安徽铜陵矿集区铜官山矿田胶状黄铁矿矿物学特征及其对成矿作用的制约

铜官山矿田是铜陵矿集区内五大矿田之一,矿田内顺层产出的层状硫化物矿体是铜金矿床的主矿体,矿体内含有较多的胶状黄铁矿,其成因的争议制约了对铜金矿床成矿作用的解析。本文主要利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)等纳米矿物学手段,并结合光学显微镜、粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)、微区激光拉曼光谱分析等方法,对矿田内铜官山矿床及天马山矿床内层状硫化物矿体中胶状黄铁矿矿石的矿物组成、微形貌、微结构等特征进行系统研究,结果表明胶状黄铁矿矿石多呈胶状、鲕状结构,具有同心环状构造,同心环被赤铁矿、菱铁矿与黄铜矿脉穿切。同心环主要由白铁矿+有机质与胶状黄铁矿交替组成。胶状黄铁矿的黄铁矿颗粒粒径从纳米至亚微米均有分布,以自形-半自形立方体为主,少数呈他形,脉体边部胶状黄铁矿颗粒较大,自形程度较高,重结晶显著。矿石中含有少量白云石、伊利石微晶体,与胶状黄铁矿紧密共存,显示典型沉积特征。共存石英磨圆度较高,存在次生加大现象,表面存在胶状黄铁矿印模,显示为碎屑成因。这些综合信息表明胶状黄铁矿非岩浆热液成因,而是与石炭系地层同沉积成岩成因,并可能有微生物作用参与。高孔隙率、高化学活性及较高有机质含量的胶状黄铁矿可能为燕山期岩浆热液演化的含铜成矿流体提供了沉淀剂,对矿田内铜金硫化物矿体的层控性发挥了重要的控制作用。     

滇黔桂“金三角”卡林型金矿含砷黄铁矿和毒砂的矿物学研究

滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同矿床亚类的典型矿床硫化物显微镜下观察和电子探针显微分析(EP-MA)表明,含砷黄铁矿和毒砂是主要的载金矿物.载金黄铁矿主要以环带状含砷黄铁矿、细粒自形含砷黄铁矿为主.环带状黄铁矿核部贫As、Au,富S、Fe,而环带则相反,且Au与As具有正相关关系.核部贫As的黄铁矿成因复杂,既有成矿早阶段的热液成因,又有受热液蚀变交代的沉积成因.核部和环带是不同成矿阶段的产物.元素的相关关系表明环带中As主要取代S的位置.多环带的特点还表明,热液活动是脉动式的,含矿流体化学成分也是在不断变化的.不论是核部还是环带,均有Au含量高出检出限的测点,但环带是主要的载金部位.细粒含砷黄铁矿为均质结构,具有高As、Au,低S、Fe的特点,类似环带状黄铁矿的环带特征,推测与富砷环带是同期热液活动形成的.毒砂-黄铁矿集合体中的黄铁矿分为环带结构和均质结构2种,并分别具有上述2种黄铁矿的特点.载金毒砂可以细分为3个世代,具均质结构,热液成因.各世代毒砂Au含量均有高出检出限的测点,同时Au、As、S、Fe的含量变化不大,均为主成矿阶段的产物.载金矿物的结晶顺序为:贫砷的沉积成因或早阶段热液成因黄铁矿→富砷的细粒黄铁矿颗粒和富砷黄铁矿环带→毒砂.黄铁矿和毒砂中的Au在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示分布是不均匀的,环带状黄铁矿中Au元素图出现的均匀结构可能为一种假象,说明金主要以"不可见"的纳米级超显微包裹金形式存在,少量为"不可见"晶格金和微米级显微"可见金".整个滇黔桂"金三角"卡林型金矿不同亚类矿床之间的载金矿物特征和金的赋存状态没有本质区别,说明它们具有相同的成矿作用过程和成矿背景.     

