高层建筑振动周期计算可靠性分析

高层建筑振动周期计算是，高层建筑结构抗震设计的主要计算内容之一，文中论述了高层建筑结构振动周期计算的可靠性，并用具体数值算例研究了计算模型和结构参数随机变化高层建筑振动周期计算可靠性和频谱变化的影响。     

超限高层建筑结构抗震设计加强措施和建议——以某超限高层建筑为例

为加强超限高层建筑结构的抗震性能,最大程度减小地震损失,以某一超限高层建筑为对象,对其结构抗震设计的加强措施和建议进行详细分析。在小震作用下运用pkpm软件MIDAS/Building对建筑结构进行弹性计算对比分析,证明弹性计算的可靠性;借用SATWE对结构在中震或大震作用下不同构件的承载力和截面进行验算;采用midasbuilding软件对该超限高层建筑进行罕遇地震作用下的静力弹塑性分析。根据不同震级下建筑结构线弹性分析结果,对建筑主体结构、结构抗震和地基基础进行加强设计,从中归纳出整体结构的抗震加强措施和建议,说明该超限结构能满足规范的设防要求,是安全可靠的。     

高层建筑的结构体系及抗震能力

本文介绍世界高层建筑的发展概况,扼要叙述高层建筑的结构体系、受力特点及其抗震能力。     

超限高层建筑结构基于性能抗震设计的研究

主要比较分析了超限高层建筑中基于性能抗震设计方法与常规抗震设计方法,并就目前我国的超限高层建筑结构的特点,详细的分析了超限高层结构基于性能抗震设计中的抗震性能水准以及性能目标的组成,希望能够为我国超限高层建筑的性能抗震设计有些帮助。     

基于破坏指标界限值的结构抗震可靠度分析

结构抗震可靠性的分析一般即采用动力可靠度的研究方法进行。本文提出了进行结构抗震可靠度分析与计算的一种新方法,即基于破坏指标界限值的结构抗震可靠度分析方法。该方法在标定结构破坏指标范围进行破坏等级划分的基础上,采用JC法对结构在不同烈度地震作用下的各破坏状态概率进行计算,从而完成对结构抗震可靠性的分析。计算实例表明,该方法与经典动力可靠性分析所得结论相一致,这表明了本文方法的正确与可靠。     

塔式容器结构抗震设计的动力可靠性研究

本文运用随机有限元原理提供了结构系统在地震力作用下的可靠性分析方法，并运用该方法对现行规范抗震设计的几种典型塔式容顺进行动力可靠性研究，其结果可为制订塔式容器结构抗震可靠性设计标准作为参考。     

多塔楼高层建筑连廊结构的柔性连接设计及试验研究

本文提出了高层建筑多塔楼连廊结构采用柔性连接方式,并进行了结构抗震分析和模拟地震振动台试验研究。计算和试验结果表明连廊采取柔性连接后,结构在连廊连接处的受力状况得到改善,结构的基底剪力明显减小,柔性连接有一定的耗能能力,提高了建筑物的抗震性能。     

唐山高层建筑发展方向的思考

唐山地震至今30年来,唐山市建设了一定数量的高层建筑,包括高层公共建筑、高层住宅。本文对已建的主要高层建筑进行了总结,主要的结构体系为高层住宅以钢筋混凝土抗震墙结构为主,高层公共建筑以钢筋混凝土框架抗震墙为主;并分析了高层建筑形式、基础类型等方面的特点。结合建筑理论和技术的发展主要针对结构设计方面提出了唐山市高层建筑建设方面的思考与建议。     

强震下高层建筑反应模拟方法研究及其平台开发

正随着我国城市化进程的加快,高层建筑抗震成为城市防灾减灾领域的一个研究重点。震害资料表明,在强震作用下,部分高层建筑严重受损或倒塌,直接导致了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。为了保证强震作用下高层建筑结构安全,必须加强强震下结构抗震性能的研究,而建立起一个合理有效的强地震作用下高层建筑反应模拟方法是实现这个目标的必由之路。然而目前高层建筑在强震下的模拟方法在很多方面还存在问题,如剪力墙非线性分析模型不     

单排配筋剪力墙结构抗震性能及设计研究

以往剪力墙结构主要用于高层建筑并采用双排配筋剪力墙.笔者提出了单排配筋剪力墙多层住宅结构,为了研究其抗震性能,进行了较系统的单排配筋剪力墙结构及构件的抗震试验研究.文中简要介绍了单排配筋剪力墙抗震性能研究概况,将其与传统的砖墙进行了抗震性能比较,给出了其适用范围,提供了其抗震构造措施.研究表明,这种单排配筋剪力墙可以用于多层住宅结构的抗震设计.     

