Evaluation of advanced rice germplasm under water stress environment

Thirteen genotypes of rice comprising of approved varieties and elite candidate lines were studied at three different water regimes by supplying 12, 8 and 4 numbers of irrigations at different intervals/ stages. The experiment was conducted at NIAB Farm Faisalabad, Pakistan on a clay loam soil applying normal doses of N and P fertilizers during 2002–2003 keeping varieties in the main plot while treatments in sub plot. The data for twelve morphological characters i.e. days to flower, days to mature, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers, number of primary and secondary branches, 1000 grain weight, sterile grains per spike, number of total grains per spike, fertility percentage, grain yield were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared following DMR test. Effect of water stress on different morphological attributes in all treatments showed significant differences. Plant height, branches per plant, number of grains and grain yield reduced at less number of irrigations while sterility percentage was increased at less moisture conditions. Maximum grain yield (5349 Kg/ha) was achieved at T1 where 12 number of irrigations were applied at T2 (8 irrigations) and T3 (4 irrigations). The yield reduction was observed from 30.32% to 42.53%, respectively as compared to T1 (12 irrigations). Rice variety DM 64198 produced the highest seed yield (4766 Kg/ha) followed by DM-3-89 (4770 Kg/ha).This might be due to different genetic make up of the breeding lines and their behavior and interaction in water stress environment. Furthermore, high irrigation level made possible the appropriate water availability possible at proper time for performing different types of physiochemical processes of development that hindered at less number of irrigation or water stress environment. It may be concluded that for achieving maximum economic yield, at least 12 irrigations were essential otherwise the production will be reduced to a considerable extent.     

连云港软黏土的不排水强度试验研究

对连云港软黏土不扰动样和重塑样进行三轴CU对比试验研究。结果表明,不扰动样的不排水强度包线是由以屈服压力为界的双折线组成,而重塑样的不排水强度包线可以用通过圆点的直线表示。屈服前阶段,不扰动样由于受结构性影响产生的抵抗作用,其不排水强度包线高于重塑样;屈服后阶段,不扰动样的不排水强度包线介于具有不同初始含水率的重塑样的包线之间。通过对比分析,发现不扰动样与重塑样的不排水强度包线存在差异的主要原因是由于试样的不同初始含水率引起的。不扰动样在屈服后阶段的含水率变化规律与不排水强度增长规律与重塑土相一致,采用Burland提出的孔隙指数Iv,可将不同初始含水率重塑样及屈服后阶段不扰动样的压缩性状较好地归一化。     

微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响

通过微咸水和淡水膜下滴灌对比试验,研究灌溉水质对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响.结果表明:微咸水灌溉处理,土壤窄行和膜间微量元素(尤其是铜、铁、锌)含量明显高于宽行,Na+增长率低于宽行;多数棉花器官中钾钠比、钙钠比并未因灌溉水质的区别而产生显著差异;微咸水滴灌有利于促进棉花前期营养生长及后期生殖生长,棉花干物质、单铃重、单位面积铃数及籽棉产量均高于淡水处理;棉株内锰、硼与钙元素间存在显著的相关关系,在一定阈值内,硼、锰促进棉花对钙的吸收.试验证明:微咸水中含有一定量的微量元素,合理利用微咸水灌溉,不会对棉花生长造成胁迫,相反能有效抑制土壤中Na+增长,增强棉花对盐分胁迫的抵抗能力、提高棉花产量.      

不同含水率条件下EPS颗粒轻量土蠕变特性试验研究

为了得到轻量土路基中央部位在长期荷载作用下的蠕变规律,通过单向固结蠕变试验,分析了不同含水率EPS颗粒轻量土、素土在不同轴向压力下的蠕变特性。研究表明:固定其他因素,轴向压力越大,含水率越高,土样蠕变变形越大。轻量土加载1d基本上可以达到总变形的93%～98%,蠕变变形具有明显的衰减特征。轻量土是一种结构性土体,与素土蠕变机理完全不同。当轴向压力小于压缩屈服应力时,轻量土蠕变变形主要是孔隙闭合、水分的排出、固体颗粒移动的结果;当压力大于压缩屈服应力时,轻量土土样原有结构被破坏,EPS颗粒自身会被压缩。基于土体衰减蠕变特征,本文依据双曲线模型建立了轻量土经验蠕变模型,基本上可以反映路基中央部位轻量土的蠕变规律,经验模型适用于轻量土条件为轴向压力小于土体压缩屈服应力。试验与理论计算分析表明,轻量土固结特性优于素土,路基沉降在施工过程中就可以达到稳定,运营期间的工后沉降基本可以忽略。     

