Sagnac型干涉成像光谱仪外场干涉成像光谱实验

空间调制干涉成像 (傅里叶变换 )光谱仪 (SMIFTS)是一种有重要的研究和应用价值的空间遥感器。该文介绍了研制的Sagnac型干涉成像 (傅里叶变换 )光谱仪原理样机及用该样机进行的外场干涉成像光谱实验。实验获取了可见光、近红外谱段干涉成像图像。对其中各像元的干涉图进行数据处理和计算 ,提取出了光谱特征明显突出的外场干涉成像光谱图像和与被测目标光谱特征相符的像元光谱     

成像干涉光谱仪信噪比分析

以Ｓａｇｎａｃ型成像干涉（傅里叶变换）光谱仪为例,详细推导了空间笛制型成像干涉光谱仪信噪比的一般表达式,分析了各种因素与信噪比之间的关系并得出了相应的结论。     

大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪图像的条纹消除与配准

大孔径静态干涉成像光谱仪获取的图像是叠加了干涉信息的二维图像,点干涉图的获取需要经过全视场的推扫,平台姿态误差会导致提取的干涉图存在误差,进而影响复原光谱准确性,因此,图像配准是干涉图提取的关键。由于图像受到干涉调制作用,导致传统的图像配准方法在应用于LASIS图像配准时配准精度有限。为了减弱干涉条纹对图像配准的影响,本文提出一种利用条纹模板消除LASIS图像条纹,再结合图像频域配准的方法实现LASIS图像的高精度配准。配准结果表明,本方法很好地消除了干涉条纹对配准精度的影响,配准精度可以达到0.029 4个像素,相对于已开展的LASIS图像配准方法,沿轨方向配准精度提高了45.48%,跨轨方向配准精度提高了52.22%,图像旋转精度提高了39.13%。     

地面成像和非成像地物光谱仪在不同水分环境下湿地植被光谱特征对比研究——以东洞庭湖湿地区域苔草植被光谱特征为例

利用SOC710VP成像光谱仪和ASD Field Spec 3地物光谱仪在湿地区域获取了典型湿地植被苔草光谱反射数据信息,比较了在不同水分环境下两个仪器在400—1 000 nm波长范围的光谱特征,对两种仪器的光谱结果进行了9种典型植被指数运算和比较。结果表明,在不同的水分环境下(土壤含水率51%、32%、14%三个区域比较分析)SOC710VP的反射率曲线和地物光谱仪ASD Field Spec 3的趋势相近,二者有很好的一致性,表现在550 nm和730 nm的反射峰,690 nm和970 nm的吸收谷,以及连续的近红外反射平台。二者也有非常明显的区别:1)SOC710VP在3个土壤水分环境下的苔草叶片光谱值都大于ASD Field Spec 3所采集到的苔草叶片光谱反射值;2)SOC710VP反射率曲线没有ASD Field Spec 3测出的原始光谱曲线平滑,波动幅度变化更大,在近红外波段较明显,变化更清晰,利于后续的光谱端元聚类分析。综上证明:成像光谱仪获取的数据具有图谱合一、光谱曲线特征可靠的特征,在湿地近地高光谱遥感研究中具有很大潜力,拓展了湿地资源遥感监测的技术手段。     

成像光谱仪分光技术概览

论文介绍了多种成像光谱仪的分光技术。棱镜或光栅色散型成像光谱仪技术成熟，应用广泛；在发散光束中使用光栅的方法，克服了准直光束用法中的一些缺陷；傅里叶变换光谱仪是遥感探测可见和红外弱辐射的有力工具；光楔成橡光谱仪结构简单，随着渐变滤光片工艺技术的成熟，已走向实用化；采用可调谐滤光片的成像光谱仪由于滤光片水平的限制，投入应用还有待时日；采用二元光学元件的成像光谱仪结构紧凑，体积小，扫描速度快，已研制出地面实用型产品；层析成像光谱仪原理新，目前还处在实验阶段；三维成像光谱仪可以同时获取二维影像和一维光谱信息，可实现对迅变目标的观测。     

