中心断层和调节性断层3类。(3)琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带古近纪时期受到太平洋板块俯冲和南海海盆扩张的双重影响,构造应力场发生NW—SE→SN转变。构造演化可划分为3个阶段:～32Ma,应力场以区域性NW—SE向伸展为主,断裂系统以NE—SW向为主,控制凹陷边界;32～26Ma,以南海海盆近SN向拉张应力场为主,断裂系统以NWW—SEE向为主,断层活动控制凹陷沉积中心;26～Ma,区域性伸展与南海海盆扩张应力均逐渐减弱,NE—SW向和NWW—SEE向断裂继承性发育。(4)琼东南盆地深水区东区凹陷带内部主要断层在渐新统崖城组和陵水组沉积时期活动速率快,地形高差大、沉积水体深、沉积厚度大,控制了崖城组和陵水组的大规模沉积,有利于烃源岩的发育。圈闭以受断层控制的断鼻和断块为主,长昌主洼凹中隆起带发育2个最为理想的构造圈闭。     

琼东南盆地西南部反转构造发育机制物理模拟

为了揭示琼东南盆地西南部反转构造的发育机制,利用物理模拟方法设计了一组实验,基于模拟结果讨论了在软弱地质体与构造应力共同控制下琼东南盆地反转构造的发育特征。实验结果表明,软弱地质体的存在对琼东南盆地西南部的反转构造的发育起着重要控制作用,有软弱体的区域首先发育裂陷和褶皱隆起。由于NW向红河断裂的不断走滑,导致该盆地西北部受压,使得反转褶皱自NW向SE发育。模拟结果与实际构造对比表明,琼东南盆地西南部反转构造发育主要受软弱地质体及NW向红河断裂走滑导致盆地西北受挤压有关,推测该挤压应力来源与印支地块的旋转挤出作用有关。     

珠江口盆地珠三坳陷断裂特征与油气成藏

珠江口盆地珠三坳陷为南海北部陆缘拉张型含油气盆地。受区域构造应力场变化控制,盆地在构造演化过程中主要经历了三期断裂活动,发育了3种类型断裂,古新世-早渐新世发育NE向伸展断裂,晚渐新世-早中新世发育近EW向走滑伸展断裂,中中新世至今发育NW向走滑伸展断裂。主干断裂和次级断裂的平面组合样式主要有平行式、羽状、雁列式、帚状,剖面组合样式主要有Y字形、阶梯状、负花状。断裂活动对珠三坳陷的油气生成、运移、聚集具有重要的控制作用。控凹的主干断裂活动控制了生烃凹陷的分布和烃源岩的热演化,断裂活动控制形成了多种类型圈闭,长期继承性活动断裂是浅层油气藏形成的主要运移通道。主干断裂带是珠三坳陷油气复式富集成藏的有利区带,文昌凹陷北坡断阶带和琼海凸起、阳江低凸起披覆背斜带也是珠三坳陷油气有利成藏区带。     

转换大陆边缘盆地构造特征——以西非贝宁盆地为例

立足于大西洋的形成与演化,划分了贝宁盆地构造演化阶段,厘定了裂陷期盆地的边界,分析了盆地结构和构造特征,明确了盆地构造样式。贝宁盆地经历裂陷期、漂移期两个构造演化阶段,不发育盐岩。受早白垩世裂陷期盆地东、西部应力差异控制,盆地形成了东部拉张构造区和西部走滑构造区,盆地裂谷分布具有"东宽西窄"的特征。东部拉张构造区发育近东西向断裂体系,主要为拉张作用形成的铲式正断层,西部走滑作用区发育NE—SW向走滑断裂体系,发育陡直的走滑断裂,主要为走滑作用形成的走滑断层。受早白垩世东、西部应力差异和晚白垩世构造反转、新生代重力滑脱作用的控制,盆地发育拉张、扭张、挤压、重力滑脱4类构造样式,丰富的构造样式为盆地构造圈闭发育提供了有利的条件。     