Present environment and historic changes from the record of lake sediments, Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Changes in the urban environment of Dhaka City have been evaluated from the geochemical compositions of bottom sediments from two lakes, Gulshan-1 and –2. Abundances of Pb, Zn, Fe₂O₃ and total sulfur in a Gulshan-1 core gradually increase toward the sediment–water interface. Three stages of condition change can be recognized in Gulshan-1, based on trace metal concentration patterns. The basal Stage I corresponds to background Dhaka sedimentation, whereas gradual increase in Stage II represents the beginning of pollution. Marked increases in Pb and Zn in Stage III reflect rapid urban development and increased emissions to the atmosphere. The condition of the Dhaka environment is compared to that of Japan based on Zn–Fe₂O₃ and Pb–Fe₂O₃ relations. Zn–Fe₂O₃ ratios in Stage I Dhaka sediments are similar to normal Japanese sediments, whereas Stage II data lie on the same trend as Japan urban sediments. Dhaka Stage III samples have greater Zn:Fe₂O₃ ratios than Japanese urban sediments, suggesting Zn pollution from poorly-controlled industrial sources. In contrast, the Dhaka Pb–Fe₂O₃ trend lies between normal and urban Japanese sediments. Although vehicle emissions in Dhaka are now significant, the data suggest that Pb pollution from this source remains in its early stages.     

土结构性对天然软黏土压缩特性的影响

天然软黏土普遍受到土结构性的影响,明确结构性对软黏土压缩特性的影响机制显得尤为重要。对两个天然软黏土原状样进行室内一维固结试验,得到的压缩曲线与已有文献中搜集的39个原状样压缩曲线进行比较。压缩曲线在对数坐标下均呈现倒S形,并存在明显的结构屈服压力。采用双对数坐标处理后,压缩曲线可由双直线较好地表示,易于确定固结屈服压力。41个原状样屈服后的压缩指数和屈服点含水率之间的定量关系,与基于重塑土定量公式计算的压缩指数与固结屈服压力下重塑土含水率的定量关系相一致。对比结果表明：天然软黏土屈服后的压缩特性取决于屈服时的含水率,而与土结构性无关,解释了天然土压缩曲线位于重塑土上方是由于对应屈服点含水率不同而引起的。     

非饱和击实粉土的强度和屈服特性研究

由于吸力量测技术的困难,对京―九线粉土在不同含水率下击实并进行三轴不排水剪切试验,研究其强度和屈服特性,为非饱和击实粉土力学模型的建立提供依据。试验结果表明：该击实粉土在剪切过程中,在最优含水率干侧击实的土样具有较高的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈软化趋势,土样先剪缩后剪胀,湿侧击实的土样具有较低的强度,应力-应变关系曲线呈硬化趋势,土样不断剪缩;随着试样击实含水率的增加,击实粉土的强度和屈服应力不断减小,水对土体具有一定的软化作用;不同击实含水率下,土样在q-p平面内破坏时的屈服轨迹为近似平行的斜直线,含水率对临界状态线的斜率没有影响;含水率对击实粉土抗剪强度的贡献表现为土体的似黏聚力的增加,似黏聚力与含水率之间呈乘幂关系,得出以含水率为变量的击实粉土强度计算公式,可在实际工程中推广应用。     

Effect of drought and salinity stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of canola

Environmental stresses such as salinity and drought are the most important factors affecting yield reduction and crops productivity. In order to investigate the effects of drought and salinity stresses on morphological and physiological characteristics of canola, an experimental campaign was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at greenhouse of Agriculture Research Center and Natural Resources of East Azarbaijan in 2014. Main plots were including drought stress at four levels (0, ?4, ?8 and ?12 bar polyethylene glycol solution) and subplots including salinity stress at four levels of sodium chloride (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM). The results analysis of variance indicated that the interaction of drought and salinity stresses was significant on leaf area and relative water content of leaf. The most leaf area (383.03 cm^?2) was obtained at non-stress treatments. The results showed that drought stress conditions led to significant reduction in relative water content in leaf. The highest proline (0.08 µm/g fresh weight) and soluble sugars (0.12 mg/g fresh weight) contents were observed at treatments of ?12 bar polyethylene glycol. Also, the least proline (0.04 µm/g fresh weight) and soluble sugar (0.06 mg/g fresh weight) contents were achieved at treatments of drought non-stress.     