铜陵矿集区层状硫化物矿床成因

新桥硫铁矿床是铜陵矿集区重要的硫（铁、铜、金）多金属矿床,长期以来对其成矿作用存在争议。采用光学显微镜、粉晶X射线衍射（XRD）、场发射扫描电镜（FE SEM）和高分辨透射电镜（HR TEM）等矿物学研究手段,对新桥硫铁矿床层状矿体中胶状黄铁矿—菱铁矿型矿石矿物学进行了研究,结果表明该矿石主要由黄铁矿和菱铁矿组成（含量分别为743%和244%）,含少量石英和伊利石;黄铁矿主要呈现纳米—亚微米粒径的自形、半自形立方体形态,菱铁矿以20~50μm的半自形菱面体产出,石英和伊利石呈现碎屑颗粒形态;偏光显微镜下胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿呈现共生关系,FE SEM下观察到微米粗粒菱铁矿与纳米—亚微米黄铁矿之间呈现镶嵌关系,可观察到菱铁矿表面存在黄铁矿的印模。FE SEM和HR TEM观察和能谱分析确证胶状黄铁矿—菱铁矿型矿石中仍然保存有少量的微生物残体和有机质。这些综合信息反映新桥胶状黄铁矿非岩浆热液成因,而是生物化学沉积成因。该层状铁硫化物—碳酸盐建造由于具有较高的地球化学活性,对燕山期岩浆活动驱动热液形成层状矿体发挥了重要的控制作用。     

铜陵矿集区层状硫化物矿床成因——来自胶状黄铁矿—菱铁矿型矿石矿物学制约

新桥硫铁矿床是铜陵矿集区重要的硫(铁、铜、金)多金属矿床,长期以来对其成矿作用存在争议。采用光学显微镜、粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM)等矿物学研究手段,对新桥硫铁矿床层状矿体中胶状黄铁矿—菱铁矿型矿石矿物学进行了研究,结果表明该矿石主要由黄铁矿和菱铁矿组成(含量分别为74.3%和24.4%),含少量石英和伊利石;黄铁矿主要呈现纳米—亚微米粒径的自形、半自形立方体形态,菱铁矿以20~50μm的半自形菱面体产出,石英和伊利石呈现碎屑颗粒形态;偏光显微镜下胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿呈现共生关系,FE-SEM下观察到微米粗粒菱铁矿与纳米—亚微米黄铁矿之间呈现镶嵌关系,可观察到菱铁矿表面存在黄铁矿的印模。FE-SEM和HR-TEM观察和能谱分析确证胶状黄铁矿—菱铁矿型矿石中仍然保存有少量的微生物残体和有机质。这些综合信息反映新桥胶状黄铁矿非岩浆热液成因,而是生物化学沉积成因。该层状铁硫化物—碳酸盐建造由于具有较高的地球化学活性,对燕山期岩浆活动驱动热液形成层状矿体发挥了重要的控制作用。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床矿石硫化物环带及地质意义

安徽冬瓜山矿床是铜陵矿集区内一个重要的大型铜(金)矿床,颇受关注,成因认识分歧较大。矿床内块状硫化物矿石中普遍发育以黄铁矿为核部、黄铜矿为中间带、磁黄铁矿为边部带的硫化物环带。这些环带核部黄铁矿多呈自形-半自形晶,黄铜矿呈他形晶围绕黄铁矿沉淀,磁黄铁矿呈他形分布在黄铜矿外围,内带常被外带硫化物溶蚀交代。硫同位素分析结果显示,环带中硫化物矿物的硫同位素(δ34S=1.6‰~5.1‰)具有岩浆硫源特征,同时从核部黄铁矿到中间带黄铜矿,再到边部磁黄铁矿δ34S值逐渐降低。以上特征表明环带从内到外硫化物之间并非平衡共生关系,而是黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿先后依次晶出。硫化物环带核部粗粒黄铁矿(粒径大于1.5cm)的Co、Ni含量分别为292×10-6~1504×10-6和32.7×10-6~39.9×10-6,Co/Ni=7.32~46.0(平均26.7),与海底火山喷流沉积型黄铁矿的Co、Ni特征基本一致。核部黄铁矿由颗粒中心向边缘,Fe/S原子比值、Mo和Co含量先逐渐升高,再逐渐降低,而Cu、Zn等成矿元素主要富集于颗粒边缘,并向边缘有逐渐升高趋势。与此同时,细粒黄铁矿(粒径小于0.5cm)中的Cu、Zn等元素的含量明显高于粗粒黄铁矿。环带中三种硫化物矿物的REE配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图极为相似,相对富集LREE、Rb、Th等元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Sr、Ba和HREE等元素,由环带核部到边部δEu逐渐减小,与矿区石英二长闪长(玢)岩表现出较高的相似性。以上特征综合分析表明,冬瓜山铜(金)矿床中硫化物环带经历了以下形成过程:石炭纪海底喷流沉积作用在矿区形成沉积黄铁矿,到燕山期,在区内强烈的构造-岩浆活动作用下,致使早期沉积的黄铁矿首先发生变质重结晶作用,形成粒状黄铁矿,随后岩浆热液对其进行叠加改造,并在岩浆热液作用下相继围绕粒状黄铁矿增生,依次沉淀出热液型黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿,最终形成硫化物环带。这一认识,结合硫化物环带中元素及硫同位素特征进一步表明冬瓜山铜(金)矿床的形成先后经历了古生代海底喷流沉积成矿作用和燕山期岩浆热液成矿作用,矿床中的成矿物质(特别是Cu、Zn等成矿元素)主要来源于燕山期岩浆热液,但石炭系海底喷流沉积作用也提供了部分物质(例如,Fe、S、Mo、Co和Ni等)。此外,环带中微量元素的变化特征表明,随着硫化物环带的形成,成矿热液系统的温度、硫逸度和氧逸度逐渐降低和(或)p H值升高。     