基于KLT／TW和谱特征矢量量化三维谱像数据压缩

提出了基于ＫＬＴ／ＷＴ和谱特征矢量量化（ＳＦＣＶＱ）三维谱像数据压缩的新方法。在对多光谱图像数据进行Ｋａｒｈｕｎｅｎ－Ｌｅｏｖｅ变换（ＫＬＴ）消除谱相关性,再应用小波变换（ＷＴ）对ＫＬＴ后的多光谱图像数据进行消除空间相关性。采用ＳＦＯＶＱ编码对每个谱像数据进行压缩,获得较高的压缩性能。实验结果表明：ＫＬＴ／ＷＴ／ＳＦＣＶＱ方法和ＫＬＴ／ＷＴ／ＶＱ压缩方法比在同样压缩比（ＣＲ）条件下,峰值信噪比（Ｐ     

高光谱成像遥感载荷技术的现状与发展

高光谱成像技术可同时获取地物的几何、辐射和光谱信息,集相机、辐射计和光谱仪能力于一体,相比光学空间二维成像,可对地物进行空间和光谱三维成像,在一定的空间分辨率下,获取宽谱段范围内地物独特的连续特征光谱,对地物的精细分类和识别具有突出的优势,目前已成为对地遥感的重要前沿技术手段,在自然资源调查、生态环境监测、农林牧渔、海洋与海岸带监测等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。随着高光谱遥感应用的深入研究,对高光谱成像遥感仪器的光谱范围、幅宽、光谱分辨率、空间分辨率、时间分辨率与定标精度等指标提出了新的要求。同时满足这些相互制约的参数指标,是国内外高光谱载荷研制中一直难以突破的技术难点。本文主要对国内外的高光谱成像遥感载荷技术进行了综述,介绍了国内外典型的机载、星载高光谱成像遥感仪器,以及近年来发射、正在研制和计划发展的星载高光谱成像载荷,并分析了这些载荷的技术方案、性能指标和应用效果;介绍了声光调谐（AOTF）、液晶调谐（LCTF）、法布里—珀罗调谐（FPTF）,渐变式（LVF）和阶跃式（ISF）光楔滤光片,压缩感知光谱成像等新型分光技术,并分析了它们各自的技术优缺点以及应用于高光谱成像的可行性和现状;最后展望了高光谱成像载荷技术的发展趋势。     

基线抖动对干涉SAR 相位的影响

提出并分析了基线抖动造成的干涉SAR 相位误差模型。基于干涉SAR 基线抖动模型, 分为水平抖动和 垂直抖动, 推导了存在基线抖动情况下辅天线复图像信号模型及基线抖动带来的干涉相位误差公式, 分析了基线 抖动对成像质量和干涉相位的影响, 针对SRTM 系统进行了计算机仿真。通过基于基线抖动的干涉SAR 原始回波 数据计算, 仿真了点目标和面目标场景的回波信号, 并进行成像得到了复图像和干涉条纹, 仿真结果验证了理论分 析的正确性。     

空间大地测量的生力军──合成孔径雷达干涉测量

合成孔径雷达干涉测量是新出现的卫星成像技术，可以得出地面位移场完整的密集合成孔径雷达干涉图像，用于地震研究、火山活动监测以及冰川和冰流运动的研究。这一技术的出现，为空间大地测量添加了一支生力军。本文介绍它的原理、测量地面位移的方法以及用于地震研究的实测，并提出了开展这一新技术研究的建议。     

利用干涉图确定成像质量

从像质的概念出发,导出了像质评定的简单公式。在干涉图的每个选定点上测量条纹间的间隔和角度来计算几何光线的斜率误差,然后把这些角度误差画在一张图纸上用以表示几何点扩散函数的角度大小,可以方便而简洁地评定成像质量,避免了复杂的计算。     