包头工业区周边耕地砷和镉环境地球化学特征研究

耕地中重金属含量超标直接影响农作物和灌溉水的质量,而且严重影响人体健康.通过调查内蒙古包头工业区周边灌溉水、化肥、农作物及根系土中砷和镉含量及形态特征,研究其转化和富集规律,结果表明,区内土壤和灌溉水呈偏碱性,灌溉水和化肥中砷、镉含量符合国家标准;玉米、向日葵、甘蓝、葱的根系土和可食部分砷含量均未超标,砷主要以残渣态形式存在;4种农作物根系土中镉有不同程度超标现象,向日葵籽粒镉含量超标50%,其余作物可食部分镉含量均未超标.通过分析发现,向日葵籽粒镉超标的原因是与镉赋存形态主要为碳酸盐态和腐殖酸态及向日葵籽粒对镉的富集高于其他植物有关.     

油气生成热模拟实验研究进展

作为研究油气地球化学的一种重要手段－－热模拟被愈来愈广泛地应用。介绍了不同时期油气生成模拟实验研究的状况，阐述了模拟实验已解决的和尚存在的问题，进而指出了其发展趋势和应开展的工作。     

断层垂向封闭性定量研究方法及其在准噶尔盆地白家海凸起东道海子断裂带应用

断层的垂向封闭能力主要取决于断面的紧闭程度和断裂带内填充物的岩性。在定量计算断面正压力和断层两侧地层泥地比的基础上,提出了断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)的概念,并将其定义为断面正压力与断层两侧地层泥地比的乘积。通过该参数可以定量评价断层的垂向封闭能力。以准噶尔盆地东道海子断裂为例,在建立断层垂向封油、气能力评价标准的基础上,应用断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)定量评价了该断裂带的成藏期垂向封闭性及现今垂向封闭性,分析了该断裂带对油气成藏的控制作用,得到较好效果。     

NaCl和Zn对棉花生长及营养元素吸收的影响

微咸水在西北干旱区广泛分布, 越来越多地被运用于灌溉棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)等作物.微咸水中NaCl和微量元素含量比淡水高, 有关NaCl和微量元素各自对棉花生长的影响已有大量研究, 而他们对棉花生长的相互作用研究比较缺乏.选取对棉花生长作用敏感的NaCl和微量元素Zn, 开展不同NaCl和Zn浓度灌溉水盆栽试验.结果表明, 缺Zn环境下, 在灌溉水电导率为2.90~3.95 dS/m的范围内, 随着电导率增大, NaCl促进棉花根和地上部生长及皮棉产量增加.富Zn环境下, 灌溉水电导率大于5.04 dS/m时, 随着电导率增大皮棉产量明显下降.在灌溉水中Zn浓度为0.192 0~3.068 0 μmol/L的范围内, Zn浓度越大棉花营养生长越快; 大于0.767 6 μmol/L时, 随着Zn浓度增大皮棉产量下降.灌溉水中NaCl和Zn对棉花生长和产量的影响作用, 表现为相互拮抗作用关系.棉花叶的Ca、K、Mg、B和Fe含量以及铃的Cu和Zn含量高于其他组织, Na和Mn不易迁移, 易富集在棉花根部.Zn在盐胁迫条件下影响棉花对营养元素的吸收, 使棉花体内相关营养元素含量发生变化, 进而影响棉花生长及产量.      