琼东南盆地花岗岩潜山发育演化及控藏作用

以琼东南盆地地震、钻井及测年资料为基础，结合南海北部陆缘构造演化特征，分析了琼东南盆地花岗岩侵入期次和分布规律，论述了花岗岩潜山发育演化及控藏作用。研究表明，琼东南盆地发育印支期和燕山期两期花岗岩侵入，印支期花岗岩主要分布于NW向(低)凸起带，燕山期花岗岩分布于NE向(低)凸起带，琼东南盆地花岗岩潜山构造类型为残丘山，印支期花岗岩和燕山期花岗岩潜山演化都可划分为岩浆侵入期、暴露剥蚀期和定型埋藏期等阶段。盆地花岗岩潜山暴露剥蚀时间长，经历了多期次构造运动，发育网格状断裂，可形成风化壳型和断裂-裂缝型储层，松南低凸起花岗岩潜山被多凹环绕，发育断裂+砂体复合输导体系，是油气有利汇聚区。     

珠江口盆地西部文昌A凹陷断裂特征与成因探讨

在前人勘探解释的基础上,通过三维高分辨率地震资料,应用相干属性分析等技术对区域断裂进行精细化解释。研究表明盆地内发育着典型的犁式、花状构造、旋转正断层等伸展构造样式,在珠三南断裂影响下,南部边界断裂以阶梯状排列形成断阶构造。始新世—中中新世,断裂走向在持续右旋张扭应力场下以NE→EW→NWW顺时针方向旋转,张裂强度逐渐减弱。晚始新世—早渐新世,盆地在太平洋板块俯冲后退、印亚板块碰撞、古南海向南俯冲下发育EW向断裂,晚渐新世在南海扩张事件影响下前期右旋应力场得到加强,形成大量近EW向断裂,中新世后演化为NWW向断裂。文昌A凹陷断裂构造的演化、成因机制与南海北部陆缘应力场变化一致。该研究有利于进一步了解南海北部陆缘含油气盆地的构造特征和演化规律,提高油气勘探开发的效率。     

琼东南盆地华光凹陷构造特征及沉积充填

南海北部大陆边缘发育多个新生代含油气盆地。近年来,在南海北部珠江口盆地南部深水区陆续发现大中型气藏,证实了该区油气地质条件优越。琼东南盆地南部深水区与珠江口盆地深水区具有相似的构造沉积演化史,油气地质条件相似,具有形成大中型油气藏的地质条件,因此十分有必要开展该区的构造特征及沉积充填研究。基于近年来新采集的高精度地震资料,对华光凹陷构造特征进行详细分析,认为区内发育4种伸展构造样式,分别是地堑、半地堑、多米诺式半地堑和地垒;经历两个构造演化阶段,形成"下断上拗"的双层结构特征,相应发育两个期次的正断层。下构造层古近系受裂陷作用控制,断层发育,地层分布受断裂控制明显,上构造层新近系-第四系构造活动微弱,断层不发育,地层变形小且沉积厚度趋于稳定。华光凹陷古近系为河湖相-海陆过渡相沉积,其中下渐新统崖城组煤系地层是琼东南盆地勘探证实的主要烃源岩层系,上渐新统陵水组是主要储层发育时期,新近系-第四系为浅海-半深海-深海相沉积,其中中新统储层发育,上中新统及以上海相泥岩是良好的盖层。因此,华光凹陷具有良好的生储盖组合。     

西湖凹陷裂陷期构造样式及其对沉积充填的控制作用

西湖凹陷裂陷期构造主要是指从断陷开始形成(Tg界面)至始新世末(T30界面)的构造,它控制着盆内裂陷期地层的发育和沉积体系的总体展布特征.裂陷期原盆地的构造格架总体为一复杂的半地堑结构,主要受控于三组NE向的断裂带:东缘陡坡断裂带、中央洼陷断裂带、西部缓斜坡断裂带.西湖凹陷裂陷期古构造格局对裂陷期构造层序沉积、沉降中心...     

琼东南盆地新生代沉降特征

利用回剥技术对琼东南盆地进行了沉降史计算和分析,主要包括北部坳陷带的崖北凹陷、崖南凹陷,中央坳陷带的乐东凹陷,和南部坳陷带的华光凹陷.按照地震测线的分布和凹陷特征,我们共选取了30口模拟井进行一维沉降史计算,并展示了具有代表性的8口井,分析他们在小同时期的构造沉降速率与总沉降速率.分析结果表明,新生代以来,琼东南盆地主要经历厂三个主要的沉降幕:(1)始新世至渐新世,盆地处于裂陷期,构造沉降速率较大,平均为81m·Ma-1,沉降中心位于中央坳陷带.(2)早中新至中中新世,盆地由裂陷期向坳陷期转化,平均构造沉降速率减小至68m·Ma-1;(3)晚中新世以后,瓮地进入新一期的沉降阶段,平均构造沉降速率增加至84m·Ma-1;上新世以后,中央坳陷带发生快速沉降,达到了110m·Ma1.     

