浒苔多糖的分级纯化及保湿活性研究

用DEAE-Sepharose FF离子交换凝胶层析柱对浒苔(Enteromorpha)多糖进行分级纯化,利用HPLC色谱分析了单糖组成,并以甘油和透明质酸为对照,研究其吸湿和保湿活性。结果表明,浒苔多糖主要为葡萄糖醛酸-鼠李糖-木糖-甘露糖聚合物;浒苔多糖主要由两种组分组成,其一组分木糖和鼠李糖含量摩尔比为1.11:1,另一组分木糖和鼠李糖含量比为1:3.28;浒苔多糖具有与透明质酸相似的吸湿和保湿能力。     

南黄海浒苔漂移轨迹年际变化规律及驱动因素

综合利用环境卫星(HJ-1A/1B)CCD影像与MODIS影像,对2011-2017年南黄海海域浒苔信息进行了提取,并结合QuickSCAT海风数据以及ESRL海温数据对浒苔生长及漂移路径的影响进行了分析。结果表明:(1)7年中利用遥感手段最初发现浒苔的日期为5月份,初始发现位置多集中在江苏省盐城市附近海域,且近7年浒苔漂移方向整体上向北,进入山东半岛海域。其中,浒苔中心点距离青岛海域最远约115km(2015年6月21日),最近约9.6km(2012年7月11日)。(2)浒苔中心点漂移方位年际差异较大,整体上浒苔漂移路径方向与海面风风向高度一致。(3)SST是浒苔暴发的关键环境因子,南黄海海域5—8月份SST逐月升高为浒苔生消过程提供了环境条件。     

绿潮暴发对浮游动物群落结构影响研究

本调查于2016年和2017年的5月、8月,对日照近岸海域浒苔暴发区进行了4个航次的浮游动物断面调查。4个航次中,2016年和2017年5月航次获得的种类数要明显低于同年8月航次,而平均丰度和湿重生物量均高于同年8月航次。造成这种情况的原因可能是调查海域8月浒苔暴发结束,浒苔的消亡过程会大量消耗营养盐,导致水体中营养盐含量下降,进而影响到其他浮游植物和浮游动物的生长。应用PRIMER软件中的单变量分析得到群落种数(S)、丰富度(d)、香农-威纳指数(Shannon-Weaner index)(H′)和均匀度(J),从多样性指数分析可以看出,5月航次的生物多样性均劣于同年8月航次。不同年度相同季节航次中出现的优势种极其相似,而不同季节航次出现的优势种则大不相同。     

鹅颈藤壶多糖提取、理化性质及N-糖链表达谱分析研究

本文以南海海域鹅颈藤壶(Lepas anatifera)为原料,提取鹅颈藤壶背甲与肌肉质柄中的多糖,基于其基本理化性质的分析,比较不同生长时期鹅颈藤壶N-糖链表达谱的差异性。经过脱脂、碱水解/蛋白酶解、乙醇沉淀方法提取得到粗多糖;利用高效液相色谱法、高效凝胶渗透色谱法、苯酚-硫酸法、考马斯亮蓝法对其单糖组成、分子量分布、总糖含量及蛋白质含量进行分析;采用液质分析(PGC-ESI-MS/MS)方法对鹅颈藤壶成体(A-GB)与幼体(L-GB)肌肉质柄中N-糖链进行分析并比较。表明肌肉质柄中多糖分子量为18.40 kDa;总糖含量为11.99%,蛋白质含量60.14%,富含甘露糖、葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖,其中甘露糖的含量高达80%以上。在鹅颈藤壶成体与幼体中均鉴定得到26条N-糖链,成体中高甘露糖型N-糖链占总糖链的20.81%,且相对丰度较高的糖型组成为F₁H₃N₂(39.06%)、F₁H₃N₃(24.44%)、H₃N₃...     

