大采高综放开采覆岩破坏特征和裂隙演化规律

工作面回采过程中,覆岩破坏特征对于煤矿水灾害和瓦斯防治具有重要意义,为了进一步研究综放开采覆岩破坏特征。以山西某矿5.82m大采高工作面为试验面,采用分段注水、钻孔电视、地质雷达、微震监测探测覆岩破坏高度,对破坏过程进行了数值模拟研究,并对裂隙演化进行了相似模拟试验,同时对传统经验公式进行了修正,研究结果表明:综放开采垮落带发育高度为43.1m,断裂带发育高度为86.7m;垮落带、断裂带、导水断裂带各测试方法之间相差分别小于4.5%、7.1%、9.0%;工作面采动前,裂隙发育度低,而采动后,裂隙数量明显增多,发育度增加;近煤壁区域为裂隙聚集区,密度曲线呈“蛇”型分布;得到新的适合该矿地质条件下的覆岩导水断裂带发育高度经验公式。     

考虑覆岩结构影响的近松散层开采导水裂隙带发育高度预测模型研究——以淮北煤田为例

近松散层开采覆岩导水裂隙带沟通上覆含水层导致了顶板水害事故的发生。在其他开采因素相似时,工作面顶板覆岩结构的不同会致使导水裂隙带发育高度出现较大差异。为此,通过收集淮北煤田17例近松散层开采覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度实测数据作为训练样本,利用一行两列向量对近松散层工作面顶板覆岩结构进行量化,并联合煤层采厚、煤层倾角、工作面斜长、开采深度、松散层厚度共计6个影响因素作为输入数据,实测导水裂隙带发育高度作为输出数据,依据径向基函数神经网络建立了考虑覆岩结构影响的近松散层开采导水裂隙带发育高度预测模型。并将该预测模型应用于淮北煤田中的青东煤矿,经钻孔冲洗液漏失量与钻孔彩色电视观测验证,获得预测结果相对误差为3.3%,低于《“三下”开采规范》中经验公式计算误差19.2%。该方法为近松散层开采导水裂隙带发育高度的合理确定提供了理论支持。     

霍洛湾煤矿22101工作面顶板两带发育规律

在详细分析霍洛湾煤矿水文地质条件基础上,根据2-2煤层上覆不同岩层的岩石力学参数建立了工作面回采过程中覆岩变形与破坏特征的数值模拟模型,研究了工作面回采过程中顶板覆岩在不同来压阶段导水裂隙带和垮落带的发育高度;通过对钻孔冲洗液漏失量的现场观测,进行了“两带”发育高度的探测。将数值模拟结果及现场观测资料对比分析,确定22101工作面的导水裂隙带高度为33.6~37.8m,垮落带高度约9.6m。这为评价研究区水体下开采可行性和水体下开采防水煤柱的设计提供了科学依据。      

辽宁三台子水库下特厚煤层综放开采覆岩破坏特征

为确保水库下特厚煤层综放开采安全,合理留设防水安全煤岩柱,大平煤矿采用钻孔冲洗液耗失量法对覆岩破坏进行了观测研究。经对7个工作面测站12个覆岩破坏观测钻孔实测资料分析研究得出:煤层采出厚度7.54～15.17m,工作面推过36～40d,滞后工作面距离110～120m时覆岩破坏发育最充分。实测导水裂缝带高度为采高的15.31～19.97倍,明显大于类似软弱覆岩地层条件普通长壁全陷法开采覆岩破坏导水裂缝带发育高度。导水裂缝带上方,明显有集中发育的离层破碎带存在,实测离层破碎带高度为181.58～390.75m,是采高的24.22～36.00倍。     

综放开采条件下软弱覆岩破坏特征及防治水技术研究

煤层回采后覆岩破坏特征与煤层开采方法及覆岩性质相关,覆岩破坏特征主要指导水裂缝带发育高度及其形态,是顶板水害防治的关键技术参数。在分析矿井水文地质条件的基础上,采用钻孔冲洗液漏失量观测、数值模拟与经验公式3种方法综合确定了敏东一矿软弱覆岩综放开采条件下导水裂缝带发育高度,结果表明:综放开采厚度为7.7 m时,导水裂缝带发育高度为80 m。研究成果填补了我国北方大雁、扎赉诺尔、伊敏河等矿区的研究空白。通过对南一采区东西翼水文地质条件的对比分析,发现西翼水文地质条件较为复杂,提出以加强煤层顶板探放水与控制煤层开采厚度为主的防治水技术方法,并计算出工作面不同范围内的煤层开采厚度。     