安徽新桥矿床矿相学与Fe同位素特征及其对矿床成因的制约

对安徽新桥矿床进行系统的野外地质调查和矿相学研究发现,层状矿体中的胶状黄铁矿交代矽卡岩磁铁矿矿体,为探讨层状硫化物矿床是早期沉积成因还是岩浆热液成因提供了新的地质约束。对铜陵矿集区内的新桥矿床层状菱铁矿矿体和凤凰山矽卡岩型矿体中的菱铁矿开展了Fe同位素组成的对比研究,结果显示：新桥矿床菱铁矿与典型低温热液脉型矿床和沉积铁矿中的菱铁矿在Fe同位素组成特征上有所不同,而与凤凰山矽卡岩型矿床中的菱铁矿更为接近;新桥矿床中胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿相对于磁铁矿富集Fe的轻同位素,表明磁铁矿不是过去认为的由胶状黄铁矿和菱铁矿矿胚层经热液改造形成,而是与典型的岩浆热液有关。新桥矿区层状硫化物矿体和矽卡岩型矿体中,近岩体矽卡岩和最早形成的金属矿物磁铁矿比岩体更为富集Fe的轻同位素,而赋矿围岩比岩体更为富集Fe的重同位素。同时,不同矿化阶段形成的含铁矿物和不同空间位置的硫化物中的Fe同位素组成呈现出时空分带现象,Fe同位素组成的时空演化特征与流体出溶、流体演化非常一致,并且符合同位素分馏的基本理论,表明层状硫化物矿体和矽卡岩型矿体具有相同的成矿物质来源,为同一流体体系演化的产物。新桥矿区岩相学的研究结果和Fe同位素组成特征均表明,新桥层状硫化物矿床不是海西期喷流沉积成矿作用的产物,而是燕山期热液成矿作用的产物,为一个典型的热液成因矿床。     

云南香格里拉红山铜矿石硫化物环带及地质意义

云南香格里拉县红山铜矿是三江义敦岛弧带南端重要铜矿床,颇受关注,成因认识分歧大.矿区出露上三叠统板岩、变碎屑岩和灰岩夹中基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩以及少量侵入其中的中酸性和超基性岩脉、岩株,透镜状铜硫化物矿体产在顺层状矽卡岩体内或边部,成矿后断裂明显.矿石中普遍发育以黄铁矿为核部、黄铜矿为中间带、磁黄铁矿为边部带的硫化物环带,其中核部黄铁矿呈立方体自形-半自形晶,黄铜矿呈他形晶围绕黄铁矿沉淀,磁黄铁矿呈他形分布在黄铜矿外围,内带常被外带硫化物溶蚀交代.环带从内到外硫化物先后沉淀,矿物生成顺序为黄铁矿-黄铜矿-磁黄铁矿.环带中三种硫化物矿物的REE配分曲线和微量元素蛛网图极为相似,负Eu异常显著,富集U、Th、Zr、Hf,亏损Rb、Sr、Ba,与矿区超基性岩表现出较高相似性;环带从内到外,∑REE(0.17371×10-6、1.22626×10-6、5.25925×10-6)和微量元素含量依次升高,Co/Ni和Se/Te比值降低,指示矿石硫化物沉淀过程中,可能伴随热液体系内地壳物质不断增加.环带中硫化物矿物δ34SV-CDT=3.81‰～5.23‰,具有岩浆硫源特征,δ34SV-CDT边部带磁黄铁矿 (4.47‰)＜δ34SV-CDT中间带黄铜矿(4.58‰)＜ δ34SV-CDT核部黄铁矿(4.65‰),三种硫化物间没有达到同位素平衡分馏.红山铜矿石环带结构是岩浆热液为主成矿流体中黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿先后晶出成因,伴随硫化物环带的形成,热液系统从早到晚H2S和O2逸度降低或pH升高过程.     