2017年绿潮浒苔(Ulva prolifera)生理特征及孢子囊形成情况分析

近几年来在我国青岛海域连续暴发的浒苔绿潮造成了巨大的经济损失并且破坏了近海海洋生态系统平衡。因此,浒苔绿潮受到了越来越多的关注。本研究重点关注了绿潮暴发期间不同海域浒苔藻体生理特征和孢子囊形成情况。研究发现,不同海域里浒苔藻体生理特征差异显著,孢子囊比例显著不同,并且观察到漂浮浒苔的原位萌发。2017年5月中旬,我们在苏北浅滩紫菜养殖区域(33.78°N,121.29°E)对筏架绠绳上生长的绿藻,退潮后滩涂散落的绿藻和涨潮时海面上漂浮的绿藻进行为期5天的野外采集。另外,在2017年6月随科考船对浒苔暴发海域的浒苔样本进行采集。采集范围在(33.5°—36.5°N, 120°—124°E)。结果表明,从低纬度到高纬度,浒苔F_v/F_m(光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量)值从0.65逐渐降低至0.3左右;YⅡ(光系统Ⅱ实时光化学量子产量)值也从最高0.5左右降低至最低0.1。此外,定生浒苔F_v/F_m值为0.6—0.8左右,明显高于漂浮浒苔; YⅡ值也有类似趋势。在孢子囊形成比例方面,定生浒苔约有5%藻体形成了孢子囊,而漂浮浒苔中孢子囊形成比例达到20%。数据表明,低纬度区域为浒苔来源地,浒苔生理活性良好,孢子囊形成比例低。随着浒苔往北漂移,其生理活性降低。并且,漂浮浒苔孢子囊形成比例显著性高于定生浒苔。本文认为,浒苔脱离来源区后,孢子囊的快速形成、成熟和孢子释放以及孢子的原位萌发是浒苔生物量激增的重要原因。     

江苏－山东沿岸大型绿藻微观繁殖体时空分布特征研究

为研究暴发浒苔绿潮的黄海近岸水体中大型绿藻微观繁殖体时空分布和种群演替，以及绿潮对海域繁殖体群落结构的影响，本研究在江苏－山东沿岸设置4个站位，开展周年取样调查研究。通过室内培养和分子检测结合的方法，共鉴定出6种大型绿藻:缘管浒苔(Ulva linza)、浒苔(U. prolifera)、扁浒苔(U. compressa)、孔石莼(U. pertusa)、未命名种(Ulva sp.) 和盘苔(Blidingia sp.)。定量研究结果表明，各站位微观繁殖体丰度和种类组成具有明显时空变化特征，苏北浅滩与青岛近岸周年绿藻微观繁殖体丰度明显高于连云港燕尾港和日照岚山港站位；各站位丰度呈双峰型波动，春季到初夏达最高，秋季为次高峰，其他季节丰度较低。群落结构组成研究表明，苏北浅滩周年存在较高丰度的浒苔微观繁殖体(平均为77株/L)，其中造成黄海大规模绿潮的“漂浮生态型”浒苔占绝对优势，年均占浒苔微观繁殖体总数的75.7%；青岛近岸微观繁殖体种类组成波动显著，在夏季大规模浒苔绿潮到达时，优势种从缘管浒苔转变成浒苔，其中，“漂浮生态型”浒苔微观繁殖体数量急剧上升，并在绿潮消退时快速消失。对比研究显示，苏北浅滩海域是浒苔微观繁殖体“栖息地”，对维持浒苔种群、造成绿潮连年暴发具有重要作用；青岛近岸微观繁殖体群落受到大规模漂浮浒苔的季节性扰动，其组成结构在绿潮暴发期发生显著变化。     