Topography on the D′′ region from analysis of a thin dense layer beneath a convecting cell

In this study, we examine the development of topography on a thin dense layer at the base of the lower mantle. The effect of the convecting mantle above is represented as a traction acting on the upper surface of the layer. Topography on the layer boundaries is predicted by a balance of dynamic flow stress and external traction. The nature of boundary topography depends on the magnitude of the driving tractions and the density variation within the layer. If we assume that the layer density is greatest beneath areas of mantle downwelling and decreases to a minimum beneath areas of mantle upwelling (the layer is thermally coupled to the convection in the overlying mantle) then its upper boundary develops a cusp-like peak beneath the upwelling mantle. The height of this peak is potentially much greater than the layer thickness. If, however, the layers are effectively coupled by viscous shear then internal density gradients of the opposite sign may be established. In this case, we observe solutions where the layer is completely swept away beneath areas of mantle downwelling leaving steep-sided ‘islands’ of dense material. This mechanism therefore provides a possible explanation for steep-sided anomalously slow regions at the base of the mantle observed by seismic methods (e.g. beneath south Africa) or for discrete ultralow velocity zones detected at the core-mantle boundary beneath locations of surface hotspots. The magnitude of the upper boundary driving tractions compared to the density gradient within the layer is the key parameter that determines the nature of flow in, and consequently boundary topography of, the layer. The deflection of the core-mantle boundary is small compared with that of the top of the dense layer, but a change in sign of the ratio of these deflections is observed as the magnitude of the driving tractions changes relative to the magnitude of the internal density gradient. We compare seismic measurements of core-mantle boundary topography and D′′ topography with the predictions of this model in an attempt to constrain model parameters, but no clear correlation seems to exist between D′′ thickness and CMB topography.     

隧道磁共振测深超前探测模型参数不确定度分析方法研究

地面磁共振方法探测地下水趋于成熟.随着研究的深入,磁共振技术在隧道超前探测方面也开展了应用.然而,由于隧道空间特殊环境限制,获取的磁共振信号信噪比极低,解释结果中各参数的确定性值得深思.基于这一问题,本文提出隧道磁共振测深超前探测模型参数不确定度分析方案,实际工作前,根据不同探测目标要求及环境噪声水平,优化仪器装置参数设计,提高解释结果准确性.本文首先在地面磁共振探测理论基础上,推导了考虑天线铺设角度影响的隧道矩形线圈激发场计算表达式,模拟了隧道准全空间磁共振测深正演响应.其次,基于后验模型协方差矩阵,计算模型参数标准偏差因子,划分参数不确定度等级.最后,构建三层含水模型,将第二层含水体作为观测目标.在仿真合成数据的基础上,分别探讨了电阻率、含水量、水体厚度、线圈边长、匝数、线圈旋转角度以及噪声水平等参数对目标含水体测定的影响.通过对比分析,得到如下结论：当探测目标前方地层的电阻率小于10 Ωm时,目标含水体的不确定度随着该电阻率的增大而降低;当该电阻率大于10 Ωm时,其不影响目标含水体的不确定度;目标体前方地层含水量的增大能够明显增加目标含水体的不确定度;目标层电阻率以及含水量对该层含水体的不确定度几乎不造成影响;目标层厚度越大其含水体的确定度越高;线圈边长和匝数的增大都能在很大程度上降低含水体的不确定度;线圈的偏转角度不影响目标体的不确定度;磁共振信号中噪声的幅度越大,含水体参数的不确定度越大.本文的研究结论有助于提高隧道磁共振探测数据反演参数的准确性,同时能够为实际探测提供预先优化参数的分析方案.     