贵州泥堡卡林型金矿床的黄铁矿标型特征与成矿物质来源

泥堡金矿床位于贵州西南部(黔西南)峨眉山玄武岩区外缘的凝灰岩分布区内,为黔西南地区重要的卡林型金矿床之一。黄铁矿作为泥堡金矿床的主要载金矿物,具有6种标型特征,包括生物碎屑黄铁矿、球丛状黄铁矿、球状环带黄铁矿、半自形-自形集合体状黄铁矿、他形黄铁矿以及半自形-自形黄铁矿。黄铁矿成因类型与全岩含金性对比研究表明,金可能主要与沉积成岩成因的黄铁矿有关。金红石、锐钛矿以及黄铁矿的矿物组合关系表明,泥堡金矿床的物质来源可能与峨眉山玄武岩有关。     

狮子山矿田矽卡岩型金矿铋矿物与金矿化关系研究

包村和朝山金矿床位于安徽铜陵狮子山矿田，成因上属于矽卡岩型金矿。矿相学鉴定和电子探针分析结果表明，两矿床中的铋矿物以自然铋、辉铋矿为主，其次为碲铋矿、硫铜铋矿、辉铋铅矿等；铋矿物作为主要载金矿物．与自然金紧密共生；包村矿区Bi-Au相关系数为0．69，铋矿物与金矿化关系非常密切。成矿流体相分离引起的热液硫逸度fs2降低，可能是黑铋金矿分解成金和铋，并最终导致金与铋矿物密切共生的主要原因。     

安徽宣城茶亭斑岩铜金矿床金的赋存状态及金铜成因联系

安徽宣城茶亭铜金矿床是长江中下游成矿带中新发现的一个大型斑岩型矿床。本文在矿相学观察和研究的基础上,开展了矿石组成矿物的成矿金属元素化学分析和电子探针(EPMA)分析,以了解矿床矿石中金的赋存状态,确定金与铜的成因联系。茶亭铜金矿床的热液成矿期可以划分为4个阶段,应用单矿物火试金法化学分析显示,第2阶段黄铁矿(Py II)和第3阶段黄铁矿(Py III)以及相应阶段的黄铜矿均富含金,各阶段石英及第3阶段硬石膏基本不含金。矿相学观察发现"可见金",金的嵌布形式主要为包裹金、粒间金,少量裂隙金。电子探针分析表明这些"可见金"主要为银金矿,其次为自然金。"不可见金"以不均匀形式分布于黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿、斑铜矿等硫化物矿物中,"不可见金"主要为纳米级自然金。金与铜的相关性以及金的赋存状态表明,金与铜具有密切的成因联系。Simon实验研究结果表明高温环境下铜-铁硫化物中Au的溶解度更大,结合矿物共生组合及流体包裹体均一温度测定结果可以推测,茶亭铜金矿床的成矿作用经历了从较高温度到较低温度的演化过程,随着温度的降低部分Au从铜-铁硫化物中出溶并富集为"可见金",而另一部分金仍然以"不可见金"形式分散保存于黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿以及其它含铜硫化物矿物中。     

Setting,sulfur isotope variations,and metamorphism of Jurassic massive Zn‐Pb‐Ag sulfide mineralization associated with arc‐type volcanism (Skra,Vardar zone, Νorthern Greece)