压实粉土非线性应力-应变关系的试验研究

对京九线路基粉土用GDS三轴仪进行固结不排水剪试验,研究不同围压、含水量、压实度下压实粉土样的应力-应变关系。结果表明:压实粉土在低围压下为应变软化,高围压下为应变硬化,存在一个屈服应力;含水量和压实度对粉土强度和应力-应变关系影响显著,随着含水量的减小、压实度的增大,压实粉土样强度增大,应力-应变曲线上升。对围压小于屈服应力的应变软化曲线,用常规的土的软化关系式进行拟和;对围压大于屈服应力的应变硬化曲线,用邓肯-张模型进行拟和;这二者的结合能描述压实粉土的应力-应变关系曲线,效果良好。     

考虑水分胁迫后效应的作物水模型

水分胁迫具有后效应,前期水分胁迫可以影响作物后期叶面积和需水量的增减。以Jensen作物 水模型为基础,引入了水分胁迫后效应影响系数,对原模型进行了修正。修正后的模型可以将阶段水分胁迫与前期胁迫后效应对产量的影响加以区分,避免了原模型中可能产生的虚缺水现象,并可对作物(以玉米为例)前期水分胁迫处理后,后期需水量增加以及苗期胁迫处理可维持较高产量的原因进行合理解释。通过田间试验结果分析,改进后模型的模拟结果符合实际,并具有较好的精度。对模型存在的问题和不足也进行了探讨。     

天然硅藻土的应力水平与孔隙空间分布的关系

采用压汞法研究了不同固结压力作用下具有强结构性的天然沉积硅藻土的微观孔隙入口孔径分布与应力水平的关系。研究结果表明：当应力水平小于固结屈服应力时,具有强结构性的天然沉积硅藻土的微观孔隙入口孔径分布几乎与应力水平无关,而当外加应力水平达到固结屈服压力时,虽然总体孔隙空间体积几乎与天然沉积状态时一样,但其微观孔隙入口孔径分布则发生显著变化。在屈服后阶段,随着应力水平的增大硅藻土的孔隙空间体积逐渐减少,最大孔隙变小,整体孔隙空间的孔径趋于均匀。并对微观结构变化与宏观力学特性的内在联系也进行了初步探讨。     

Water use efficiency of olive tree under two water treatments in Tunisian semi-arid conditions

Olive trees are grown under high evaporative demand and less precipitations that are variable in time and space especially in semi-arid conditions. The objective of this work is to determine the most efficient water treatment applied in an olive field (Olea europaea L. cv Chemlali) from the 98th to the 294th Julian day, in Tunisian semi-arid conditions. The choice of this time frame was done to control the effect of irrigation on the trees behavior in the irrigation period of the year (from April to October) and determine the most sensitive phenological stages to irrigation. For this reasons, two water treatments were applied: T100% (irrigation at 100% of Available Water Content (AWC)) and T50% (irrigation at 50% AWC). The results show that, according to leaf water potential, carbon isotope discrimination, and olive production parameters, the T50% AWC water treatment is the most efficient. The leaf water potential of the two water treatments applied has not exceeded ?2.5 MPa during the whole experiment which indicates that the trees of the two water treatments were not stressed. The T50% AWC shows a water use efficiency of 5.18 g/l compared to 2.93 g/l for T100% water treatment. This result demonstrate that Chemlali cultivar valorizes better low quantities of water rather than high quantities, so saving 50% of water resources applied will ensure the sustainability of water resources and stability of olive production.     

Primary migration theory of petroleum and its application to petroleum exploration

Current concepts of oil and gas generation by thermal decomposition of kerogen are reviewed. Primary oil migration mechanisms requiring large quantities of water to serve as a carrier for the movement of oil from source rock to reservoir are discussed. Previous investigators regarded the expulsion of interlayer water from montmorillonite and montmorillonite-illite mixed-layer minerals by transformation during diagenesis as the most important source of the carrier water.The process of diagenesis is subdivided into three stages based on the results of experimental compaction studies on montmorillonite clay, on studies of the expulsion mechanism of interlayer and interstitial waters, and on the observed changes in pores and mineral grains in argillaceous sediments during these stages. As a result, we concluded that the migration of oil chiefly occurs during the late compaction stage when the sediment's porosity ranges from 30 to 10%.This conclusion implies that a large amount of oil can move during the period when the active generation of oil corresponds with the primary migration of carrier water. For instance, in the oil-bearing Miocene sediments of the Akita area of northern Japan, the oil generation temperature ranged from 100 to 150°C and the average migration depth was between 1300 and 2600 m. Therefore, the possibility of large oil pool formation will be high in the basin where the paleo-geothermal gradient is about 5.0°C/100 m. In fact, it is expected that the paleo-geothermal gradients in the vicinities of large oil fields will be very close to this value.Prediction of the type and amount of hydrocarbons in the exploration area will be possible by an examination of the paleo-geothermal gradient in the area and by a study of the relation between absolute porosity and burial depth of argillaceous rocks.     

