2014年宁波一次典型海陆风雷暴过程探析

用Micaps,地面自动站加密资料,新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和GFS 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料以及中尺度WRF模式输出资料对2014夏季发生在宁波市地区的一个局地强雷暴天气过程进行了分析总结,得出:宁波新一代多普勒雷达反射率回波出现弱窄带回波时,对应边界层辐合线海风锋,在有利天气形势背景下易诱发强对流的发生发展。此次强雷雨过程是在有利天气背景条件下发生的,强对流发生在局地层结不稳定和较好的水汽条件下;利用中尺度WRF模式输出资料进行分析看到,海风锋的锋生造成的地转强迫促使次级环流加强,在东西风辐合线西侧有垂直上升运动出现;海风锋本身有一辐合抬升区,辐合上升运动的加强为雷暴的发生提供了有利的动力条件,从而触发了该地区不稳定能量的强烈释放,促使了雷暴的新生发展。     

海风锋在渤海西岸局地暴雨过程中的作用

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、多普勒雷达观测资料及中尺度TJ-WRF模式输出资料,对2009年7月6日天津宁河地区出现的暴雨天气过程进行了分析,重点分析了渤海湾海风锋对沿岸局地暴雨的触发机理。结果表明：此次局地暴雨过程是在有利天气背景条件下发生的,暴雨发生地存在局地层结不稳定和较好的水汽条件。海风锋本身有一辐合抬升区,区域内有弱对流存在;当海风锋移到局地存在层结不稳定且水汽充足的区域,其抬升区的辐合上升运动迅速加强,从而触发该地区雷暴的新生发展;海风锋与迎面移来的雷暴相遇,会对雷暴的加速发展起到加强作用。利用中尺度WRF模式输出资料进行分析看到,两条辐合线相交处易激发出强雷暴,雷暴出现在近地层大气暖干区的北端、湿空气的交汇处;海风锋对雷暴的新生发展有明显的触发抬升作用。     

阵风锋、海风锋和冷锋等触发局地强对流风暴实例分析

利用CINRAD/SA雷达探测资料,结合地面实况和探空资料,对7次典型中尺度辐合线触发强对流风暴的特征进行了分析。结果表明：阵风锋、海风锋和冷锋等边界层辐合线在一定条件下雷达低层反射率因子产品上表现为清晰的窄带回波,某些辐合线在反射率因子产品上不能得到任何有用信息,但在低层径向速度上可识别出线性径向速度辐合;识别出窄带回波或清晰的径向辐合线约1 h后,是雷暴首次触发的主要时间段;对于干型强对流风暴产生的阵风锋,其右侧往往是雷暴触发的主要区域,导致风暴右向传播;湿型强对流风暴产生的阵风锋,激发雷暴的方向与雷暴平均移动方向基本相反,导致风暴呈后向传播特征;海风锋向内陆推进速度快的区域是雷暴触发的主要区域,后继雷暴具有两侧传播特征;单纯的线性低层径向速度辐合在合适的环境条件下触发强对流,主要特征是对流风暴移动缓慢,可造成局地灾害性强降雨天气。     

一次海风锋触发的强对流天气分析

利用自动气象站、多普勒天气雷达等各种观测资料,分析了2009年6月5日江苏出现的罕见大范围强对流天气,同时利用WRFV3模式对这次海风锋的发生、发展过程进行了模拟。结果表明,由于地面加热不均和海陆温湿差异导致的变形场锋生所形成的海风锋,是造成这次强对流天气过程的主要中尺度激发和强化系统。对流云团进入锋区后在切变线的辐合作用下发展,并随平均风向向前传播。海风锋在雷暴高压下沉出流的推动下,移动路径偏离主回波,在移动过程中其后部不仅激发出对流单体,还组织新的MCS发展。海风锋起到了加强和触发强对流天气的作用,对流单体进入海风锋后发展剧烈,垂直速度和低层辐合明显加大。另外,在有利的温湿条件下,雷暴高压的出流能加强海风锋的上升气流。     

2016年河南省一次大范围强对流天气成因分析

基于Himawari-8卫星资料、雷达监测资料、区域自动站和常规观测资料及ERA-Interim再分析资料,对2016年6月5日河南省大范围强对流天气的环流背景、触发条件及对流系统演变特征进行了研究。结果表明:华北冷涡背景下,高空冷平流配合低层暖脊发展、对流有效位能值激增,为中尺度对流系统发展提供了不稳定条件,地面辐合线、冷池是触发机制。河南省西南部位于高能区、不同温湿性质气团交绥区,中高层干冷空气侵入、中层以下干绝热递减率为风雹天气提供了可能;河南省中部、河南省南部位于大气可降水量大值区,深厚的湿层、较低的抬升凝结高度有利于产生强降水。高层辐散、低层辐合的抽吸作用导致豫西南上升运动强盛,雷暴高压产生的变压风增强了动力抬升,中小尺度动力辐合促使强对流回波发展。风雹天气产生于中尺度对流系统前侧云顶亮温梯度大值区,强降水出现在云顶亮温低值中心附近。雷达产品分析表明,强回波悬垂、三体散射与快速移动的弓形回波、阵风锋和后侧入流急流对提前预警冰雹、雷暴大风有很好的指示意义。925 hPa 12 h显著增温区、对流有效位能高值区和冷池出流与暖空气交绥区是强对流发展的潜势区,湿球温度0℃层高度与冰雹关系密切。     