Massive Zn‐Pb‐Ag sulfide mineralization appears conformable with felsic volcanism, developed in an Upper Jurassic volcanic arc to the Southwest (SW) of the Serbo‐Macedonian continent in Northern Greece. The host volcanic sequence of the mineralization comprises mylonitized rhyolitic to rhyodacitic lavas, pyroclastics, quartz‐feldspar porphyries, and cherty tuffs. A “white mica—quartz—pyrite” mineral assemblage characterizes the volcanic rocks in the footwall and hanging‐wall of massive sulfide ore layers, formed as a result of greenschist‐grade regional metamorphism on “clay‐quartz‐pyrite” hydrothermal alteration haloes. Massive ore lenses are usually underlain by deformed Cu‐pyrite and quartz‐pyrite stockworks. Most of the sulfide ore bodies have proximal‐type features. Ductile deformation and regional metamorphism have transformed many of the stockwork structures. The mineralization is characterized by high Zn, Pb, and Ag contents, while Cu and critical metals are low. Primary depositional textures, for example, layering, clastic pyrite, colloform, and atoll textures were identified. The overall textural features of the mineralization indicate it has undergone mechanical deformation. The most prominent features of the effects of metamorphism, folding and shearing, are modification of the ore body morphology toward flattened and boudinage structures and transformation of the ore textures toward the dominance of planar fabrics. Sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides along with textural observations are consistent with a dual source of sulfide sulfur. Sulfur isotope values for sphalerite, non‐colloform pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite fall in a limited range from ?1.6 to +4.8‰ (mean δ³⁴S + 2‰), indicating a hydrothermal source derived from the reduction of coeval seawater sulfate in the convective system. Pyrites with colloform and atoll textures are characterized by a ³⁴S depletion, indicating a bacterial reduction of coeval seawater sulfate. The morphology of ore beds, the mineralogy, sulfide textures, and ore chemistry along with the petrology and tectonic setting of the host rocks can be attributed to typical of a bimodal‐felsic metallogenesis. Although similar in many respects to classic Kuroko‐type volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization, it has some atypical features, like the absence of barite ore, which is possibly a result of significant temporal depletion in sulfate due to bacterial reduction, a conclusion supported by the widespread occurrence of colloidal and atoll textures of pyrite.     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床中磁黄铁矿矿石结构特征及其成因意义

安徽铜陵冬瓜山矿床是长江中下游地区具有代表性的大型层状硫化物矿床,磁黄铁矿为矿床中的主要硫化物矿物.该矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.在层状矿体上部,磁黄铁矿主要为块状构造,而层状矿体下部,磁黄铁矿多为层纹状、条带状构造,具有显著的沉积结构构造特征.野外地质观察及室内矿相学研究表明,层状矿体中磁黄铁矿矿石遭受了强烈的变质作用及热液交代作用.进变质过程中形成的结构主要为胶黄铁矿转变为黄铁矿以及进一步变质转变为磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿时形成的交代残留结构.退变质过程则以磁黄铁矿的退火、黄铁矿变斑晶的生长和单纯六方磁黄铁矿的形成为特征.岩浆热液对单纯六方磁黄铁矿的交代作用形成了单斜和六方磁黄铁矿的交生结构.这些结构特征表明层状矿体中的磁黄铁矿并不是岩浆热液成因,而主要为石炭纪同生沉积胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿在燕山期岩浆侵入所引起的热变质作用下脱硫所形成,并在热变质作用之后又受到岩浆热液的叠加交代.磁黄铁矿的结构特征显示冬瓜山矿床的形成经历了同生沉积、热变质、热液交代等多个阶段,支持其为同生沉积-叠加改造型矿床.     