黄土初始结构性对其压缩屈服的影响

黄土是一种典型的具有结构强度的欠压密土,其特殊的结构性会使黄土的压缩曲线出现类似超固结土的明显转折点（对应的压力称为结构压缩屈服应力）。为分析黄土的初始结构性对其压缩屈服的影响,对6个场地的黄土进行了侧限压缩试验及单轴抗压强度试验,分别得到了各个场地不同含水率黄土的压缩屈服应力和构度指标。研究表明：黄土的构度指标与压缩屈服应力均随含水率的增大而减小,同时随含水率的增大,构度变化幅度小的黄土,其压缩屈服应力变化幅度也小;沉积时代相同的黄土,构度越大,其压缩屈服应力越大,两者呈线性关系;黄土的沉积时代不同,其构度与压缩屈服应力的线性关系就不同。分别给出了Q3、Q2黄土的构度与压缩屈服应力的线性关系式,并通过实例初步验证了此线性关系的适用性,为以构度为桥梁,利用简便易得的物理指标计算压缩屈服应力提供了一种途径。     

含水量对高含冰量冻结砂土屈服面的影响

以往关于冻土屈服特性的研究很少考虑含水量的影响,但实际工程中经常遇到的是变含水量情况,因此本文通过-5.0℃条件下高含冰量冻结砂土的一系列三轴压缩试验,系统地研究了含水量对屈服特性的影响,并且由此建立了带有含水量参数的偏应力-剪应变增量型关系式。试验结果表明：随含水量的变化,应力-应变曲线类型有明显变化,即在不同的含水量区间,含水量对硬化规律有不同的影响特性,因此为了使屈服函数的形式更加简单和提高拟合准确度,对于屈服函数的具体形式应该根据塑性剪应变（硬化参数）和含水量不同区间进行分别确定;当塑性剪应变较小时（0.00%~1.00%）,随含水量的增大,偏应力逐渐增加,而当塑性剪应变较大时（大于1.00%）,随含水量的增大,偏应力有一个先减小后增大的变化过程,并且42.0%可以作为含水量转折点;通过分段硬化原则建立的带有含水量参数的屈服函数与偏应力-剪应变的增量型关系式的模拟值与试验点基本相吻合,这说明得到的屈服函数与偏应力-剪应变的增量型关系式可以用于不同含水量条件下屈服面和偏应力-剪应变曲线的预测。     

Modification of thermal and oxidative properties of biodiesel produced from vegetable oils

Trans esterification of three vegetable oils, sunflower oil, linseed oil and mixed oils as; sunflower-soyabean and olein were carried out using methanol, and potasium hydroxide as catalyst. The methyl esters of the corresponding oils were separated from the crude glycerol and characterized by physical-chemical methods to evaluate their thermal properties. This methods are determination of densities, cloud points, pour points, flash points, kinematic viscosities, hydrogen/carbon ratios, sulfur contents, ash contents and triglycerides. The physico-chemical characteristic of biodiesel treated with ozone showed improvement of pour point and flash point indicating higher degree of safety for fuel. Methyl esters mixed with their corresponding ozonated oil were subjected to comparison and evaluation for their thermal properties by the thermo gravimetric analysis differential thermal analysis from which the calculated heat of enthalpy and comparison with the heat of conventional diesel. The results showed that the oxygen content of biodiesel samples treated with ozone increased weight % and resulted in more extensive chemical reaction, promoted combustion characteristics and less carbon residue was produced. Gas chromatography appeared more suitable to address the problem of determining/verifying biodiesel methyl ester and showed that methyl ester content was impurity free. Ultra violet-detection was used for rapid quantization of triglycerols. From the analyses performed biodiesel treated with ozone modified the thermal and oxidative stability shown by the high combustion efficiency indicated by the high heat of enthalpy and reducing the emission of particulate matter.