琼东南盆地古近纪沉积充填演化及其区域构造意义

琼东南盆地是发育于南海西北部的新生代张性断陷盆地。始新统和早渐新统崖城组属过充填型或平衡充填类型，在盆地各个断陷内均具有砂岩-泥岩-砂岩三重沉积充填结构；晚渐新统陵水组在北部坳陷带属过充填及平衡充填类型，发育砂岩-泥岩-砂岩三重沉积充填结构，而在中央坳陷带则属由砂岩-泥岩二重沉积充填结构组成的欠充填型。古近纪盆地的沉积充填结构演化反映了始新世-早渐新世断陷阶段与晚渐新世断拗阶段的盆地演化历史，其中，晚渐新世盆地断拗阶段的发育是南海海底单期扩张过程的结果。     

南海北缘新生代盆地沉积与构造演化及地球动力学背景

南海北缘新生代沉积盆地是全面揭示南海北缘形成演化及与邻区大地构造单元相互作用的重要窗口。通过对盆地沉积-构造特征分析,南海北缘新生代裂陷过程显示出明显的多幕性和旋转性的特点。在从北向南逐渐迁移的趋势下,东、西段裂陷过程也具有一定的差异,西部裂陷活动及海侵时间明显早于东部,裂陷中心由西向东呈雁列式扩展。晚白垩世-早始新世裂陷活动应是东亚陆缘中生代构造-岩浆演化的延续,始新世中、晚期太平洋板块俯冲方向改变导致裂陷中心南移,印度欧亚板块碰撞效应是南海中央海盆扩张方向顺时针旋转的主要原因。     

南海西北部琼东南盆地深水沉积环境演化及其油气勘探意义

Over the past several years, a number of hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered in the deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin, northwestern South China Sea. These oil/gas fields demonstrate that the...     

琼东南盆地深水区主要构造因素与成盆机制分析-地震解释与物理模拟实验

Located at the northwest continental slope of the South China Sea, the Qiongdongnan Basin bears valley-shaped bathymetry deepening toward east. It is separated from the Yinggehai Basin through NW-trend...     

Control effects of the synsedimentary faults on the basin-marginal fans in the central part of the deep-water area of early Oligocene Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

The synsedimentary faults and basin-marginal fans located in the central part of the deep-water area of the early Oligocene Qiongdongnan Basin have been investigated using seismic profiles, boreholes, and well-log data.Through the formations of the characterized paleogeomorphology, such as transverse anticlines, fault ditches,and step-fault belts, the synsedimentary faults are known to have controlled the development position,distribution direction, and extension scales of the basin-marginal fans. For example, at the pitching ends of two adjacent faults, transverse anticlines developed, which controlled the development positions and distributions of the fans. During the early Oligocene, the faults controlled the subsidence center, and fault ditches were formed at the roots of the faults. In the surrounding salient or low salient areas, which were exposed as provenance areas during early Oligocene, the fault ditches acted as the source channels and determined the flow paths of the clastics, where incised valley fills were obviously developed. The fault ditches which developed in the sedimentary basins were able to capture the drainage systems and influenced the distributions of the fans. The large boundary faults and the secondary faults generated two fault terraces and formed step-fault belts. The first fault terrace caused the clastics to be unloaded. As a result, fans were formed at the entrance to the basin. Then, the second fault terrace caused the fans to move forward, with the fans developing in a larger extension scale. The results obtained in this study will potentially be beneficial in the future prospecting activities for reservoirs and coalmeasure source rocks in the basins located in the deep-water areas of the South China Sea.     

Cenozoic structural deformation and dynamic processes of the Bohai Bay basin province,China

Cenozoic structures in the Bohai Bay basin province can be subdivided into eleven extensional systems and three strike-slip systems. The extensional systems consist of normal faults and transfer faults. The normal faults predominantly trend NNE and NE, and their attitudes vary in different tectonic settings. Paleogene rifting sub-basins were developed in the hanging walls of the normal faults that were most likely growth faults. Neogene–Quaternary sequences were deposited in both the rifting sub-basins and horsts to form a unified basin province. The extensional systems were overprinted by three NNE-trending, right-lateral strike-slip systems (fault zones). Although the principal displacement zones (PDZ) of the strike-slip fault zones are developed only in the basement and lower basin sequences in some cross sections, the structural deformation characteristics of the upper basin sequences also indicate that they are basement-involved, right-lateral strike-slip fault zones. According to the relationships between faults and sedimentary sequences, the extensional systems were mainly developed from the middle Paleocene to the late Oligocene, whereas the strike-slip systems were mainly developed from the Oligocene to the Miocene. Strike-slip deformation was intensified as extensional deformation was weakened. Extensional deformation was derived from horizontal tension induced by upwelling of hot mantle material, whereas strike-slip deformation was probably related to a regional stress field induced by plate movement.     