Collision, subduction and accretion events in the Philippines: A synthesis

Abstract The Philippines preserves evidence of the superimposition of tectonic processes in ancient and present‐day collision and subduction zone complexes. The Baguio District in northern Luzon, the Palawan–Central Philippine region and the Mati–Pujada area in southeastern Mindanao resulted from events related to subduction polarity reversal leading to trench initiation, continent‐arc collision and autochthonous oceanic lithosphere emplacement, respectively. Geological data on the Baguio District in Northern Luzon reveal an Early Miocene trench initiation for the east‐dipping Manila Trench. This followed the Late Oligocene cessation of subduction along the west‐dipping proto‐East Luzon Trough. The Manila Trench initiation, which is modeled as a consequence of the counter‐clockwise rotation of Luzon, is attributed to the collision of the Palawan microcontinental block with the Philippine Mobile Belt. In the course of rotation, Luzon onramped the South China Sea crust, effectively converting the shear zone that bounded them into a subduction zone. Several collision‐related accretionary complexes (e.g. Romblon, Mindoro) are present in the Palawan–Central Philippine region. The easternmost collision zone boundary is located east of the Romblon group of islands. The Early Miocene southwestward shift of the collision boundary from Romblon to Mindoro started to end by the Pliocene. Continuous interaction between the Palawan microcontinental block and the Philippine Mobile Belt is presently taken up again along the collisional boundary east of the Romblon group of islands. The Mati–Pujada Peninsula area, on the other hand, is underlain by the Upper Cretaceous Pujada Ophiolite. This supra‐subduction zone ophiolite is capped by chert and pelagic limestones which suggests its derivation from a relatively deep marginal basin. The Pujada Ophiolite could be a part of a proto‐Molucca Sea plate. The re‐interpretation of the geology and tectonic settings of the three areas reaffirm the complex geodynamic evolution of the Philippine archipelago and addresses some of its perceived geological enigmas.     

水平地震作用下高架桥与地铁结构的相互影响研究

为了研究水平地震作用下桥梁结构及地铁设施的相互影响,以山西省太原市解放路改造工程为依托工程,分别建立了高架桥、地铁站、高架桥及地铁设施组合结构的三维动力有限元模型,并考虑设置碎石隔震层,进行不同工况下结构的抗震性能分析。结果表明:由于碎石层的缓冲隔震作用,组合结构中高架桥的桥墩内力更小,且地震作用越大时,内力减小程度越大;另一方面,高架桥的建造对地铁结构的抗震性能影响较小。此外,对于桥梁结构而言,碎石层的厚度变化对桥墩内力有一定影响,但影响程度较小;而对于地铁结构而言,碎石层厚度越小,地铁柱剪力弯矩值往往会越大,但增加幅度有限。     

1-D and 2-D spatial frequency analysis of self-potential field anomalies,produced by a polarized sphere

This paper gives analytical expressions for the 1-D and 2-D frequency spectra of the self-potential field produced by a polarized sphere. In 1-D, the amplitude spectrum of the potential field leads to a criterion for determination of the depthh to the centre of the sphere. The polarization angle of the buried sphere can be calculated from the maximum point of the amplitude spectrum of the electric field. In 2-D, the depth to the centre of the polarized sphere can be calculated if the polarization is vertical.     

Oceanographic and meteorological forcing of the pelagic ecosystem on the Gulf of Cadiz shelf (SW Iberian Peninsula)

The spatial and temporal distribution of physical, chemical and biological variables of the NE continental shelf of the Gulf of Cadiz were analyzed monthly during almost three annual cycles. This analysis was performed with the aim of deriving the main forcing factors controlling variability at inter-annual, seasonal and short-time scales. Meteorological forcing related to heavy episodes of rainfall that affected river discharges and the wind regime, controlled both the currents along the shelf together and the nutrient concentrations of the surface waters. Meteorological forcing in turn determined the subsequent development and maintenance of phytoplankton blooms. Superimposed on the seasonal cycle typical of temperate latitudes, the inputs of continental nutrients mainly from the Guadalquivir River, along with episodes of upwelling favored by the predominance of westerly winds triggered phytoplankton growth on the shelf, highlighting the markedly relevant role of this large estuary in the control of the biological activity on the shelf.     

Trophieindikation in Fließgewässern mit Hilfe des TIM (Trophie‐Index Makrophyten) – Erprobung eines neu entwickelten Index im Inninger Bach

Indicating the Trophic State of Running Waters by Using TIM (Trophic Index of Macrophytes) – Exemplary Implementation of a New Index in the River Inninger Bach The river Inninger Bach represents the outflow of the lake Wörthsee (Bavaria). The mean pH of the calcareous river has a value of ca. 8 during the vegetation period, the mean conductivity is about 350 to 400 μS/cm. The macrophyte vegetation of the river course was mapped and the nutrient concentrations of both the water body and the sediment were measured. In every mapping section the Trophic Index of Macrophytes (TIM) was calculated. By cluster analysis the mapping sections were grouped into three zones which differed in macrophyte vegetation. These differences are not associated with varying nutrient concentrations but are mainly due to differences in the degree of shading. In spite of the characterisation of the lake Wörthsee as oligo‐mesotrophic the river Inninger Bach, which represents the outflow of the lake Wörthsee, is classified as meso‐eutrophic by the Trophic Index of Macrophytes TIM. The increased trophic state of the river compared to the lake is caused by the river Krebsbach, a small tributary flowing into the river Inninger Bach only a short stretch downstream of its outflow of the lake Wörthsee. The river Krebsbach shows a total phosphorus concentration of about 56 μg/L P. The input of diaspores of submerged macrophytes both from the oligo‐mesotrophic lake Wörthsee and the eutrophic river Krebsbach leads to a submerged vegetation comprising species with different optima in regard to the trophic situation. This is one of the main reasons why many values of the TIM have to be labeled as “not sure”.     