2013年宁波地区一次海风锋对雷暴过程影响分析及数值模拟

利用浙江省常规气象站观测资料、地面自动站加密资料、新一代多普勒天气雷达资料、NCEP GFS分析资料以及WRF中尺度模式,对2013年7月29日发生在宁波市地区的一个局地强雷暴天气过程进行了诊断分析和数值模拟。通过对天气环流和数值模拟结果的分析发现：本次强雷暴过程发生在较稳定的大气背景下,主要影响系统是中尺度辐合线海风锋;多普勒雷达出现弱窄带回波时,对应中尺度辐合线海风锋;海风锋向内陆推进时,对应站点温度降低、湿度增大。WRF模式能较好地模拟出此次雷暴过程以及宁波地区低层海风锋环流,高空回流随时间和空间的演变特征;海风锋的锋生造成的地转强迫促使次级环流加强,在东西风辐合线西侧有垂直上升运动出现;通过与敏感试验的对比可知,海陆热力差异是影响雷暴降水强度、海风锋水平垂直环流的重要因素。     

盛夏渤海湾大气边界层辐合线触发对流风暴对比分析

本文对渤海湾2008—2009年,由大气边界层辐合线引起的对流风暴进行了分析。结果表明,在高温、高湿不稳定大气层结环境条件下：（1）单一的海风锋在其端点可产生对流性降水。（2）海风锋与弱冷锋相遇,或者两条海风锋相交,或者雷暴单体的出流边界与海风锋相遇均会产生强对流风暴。（3）渤海湾边界层辐合线触发对流风暴大多发生在每年7 8月,且在副热带高压控制渤海湾后东退的过程中,此时大气层结处在高温、高湿不稳定状态。辐合线触发的对流风暴是沿辐合线移动,移动方向取决于辐合线两侧的主导风向。（4）边界层辐合线触发对流风暴,具有突发性强,持续时间短等特点,分析渤海湾边界层辐合线的移动与演变能提高强对流风暴的临近预报、预警,减少突发性天气引起的灾害。     

一次副高影响下的局地强风暴触发及维持机制探析

利用自动站观测资料、FY-2G卫星资料和多普勒雷达等资料,对发生在副热带高压影响下的重庆局地强风暴过程进行了观测和数值模拟分析,探讨了其中尺度对流系统(MCS)演变,抬升触发和维持机制。结果表明:(1)在副热带高压影响下,重庆处于高温、高湿气团中,大气层结极不稳定;(2)此次局地风暴抬升触发的关键因子是地面附近浅薄边界层中尺度辐合线,辐合线由川渝盆地中西部MCS的雷暴高压与重庆地面热低压共同作用形成;(3)中尺度辐合线触发的对流风暴形成小范围冷池出流与环境风场形成新的辐合线,加强对流风暴发展,并再次触发新的对流单体。承载层平均风为偏南风,使得对流单体向北缓慢移动,冷池出流和边界层辐合线共同作用使得风暴单体向西向北传播和长时间维持。     

副热带高压脊线附近江苏两次强对流天气对比分析

利用常规观测资料、地面自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和FY-2D、FY-2E卫星云图资料等,对江苏2010年8月18日和23日两次发生在副热带高压脊线附近强对流天气进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)在副热带高压控制下,当有足够强的抬升机制时,500 h Pa副热带高压脊线附近也会触发强对流天气,强对流天气发生在925 h Pa切变线和地面辐合线附近。(2)两次强对流天气发生前大气层结不稳定,呈上干下湿状态分布;这两个个例显示雷暴大风强对应于中高层大气干,而短时强降水强对应于低层湿层厚。(3)18日近地层强动力抬升作用,触发了对流风暴;23日抬升凝结高度、自由对流高度及对流温度较低,且没有对流抑制能量,边界层动力抬升和地面热力抬升共同作用触发了对流风暴。(4)多普勒天气雷达径向速度图上出现低空辐合,早于对流风暴新生时间,且低空辐合随时间持续或增强,有利于局地对流风暴的新生和发展,这对临近预报预警有一定的参考意义。     

豫东一次超级单体风暴造成的强对流天气分析

利用常规观测资料、地面区域站加密观测资料以及多普勒雷达资料,对2017年8月9日河南东部地区一次典型超级单体风暴过程的环流形势、强对流天气与地面中尺度露点锋的关系进行了综合分析。结果表明:在贝湖低涡南部小槽东移发展与700 hPa前倾槽的形势下,地面中尺度辐合线尤其是中尺度露点锋为该次强对流天气的发生提供了有利的触发条件,雷达回波表现出在中尺度露点锋上有多个对流单体的初生、发展、合并形成超级单体,并沿着地面中尺度露点锋发展、移动。该次过程中的中尺度露点锋与我国常见的露点锋不同,其并非暖湿空气活跃北上后与干冷空气形成的干湿不连续,而是来自西侧和北侧的干暖空气为主导气流形成的干湿对比;天气发生前期伸出的干暖舌,对强对流的触发预报有一定的指示意义。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.