利用MODIS和RADARSAT数据对浒苔的监测研究

浒苔是一种大型的浮游性海藻,它的爆发给环境造成了很大的影响。本文介绍了利用EOS/MODIS和RADARSAT遥感数据探测2008-2009年发生在黄海及邻近海域(119°E~122°E,34°N~36°30′N之间)的浒苔灾害的研究。本研究首先利用MODIS传感器的1、2波段计算了相应海域的NDVI。在云层较厚的情况下结合RADARSAT图像来辅助判定大型浮游藻类的信息。并计算了长时间序列NDVI,利用阀值分割法计算了浒苔爆发的面积信息,利用ARCVIEW工具对长时间序列的浒苔分布的矢量信息进行处理,得到了浒苔的漂浮路线,起源。初步研究了MODIS监测浒苔的可行性,讨论了浒苔的爆发可能对渔业资源造成的潜在影响。     

青岛近海浒苔暴发期大型底栖动物群落的生态研究

利用2008年7月3日至25日在青岛附近海域浒苔[Enteromorpha prolifera (Muell.)J.Ag]暴发期间进行的大型底栖动物定量分析资料,研究了该海域大型底栖动物群落在物种组成、生物量和丰度以及物种多样性方面的动态变化,以了解浒苔暴发对大型底栖动物的生态学影响.结果表明,本项目调查共采集到大型底...     

利用18S rDNA分子方法分析浒苔绿潮过境期间长牡蛎摄食情况的变化

近年来,我国海州湾浒苔暴发呈常态化趋势发展,日益威胁到该海域生态系统的健康。浒苔每年都会由南向北漂移经过平岛海域,在平岛海洋牧场中牡蛎是其重要的经济贝类,具有数量多、分布广、生态种群稳定等特点,浒苔对海洋牧场中这种滤食性经济贝类的影响亟待了解。使用传统的显微镜检测方法并不能准确鉴定出胃含物中有机物碎片成分,而应用DNA条形码技术则可以快速有效的判断这类摄食者的食物碎片来源。在本研究中,采集了浒苔发生前后不同时间的海州湾平岛海域特定区域的牡蛎。通过高通量DNA测序技术研究了其真核食物成分。扩增18S r DNA V4区共得到53347个有效序列短片段,聚类后得到105个类别,主要属于链形植物门(包括轮藻门和有胚植物(现存的陆生植物:苔藓维管植物)两大类)、绿藻门、囊泡虫门、子囊菌门等。其中,5月(WH1)、6月(WH2)、7月(WH3)、10月(WH4)的胃含物样品中分别发现了11、12、11和14个门的生物种类。进一步对WH1—WH4样品属水平进行聚类分析发现真核生物成分表现出显著的季节性差异,但在所有组当中并未发现石莼属或浒苔属成分。WH1样品中梨属和四胞藻纲含量最多。WH2样品中的子囊菌属和稻属含量均为4个样品中的最高值。WH3中共甲藻目的含量达到最高。WH4样品中沟鞭藻属的含量达到最高值。研究表明,牡蛎并没有直接摄食浒苔或石莼属成分,因此推断浒苔并不直接影响牡蛎的摄食情况。另外本研究首次发现被子植物在牡蛎胃含物中占有很高的比重,表明牡蛎食物源除来源于海洋外还有陆源有机质。     

不同氮磷比值下浒苔与石莼的竞争作用研究

近年来，海水富营养化导致近海海域大型海藻过量繁殖，成为世界性的环境问题。自2007年以来，浒苔绿潮在黄海海域连续暴发，造成巨大经济损失。为探究浒苔大规模暴发与氮磷比值(N/P)的关系，及其与其他大型绿藻在不同N/P下的竞争机制，研究了浒苔(Ulva prolifera)与石莼(Ulva lactuca)在不同N/P下单独培养和共培养时的生长情况，探究了浒苔及石莼生长的变化；结合苏北浅滩海域现场N/P的调查结果，分析了浒苔绿潮暴发的可能机制。研究结果表明:(1)浒苔单独培养时，在一定范围内高N/P能促进浒苔的生长，氮对于浒苔的影响大于磷。(2)石莼单独培养时，低N/P下石莼长势最好，但改变N/P对石莼的影响并不显著。(3)浒苔和石莼共培养时，浒苔生长受到了一定限制，低N/P下浒苔生长受限更显著。(4)苏北浅滩海域高N/P更适合浒苔的生长，可能是浒苔绿潮能够大规模暴发的原因之一。     