POD-based Monte Carlo approach for the solution of regional scale groundwater flow driven by randomly distributed recharge

We present a methodology conducive to the application of a Galerkin model order reduction technique, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), to solve a groundwater flow problem driven by spatially distributed stochastic forcing terms. Typical applications of POD to reducing time-dependent deterministic partial differential equations (PDEs) involve solving the governing PDE at some observation times (termed snapshots), which are then used in the order reduction of the problem. Here, the application of POD to solve the stochastic flow problem relies on selecting the snapshots in the probability space of the random quantity of interest. This allows casting a standard Monte Carlo (MC) solution of the groundwater flow field into a Reduced Order Monte Carlo (ROMC) framework. We explore the robustness of the ROMC methodology by way of a set of numerical examples involving two-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow taking place within an aquifer of uniform hydraulic properties and subject to a randomly distributed recharge. We analyze the impact of (i) the number of snapshots selected from the hydraulic heads probability space, (ii) the associated number of principal components, and (iii) the key geostatistical parameters describing the heterogeneity of the distributed recharge on the performance of the method. We find that our ROMC scheme can improve significantly the computational efficiency of a standard MC framework while keeping the same degree of accuracy in providing the leading statistical moments (i.e. mean and covariance) as well as the sample probability density of the state variable of interest.     

Nitrifikation – Grundlagen des Stoffwechsels und Probleme bei der Nutzung von Ammoniakoxidanten

Nitrification – Fundamentals of the Metabolism and Problems at the Use of Ammonia Oxidizers From an ecological point of view, a great problem results from the release of increasing amounts of inorganic and organic nitrogen compounds. Apart from gaseous nitrogen compounds, such as the greenhouse gas N₂O, soluble nitrogen compounds such as ammonium cause difficulties. In recent years, great progress has been made regarding the reduction of the emission of sulfur and phosphorus compounds. Since there are no effective strategies for the decrease of nitrogen releases, the emission of such compounds has even been increasing. Therefore, great efforts are being made to eliminate the soluble nitrogen compounds in particular, for example in wastewater treatment plants. A decisive meaning befits the chemolithoautotrophic ammonia oxidizers. This review focuses on the ecological consequences of the release of ammonia in particular, the metabolism of the ammonia oxidizing microorganisms under consideration of the latest research results, and the problems that arise in the context of using these bacteria for the removal of ammonia.     

Acid Rain and Natural Organic Matter (NOM)

Twentyfive years of research on the effects of acid rain on rivers and lakes has, to a very small extent, documented changes in the nature and properties of natural organic matter (NOM). In Western Norway, a "whole-watershed-artificial-acidification-experiment" took place in the period 1988–1996. The goals of this long-term experiment were to study the role of NOM in acidification of surface water and the effects of acid precipitation on the quality and properties of NOM. In the HUMEX project (Humic Lake Acidification Experiment) one half of a lake and the corresponding catchment was artificially acidified with H₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃ over a period of 5 years. The other half of the lake and catchment served as a control. In addition to monitoring of the general chemical composition of the water from the two lake halves, a number of other chemical and biological characteristics were studied. Here, we report the results related to changes in the nature and chemical properties of NOM. During the first few years of acidification, a significantly lower concentration of NOM was recorded in the acidified half of the catchment, compared with the control. However, statistical analyses of all data (covering a 2-years pre-treatment period and 5 years of treatment) related to the concentration of NOM (TOC, colour, and UV absorbance) did not suggest any significant effect on the quantity of NOM. This apparent discrepancy between the initial decrease in the concentration of NOM and no effect when the whole 5-years period is considered, may be due to the results of two different simultaneous processes. The results suggest that there first was a reduction of TOC and colour, as a consequence of the acidification, followed by an increase, perhaps owing to increased fertilisation (nitrogen) and in addition to a general temperature increase during the period. In addition, short-term studies of the aquatic surface microlayers, lipophilicity of the NOM, content of organic sulfur, and molecular size indicate differences in the quality of the NOM between the two lake halves, which could affect light absorption.