结合Gram-Schmidt变换的高光谱影像谐波分析融合算法

针对高光谱影像谐波分析融合(HAF)算法在影像融合时不顾及地物光谱曲线整体反射率这一缺陷,提出了结合Gram-Schmidt变换的高光谱影像谐波分析融合(GSHAF)改进算法。GSHAF算法可在完全保留融合前后像元光谱曲线波形形态的基础上,将高光谱影像融合简化为各像元光谱曲线的谐波余相组成的二维影像与高空间分辨率影像之间的融合。它是在原始高光谱影像光谱曲线被谐波分解为谐波余项、振幅和相位后,首先将其谐波余项与高空间分辨率影像进行GS变换融合,这样便可有效地修正融合后像元光谱曲线的反射率特征,随后再利用该融合影像与谐波振幅、相位进行谐波逆变换,完成高光谱影像谐波融合。本文最后利用Hyperion高光谱遥感影像与ALI高空间分辨率影像对GSHAF算法进行可行性分析,再以HJ-1A等卫星数据对其进行普适性验证,试验结果表明,GSHAF算法不仅可以完全地保留光谱曲线波形形态,而且融合后影像的地物光谱曲线反射率更接近真实地物。     

包络线去除的丘陵地区遥感影像阴影信息重建

中国西南丘陵常态山和喀斯特山交错分布,遥感影像普遍存在山体阴影,分布零散且无规律,基于DEM的地形校正模型(C校正等)虽然算法成熟、易于操作,但在复杂地形区存在误差。引入基于相似像元包络线的阴影校正方法(CR校正),按照阴影提取、包络线去除、相似像元寻找和阴影亮度重建的步骤,采用西南丘陵地区Landsat 8 OLI影像进行验证实验。结果表明:CR校正后,阴影区的视觉特征与邻近非阴影区趋于一致,阴影像元亮度有明显提升;校正后影像主要波段标准差减小,与非阴影区参考光谱的相对均方根误差在2.919%以内,最低仅为0.516%;自动分类精度从43.59%提高到61.57%,CR校正有效提高了有阴影的丘陵地区遥感影像质量。     

Production of high-resolution remote sensing images for navigation information infrastructures

This paper introduces the image fusion approach of multi-resolution analysis-based intensity modulation (MRAIM) to produce the high-resolution multi-spectral images from high-resolution panchromatic image and low-resolution multi-spectral images for navigation information infrastructure. The mathematical model of image fusion is derived according to the principle of remote sensing image formation. It shows that the pixel values of a high-resolution multi-spectral images are determined by the pixel values of the approximation of a high-resolution panchromatic image at the resolution level of low-resolution multi-spectral images, and in the pixel valae computation the M-band wavelet theory and the d trous algorithm are then used. In order to evaluate the MRAIM approach, an experiment has been carried out on the basis of the IKONOS 1 m panchromatic image and 4 m multi-spectral images. The result demonstrates that MRAIM image fusion approach gives promising fusion results and it can be used to produce the high-resolution remote sensing images required for navigation information infrastructures.     

Production of high-resolution remote sensing images for navigation information infrastructures

This paper introduces the image fusion approach of multi-resolution analysis-based intensity modulation (MRAIM) to produce the high-resolution multi-spectral images from high-resolution panchromatic image and low-resolution multi-spectral images for navigation information infrastructure. The mathematical model of image fusion is derived according to the principle of remote sensing image formation. It shows that the pixel values of a high-resolution multi-spectral images are determined by the pixel values of the approximation of a high-resolution panchromatic image at the resolution level of low-resolution multi-spectral images, and in the pixel valae computation the M-band wavelet theory and the à trous algorithm are then used. In order to evaluate the MRAIM approach, an experiment has been carried out on the basis of the IKONOS 1 m panchromatic image and 4 m multi-spectral images. The result demonstrates that MRAIM image fusion approach gives promising fusion results and it can be used to produce the high-resolution remote sensing images required for navigation information infrastructures.     