测井方法在观测采空区上覆岩层导水裂隙带发育高度中的应用

新安矿区主采煤层上部至小浪底库区水体之间地层主要以砂岩、泥岩和砂质泥岩互层为主,厚度90~210m。为研究该矿开采状态下上覆岩层破坏程度和导水裂隙发育高度,在井下3个不同采厚的工作面上布置了7个地面钻孔,采用声波扫描成像测井及其它测井参数对采前、采后上覆岩层进行动态观测。以K3钻孔为例,介绍了超声波扫描成像测井的原理及辨别井孔中裂缝发育程度的方法。K3孔在第一次测量时,井深217～218m处明显存在裂隙,但在第二次测量后该裂隙呈现出闭合反应,证实煤层开采放顶后上部岩石下沉使得原有裂隙闭合;同时发现自194m以上因煤层采空放顶后发育有高度为69.10m的裂隙带。根据新安煤矿K2、K3、K5、K6、K7号孔超声波扫描成像及其它常规测井的地质解释成果可见,该矿导水裂隙带的发育高度随着推进距离和采厚增大而增大,但新安矿区软硬互层上覆岩层的地质构造可有效抑制导水裂隙带的发育程度。     

综采一次采全高顶板导水裂缝带发育高度的计算公式及适用性分析

确定煤层顶板导水裂缝带高度可为顶板防治水、采掘工程布置、防水煤柱留设以及瓦斯抽采设计提供依据。采用井下仰孔注水测渗漏法,实测山西西山煤田镇城底矿8煤导水裂缝带高度为57.98 m,其中冒落带高度16.72 m,裂隙带高度41.26 m。依据实测结果并收集了8个矿综采一次采全高中硬覆岩下导水裂缝带高度数据,利用数理统计回归分析的方法,得出了适用于综采一次采全高中硬覆岩下导水裂缝带高度计算的经验公式,并与《煤矿安全规程》中相应经验公式进行对比分析,结果表明,该公式适用性好,而《煤矿安全规程》中有关公式应用于中厚煤层综采一次采全高开采条件预测,其误差较大。      

井下钻孔电阻率法岐离率确定采动工作面“三带”顶界面发育高度

采动工作面对上覆岩层的影响范围直接关系到煤矿的安全生产,为了准确测定回采工作面"三带"顶界面发育高度,采用井下钻孔电阻率法探测了回采工作面不同时刻不同深度的视电阻率值,探讨了不同采动位置与基准位置的视电阻率差值断面图,分析了"三带"发育的的岐离率曲线,确定了各带的顶界面发育高度,并与双端封堵分段注水法推导公式计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:钻孔电阻率法对井下复杂环境的干扰抵抗能力强,与煤岩层耦合性很好,采用视电阻率差值确定的"三带"顶界面发育高度精度较高;由岐离率曲线确定的冒落带顶界面发育高度为29.6 m,裂隙带顶界面发育高度为47.8 m,弯曲带顶界面发育高度为71 m,其结果与双端封堵分段注水探测结果相近,岐离率可明显区分"三带"的分界面,提高了"三带"顶界面发育高度探测的分辨率,具有较高的推广实用价值。     

煤层开采覆岩预裂–注浆改性失水控制方法探讨

陕北榆神矿区煤层开采面临顶板水害防治与水资源协同保护技术需求,根据材料力学、断裂力学相关理论,以及不同覆岩类型的采动裂隙带统计成果,提出基于预裂–注浆改性(P-G)的煤层顶板失水控制技术思路,其基本原理为通过压裂工艺将连续性好的基岩层压裂成非连续性岩层,削弱采动导水裂隙在坚硬岩层中向上扩展的“尖端效应”,抑制导水裂隙发育高度。再采用黏土类软弱注浆材料将岩层改性为相对软弱的岩层,起到抑制导水裂隙带向上发育与降低上覆岩层导水能力的双重作用,从而实现煤层顶板含水层失水控制。本文以陕北能源基地榆神矿区为对象,提出以采煤工作面地质与水文地质条件分析,采煤工作面顶板含水层涌(失)水模式识别,P-G模式、层位与时间确定,顶板岩层水平孔水力压裂与注浆改性为主要思路,对榆神矿区采煤工作面顶板含水层失水控制方法进行了探讨,为我国陕北能源基地榆神矿区顶板水害防治和水资源协同保护技术实践提供一定的借鉴。      

厚砂砾含水层下特厚煤层综放开采防治水技术研究

水帘洞煤矿地表水系发育,煤系地层上覆的白垩系洛河组和宜君组巨厚层状砂砾岩含水层,含水丰富,对矿井的安全开采构成了威胁。在详细分析矿区顶板含水层特征、隔水层岩性组合特征及隔水性能基础上,采用比拟法计算了综放条件下顶板导水裂隙带发育高度,并用数值法研究了不同采宽条件下顶板导水裂缝带发育规律,预计了工作面涌水量,为评价煤矿综放条件下工作面安全回采可行性提供了科学的依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.