太阳盆地中新生代断裂特征及成因机制

太阳盆地位于北黄海盆地的东部,是一个发育在中-朝克拉通基底之上的中、新生代沉积盆地,勘探程度非常低。最新二维地震资料揭示,太阳盆地的断裂体系可以分控盆断裂、控凹(坳)断裂、控带断裂、控圈断裂和分割性断裂。盆地发育以NE向和NW向为主的的正断层和逆断层,而少量断层呈近EW或SN向。对不同类型的断裂构造特征及样式分析表明,断裂的活动期次可分为4期:晚侏罗世—早白垩世伸展断层、晚白垩世逆冲断层、始新世伸展正断层和新近纪正断层。中、新生代以来,中国东部构造演化主要受其东部太平洋板块活动控制,晚侏罗纪开始,洋壳俯冲在东部的欧亚大陆之下,伴随着太平洋—菲律宾板块的俯冲,太阳盆地发生NNE—SSW向的拉张;晚白垩世时期,由于太平洋板块俯冲方向的改变,区域性拉张变为区域性NNW—SSE向挤压,太阳盆地的一系列NW向逆断层形成;在始新世—渐新世,太平洋板块向东亚大陆作斜向减速俯冲,导致太阳盆地遭受NWW—SEE向拉张作用,再次断陷;渐新世末期,受喜山运动第Ⅱ幕的影响,太阳盆地发生再次的构造反转,形成一系列的小规模断层。     

Geology and hydrocarbon accumulations in the deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea——with focus on natural gas

The deepwater of the northwestern South China Sea is located in the central to southern parts of the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDN Basin),which is a key site for hydrocarbon exploration in recent years.In this study,the authors did a comprehensive analysis of gravity-magnetic data,extensive 3D seismic survey,cores and cuttings,paleontology and geochemical indexes,proposed the mechanism of natural gas origin,identified different oil and gas systems,and established the model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the deep-water region.Our basin tectonic simulation indicates that the evolution of QDN Basin was controlled by multiple-phased tectonic movements,such as Indochina-Eurasian Plate collision,Tibetan Uplift,Red River faulting and the expansion of the South China Sea which is characterized by Paleogene rifting,Neogene depression,and Eocene intensive faulting and lacustrine deposits.The drilling results show that this region is dominated by marineterrestrial transitional and neritic-bathyal facies from the early Oligocene.The Yacheng Formation of the early Oligocene is rich in organic matter and a main gas-source rock.According to the geological-geochemical data from the latest drilling wells,Lingshui,Baodao,Changchang Sags have good hydrocarbon-generating potentials,where two plays from the Paleogene and Neogene reservoirs were developed.Those reservoirs occur in central canyon structural-lithologic trap zone,Changchang marginal trap zone and southern fault terrace of Baodao Sag.Among them,the central canyon trap zone has a great potential for exploration because the various reservoirforming elements are well developed,i.e.,good coal-measure source rocks,sufficient reservoirs from the Neogene turbidity sandstone and submarine fan,faults connecting source rock and reservoirs,effective vertical migration,late stage aggregation and favorable structural–lithological composite trapping.These study results provide an important scientific basis for hydrocarbon exploration in this region,evidenced by the recent discovery of the significant commercial LS-A gas field in the central canyon of the Lingshui Sag.     

莫桑比克盆地构造演化与沉积充填特征

在阅读相关文献资料的基础上,分析了莫桑比克盆地的区域性幕式构造演化,并进一步总结归纳了其沉积充填特征。研究显示该盆地为东非边缘陆内裂谷盆地,以晚侏罗世破裂不整合面为界划分为断陷期及坳陷期,断陷期为陆相湖盆沉积充填,进入坳陷期后逐渐从海陆过渡相向浅海相和深水相演变。晚白垩世末和渐新世末两次构造抬升,使得盆地沉积环境及物源供应发生明显改变,也逐渐从深水相向滨浅海相或三角洲相演变。