Preformed Cd and PO4 and the relationship between the two elements in the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea

Preformed Cd and PO₄ were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO₄ plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O₂ to regenerated Cd and PO₄ were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO₄) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO₄) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO₄ in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O₂/Cd, PO₄ were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO₄). The calculated preformed Cd and PO₄ concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO₄ at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO₄ at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO₄. Preformed PO₄ generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO₄ in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO₃ dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO₄ showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

体现执法威力 维护海上权益

2004年，是我国海洋工作面临历史性机遇和挑战的一年。中国海监总队在国家海洋局的领导和关怀下，在局各有关部门和各分局、各沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋厅(局)的大力支持下，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大和十六届三中、四中全会精神，全面落实局党组2004年的重点工作，以执法能力建设为重点，以海盾系列专项执法、执法示范工作为主线，上下团结一致，与时俱进，开拓进取，认真履行职能，全力推进全国海监队伍建设和海洋执法监察工作。     

东海黑潮温、盐度与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑潮主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系.结果表明,在过去50 a内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势.东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关.夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,可能是导致黑潮上层水盐度下降的一个原因,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关.     

Canada and the law of the sea

This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy.     

Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the offshore zones of the Baltic and the North Seas

Micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB) and fragmented-apoptotic cells (FA) were analyzed in mature peripheral blood and immature cephalic kidney erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus), dab (Limanda limanda) and cod (Gadus morhua) from 12 offshore sites in the Baltic Sea (479 specimens) and 11 sites in the North Sea (291 specimens), which were collected during three research vessel cruises in December 2002, 2003 and in September 2004. The highest levels of environmental genotoxicity (frequencies of MN up to 0.5‰, NB – up to 0.75‰) and cytotoxicity (FA – up to 0.53‰) were observed in flatfishes from areas close to oil and gas platforms in the North Sea and in zones related to the extensive shipping and potentially influenced by contamination from large European Rivers (Elbe, Vistula, Oder). In dab from the offshore zones of the North Sea, the levels of nuclear abnormalities were higher as compared to those in dab from the Baltic Sea. Responses in immature kidney erythrocytes were higher than in mature erythrocytes from peripheral blood. MN frequency lower than 0.05‰ (the Baltic Sea) and lower than 0.1‰ (the North Sea) could be suspected as a reference level in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of flatfish.     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

On the large-scale variability of the circulation and heat state of the ocean and atmosphere in the North Atlantic

A conclusion about two extreme regimes existing in the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic has been drawn based on an analysis of the inter-annual variability of the analogue to the Rossby index, as well as that of the heat and dynamic characteristics in separate areas of the north subtropical circulation. The former is defined by a high level of circulation both in the atmosphere and in the subtropical water circulation. In the current century this regime was realized mainly in the years pertaining to the middle and end of a 22-year solar activity cycle (a 22-year cycle). The relatively low level of atmospheric circulation and the slackened water mass transport are typical of the second regime. It dominated mainly during the years relevant to the beginning and second half of a 22-year solar activity cycle.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Recent changes of the halocline characteristics and warming of the intermediate water in the Kamchatka current and the Oyashio

The upper Oyashio intermediate water, one of the source waters for the Sea of Okhotsk intermediate water, is exhibiting a warming trend. The historical data show that the upper Oyashio temperature increased by 2.4°C during 1953 to 2007 at the potential density of 26.75 at depths of approximately 170 m. This rate of warming is much faster than that of the global ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. The upper Oyashio warming is likely linked to the penetration of warm water of the Alaskan Stream westward. One mechanism of this warm Alaskan Stream water penetration is associated with large Aleutian eddies.