高光谱遥感数据的DNA计算分类

提出了一种基于DNA计算的高光谱遥感数据光谱匹配分类新方法。该方法利用DNA编码提取各类地物光谱所携带的物理吸收与反射特征信息,将地物光谱特征转换为DNA编码空间特征,通过DNA计算基因操作寻找各类地物最典型的DNA信息链。在此基础上,利用DNA计算原理建立一系列模糊规则,对高光谱数据进行光谱匹配分类。通过与传统的光谱匹配算法(二值编码,光谱角,光谱差分特征编码)的分类结果进行比较,证明该算法分类精度优于传统高光谱数据的光谱匹配分类方法,具有实用价值。     

UFCLS线性光谱混合分析法在遥感图像分类识别中的效果分析

用非监督全约束最小二乘法对线性光谱混合模型进行了反演，通过获得各像元组分的面积比图像来达到对各像元分类的目的。将非监督全约束最小二乘法的分类结果与有限光谱混合分析法的分类结果进行对比。结果表明，无论从分类效果还是计算时间上看，前者都优于后者。     

Hyperspectral image classification by a variable interval spectral average and spectral curve matching combined algorithm

Classification of hyperspectral images has been receiving considerable attention with many new applications reported from commercial and military sectors. Hyperspectral images are composed of a large number of spectral channels, and have the potential to deliver a great deal of information about a remotely sensed scene. However, in addition to high dimensionality, hyperspectral image classification is compounded with a coarse ground pixel size of the sensor for want of adequate sensor signal to noise ratio within a fine spectral passband. This makes multiple ground features jointly occupying a single pixel. Spectral mixture analysis typically begins with pixel classification with spectral matching techniques, followed by the use of spectral unmixing algorithms for estimating endmembers abundance values in the pixel. The spectral matching techniques are analogous to supervised pattern recognition approaches, and try to estimate some similarity between spectral signatures of the pixel and reference target. In this paper, we propose a spectral matching approach by combining two schemes—variable interval spectral average (VISA) method and spectral curve matching (SCM) method. The VISA method helps to detect transient spectral features at different scales of spectral windows, while the SCM method finds a match between these features of the pixel and one of library spectra by least square fitting. Here we also compare the performance of the combined algorithm with other spectral matching techniques using a simulated and the AVIRIS hyperspectral data sets. Our results indicate that the proposed combination technique exhibits a stronger performance over the other methods in the classification of both the pure and mixed class pixels simultaneously.     

Recent advances in hyperspectral image processing

Hyperspectral images (HSI) provide a new way to exploit the internal physical composition of the land scene. The basic platform for acquiring HSI data-sets are airborne or spaceborne spectral imaging. Retrieving useful information from hyperspectral images can be grouped into four categories. (1) Classification: Hyperspectral images provide so much spectral and spatial information that remotely sensed image classification has become a complex task. (2) Endmember extraction and spectral unmixing: Among images, only HSI have a complete model to represent the internal structure of each pixel where the endmembers are the elements. Identification of endmembers from HSI thus becomes the foremost step in interpretation of each pixel. With proper endmembers, the corresponding abundances can also be exactly calculated. (3) Target detection: Another practical problem is how to determine the existence of certain resolved or full pixel objects from a complex background. Constructing a reliable rule for separating target signals from all the other background signals, even in the case of low target occurrence and high spectral variation, comprises the key to this problem. (4) Change detection: Although change detection is not a new problem, detecting changes from hyperspectral images has brought new challenges, since the spectral bands are so many, accurate band-to-band correspondences and minor changes in subclass land objects can be depicted in HSI. In this paper, the basic theory and the most canonical works are discussed, along with the most recent advances in each aspect of hyperspectral image processing.