甘肃代家庄铅锌矿的地质特征与找矿意义

位于甘肃宕昌县的代家庄矿床曾被认为是西成矿田铅锌找矿的重大进展,矿床产于秦岭西成盆地西北端泥盆系浅海相的富含生物化石的细碎屑岩—灰岩中。矿体不规则受NW向断裂的控制,呈角砾状分布于下部碎屑岩与上部厚层灰岩界面附近灰岩一侧。矿石的矿物共生组合为闪锌矿 方铅矿 少量黄铁矿 少量白铁矿 方解石,不含石英。硫化物发育大量的胶状、球粒状、草霉状微晶结构,部分显现出微生物化石结构特点。对代家庄与西成主要类型铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征的对比发现,二者在容矿围岩沉积环境、矿石形态、结构构造以及同位素地球化学等多方面存在明显的差异,代家庄矿床成因属于碳酸盐岩容矿的低温热液矿床,不同于西成矿田的主要SEDEX类型。主要控矿因素为灰岩—碎屑界面附近、NW向断裂等。     

The Arinem Te‐Bearing Gold‐Silver‐Base Metal Deposit,West Java,Indonesia

The vein system in the Arinem area is a gold‐silver‐base metal deposit of Late Miocene (8.8–9.4 Ma) age located in the southwestern part of Java Island, Indonesia. The mineralization in the area is represented by the Arinem vein with a total length of about 5900 m, with a vertical extent up to 575 m, with other associated veins such as Bantarhuni and Halimun. The Arinem vein is hosted by andesitic tuff, breccia, and lava of the Oligocene–Middle Miocene Jampang Formation (23–11.6 Ma) and overlain unconformably by Pliocene–Pleistocene volcanic rocks composed of andesitic‐basaltic tuff, tuff breccia and lavas. The inferred reserve is approximately 2 million tons at 5.7 g t^?1 gold and 41.5 g t^?1 silver at a cut‐off of 4 g t^?1 Au, which equates to approximately 12.5t of Au and 91.4t of Ag. The ore mineral assemblage of the Arinem vein consists of sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, and arsenopyrite with small amounts of pyrrhotite, argentite, electrum, bornite, hessite, tetradymite, altaite, petzite, stutzite, hematite, enargite, tennantite, chalcocite, and covellite. These ore minerals occur in quartz with colloform, crustiform, comb, vuggy, massive, brecciated, bladed and calcedonic textures and sulfide veins. A pervasive quartz–illite–pyrite alteration zone encloses the quartz and sulfide veins and is associated with veinlets of quartz–calcite–pyrite. This alteration zone is enveloped by smectite–illite–kaolinite–quartz–pyrite alteration, which grades into a chlorite–smectite–kaolinite–calcite–pyrite zone. Early stage mineralization (stage I) of vuggy–massive–banded crystalline quartz‐sulfide was followed by middle stage (stage II) of banded–brecciated–massive sulfide‐quartz and then by last stage (stage III) of massive‐crystalline barren quartz. The temperature of the mineralization, estimated from fluid inclusion microthermometry in quartz ranges from 157 to 325°C, whereas the temperatures indicated by fluid inclusions from sphalerite and calcite range from 153 to 218 and 140 to 217°C, respectively. The mineralizing fluid is dilute, with a salinity <4.3 wt% NaCl equiv. The ore‐mineral assemblage and paragenesis of the Arinem vein is characteristically of a low sulfidation epithermal system with indication of high sulfidation overprinted at stage II. Boiling is probably the main control for the gold solubility and precipitation of gold occurred during cooling in stage I mineralization.     

Jusa and Barsuchi Log Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits from the Southern Urals of Russia: Tectonic Setting, Structure and Mode of Formation

The Jusa and Barsuchi Log volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits formed along a paleo island arc in the east Magnitogrosk zone of the Southern Urals between ca 398 and 390 Ma. By analogy with the VMS deposits of the west Magnitogrosk zone, they are considered to be Baimak type deposits, which are Zn‐Cu‐Ba deposits containing Au, Ag and minor Pb. Detailed mapping and textural analysis of the two deposits shows that they formed as submarine hydrothermal mounds which were subsequently destroyed on the sea floor under the influence of ocean bottom currents and slumping. Both deposits display a ratio of the length to the maximum width of the deposit >15 and are characterized by ribbon‐like layers composed mainly of bedded ore and consisting principally of altered fine clastic ore facies. The Jusa deposit appears to have formed in two stages: deposition of colloform pyrite followed by deposition of copper–zinc–lead sulfides characterized by the close association of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tennantite, arsenopyrite, marcasite, pyrrhotite, bornite, native gold and electrum and high concentrations of gold and silver. The low metamorphic grade of the east Magnitogorsk zone accounts for the exceptional degree of preservation of these deposits.     

Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Zarshuran Carlin-like gold deposit, northwest Iran

Gold mineralisation at Zarshuran, northwestern Iran, is hosted by Precambrian carbonate and black shale formations which have been intruded by a weakly mineralised granitoid. Granitoid intrusion fractured the sedimentary rocks, thereby improving conditions for hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation. Silicification is the principal hydrothermal alteration along with decalcification and argillisation. Three hydrothermal sulphide mineral assemblages have been identified: an early assemblage of pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite; then widespread base metal sulphides, lead-sulphosalts and zoned euhedral arsenical pyrite; and finally late network arsenical pyrite, massive and colloform arsenical pyrite, colloform sphalerite, coloradoite, and arsenic–antimony–mercury–thallium-bearing sulphides including orpiment, realgar, stibnite, getchellite, cinnabar, lorandite and a Tl-mineral, probably christite. Most of the gold at Zarshuran is detectable only by quantitative electron microprobe and bulk chemical analyses. Gold occurs mainly in arsenical pyrite and colloform sphalerite as solid solution or as nanometre-sized native gold. Metallic gold is found rarely in hydrothermal quartz and orpiment. Pure microcrystalline orpiment, carbon-rich shale, silicified shale with visible pyrite grains and arsenic minerals contain the highest concentrations of gold. In many ways Zarshuran appears to be similar to the classic Carlin-type sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits. However, relatively high concentrations of tellurium at Zarshuran, evidenced by the occurrence of coloradoite (HgTe), imply a greater magmatic contribution in the mineralising hydrothermal solutions than is typical of Carlin-type gold deposits. Received: 13 May 1999 / Accepted: 2 February 2000     

云南墨江金厂矿床金镍赋存状态及成因关系探讨

墨江金厂金镍矿床位于哀牢山造山带中段,九甲—安定大断裂上盘,是西南三江成矿带内一个独特的金镍矿床。本文在详细野外地质调查基础上,通过显微镜下观察、扫描电镜和能谱分析,结合矿石微量元素分析,对矿石中金、镍赋存状态及成因关系进行了研究。结果显示,金赋存形式主要有可见金和不可见金。可见金又可分为粒间金和包体金;不可见金是以Au~+赋存于硫锑铜银矿、黄铁矿中。镍赋存状态有两种:一是以独立矿物,如辉砷镍矿、锑硫镍矿等存在;二是以离子态赋存于黄铁矿、硫锑铜银矿中。矿石结构构造、矿物共生组合及微量元素含量等显示,金和镍为同期热液成矿,金来自岩浆热液系统远端的低温热液,镍是含金低温热液流经超基性岩体时萃取而来。成矿过程可分为早期富硅质热液和晚期富钙质热液两个阶段,成矿是在幕式构造活动下多期流体运移和沉淀的结果。     

马来西亚吉兰丹SOKOR金矿地质特征及成因浅析

马来半岛金矿主要分布在半岛中央金矿带北部,该成矿带地处特提斯成矿带与环太平洋成矿带交汇处,成矿条件优越。含矿岩石主要是千枚岩及石英斑岩,矿物以黄铁矿为主,矿体产状与接触带产状基本一致,金矿化类型主要有含金块状硫化物型、含金石英脉型及褐铁矿型3种,品位变化较大。矿床地质特征、矿体产状及矿化蚀变信息表明成矿与热液活动紧密相关,应属于浅成低温热液型金矿。     

Mineral Components, Texture, and Forming Conditions of Hydrothermal Chimney on the East Pacific Rise at 9°-10°N

To characterize the hydrothermal processes of East Pacific rise at 9o-10oN, sulfide mineral compositions, textural, and geochemical features of chimney ores were studied using ore microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electron microprobe techniques. Results show that there are three mineral assemblages for the hydrothermal chimney ores, namely: (i) anhydrite marcasite pyrite, (ii) pyrite sphalerite chalcopyrite, and (iii) chalcopyrite bornite digenite covellite. Mineral assemblages, zonational features, and geochemical characteristics of the ore minerals indicate that ore fluid temperature changed from low to high then to low with a maximum temperature up to 400 ℃. The chimney is a typical black smoker. The initial structure of the chimney was formed by the precipitation of anhydrites, and later the sulfides began to precipitate in the inner wall.