子午线收敛角和长度比复变函数表示的实数解

首先在高斯投影复变函数表示的基础上,给出了复数归化纬度的定义及公式;然后基于复数归化纬度,推导出子午线收敛角、长度比的复数表现形式;最后给出了高斯投影正反解子午线收敛角、长度比的实数解。基于复数纬度的高斯投影,其计算精度不受带宽的限制,对于高斯投影理论有一定改善。     

未知空间参考系大比例尺地形图的坐标转换

针对未知空间参考系的大比例尺地形图测绘成果,通过数值模拟计算得到了各种参数对转换结果的影响,结果表明,三维四参数模型不适用于未知空间参考系的坐标转换,椭球参数对平面四参数转换结果的影响完全可以忽略不计。进而通过高斯投影长度变形公式与高斯投影公式得出了近似中央子午线的计算关系式,并用实际数据进行了算例验证,结果表明本文的...     

等距离球面高斯投影

针对传统高斯投影直接基于等角横切圆柱投影而带来的不能直接用球面坐标换算等问题,研究了一种运用等距离球面进行投影的高斯投影,即等距离球面高斯投影。借助等距离纬度正反解公式,推导了等距离球面高斯投影的正反解公式,分析了其经纬线变形情况;基于投影公式,计算和分析了等距离球面高斯投影的长度变形、角度变形、面积变形及子午线收敛角等参数;最后与传统高斯投影进行比较,说明了该投影的可用性。     

国外工程中地图投影变形分析及解决方案研究

本文对高斯投影和UTM投影的长度变形进行分析,总结出其变形规律和特点。针对这个长度变形,提出了改变投影面高程、平移投影中央子午线、同时改变投影高程面和投影中央子午线、分带投影这四种解决方案,并详细分析了这四个方案的特点和适用性。以孟加拉国希拉甘杰某电厂工程和安哥拉共和国罗安达某输电线路工程为例,对变形解决方案进行验证,为国外工程中地图投影变形问题提供了有效的解决方案。     

基于最小二乘和穷举算法的高程抵偿面优化

针对高斯投影长度变形问题,本文基于形变产生的机理,采用最小二乘法对最优抵偿投影面及中央子午线进行理论推导,结合穷举搜索法快速确定最优投影参数．算例表明,该方法对限制高斯投影变形具有明显的效果．      

不同比例尺下高斯投影面积变化研究

高斯投影是等角横切椭圆柱投影,具有等角性质,面积与长度均存在一定变形。现选取1∶10 000与1∶2 000比例尺图幅为数据基础,计算椭球梯形面积图幅与高斯投影面面积的差值,分析中央子午线和投影高程面变化所带来的影响。结果表明:图幅距离中央子午线越远其面积变形越大;投影面高程越大,其相对于椭球面面积变形越大,呈线性变化;大比例图幅能较好地控制误差。     

地籍测量中抵偿高程面的选择与坐标计算

根据国土资源部关于加快全国农村地籍调查工作的通知,全国农村地籍调查工作正在全面开展。在地籍测量环节,必须考虑测区中心离中央子午线的距离和测区高程的大小对长度变形的影响。当长度变形值大于2.5 cm/km时,可采用投影于抵偿高程面上的高斯正形投影3°带平面直角坐标系统。本文结合工程实际经验,给出了抵偿高程面的确定方法及抵偿高程面上的坐标计算方法。     

极区不分带高斯投影的正反解表达式

针对传统高斯投影公式在极区难以应用的问题,通过引入等角余纬度及等量纬度的表达式,推导出严密的复数等角余纬度公式,进而得到严密的极区高斯投影正解表达式;借助符号迭代法及指数函数与三角函数间的关系式,推导出对应的极区高斯投影反解表达式;基于极区高斯投影正解表达式,推导出可用于极区的长度比、子午线收敛角公式;最后,以CGCS2000椭球为例,与实数型幂级数高斯投影公式计算的结果进行对比,验证了本文推导公式的正确性。由于本文推导公式不受带宽限制,且可用于整个极区的表示,对于编制极区地图及极区导航具有重要的参考价值。     

极区高斯投影与日晷投影的比较

为解决传统球面高斯投影公式在极点处的奇异问题,通过引入余纬度对原有投影公式进行改进,推导了极区高斯投影非奇异公式;基于该公式推导了极区经纬线投影方程,并结合日晷投影进行长度变形及子午线偏移角分析。结果表明,在余纬度很小时,高斯投影与日晷投影非常接近,即其经纬网与日晷投影近似;在极圈内高斯投影长度变形小于日晷投影,其经线与日晷投影经线的最大偏移角为2.4688°,而在纬度80°以上,最大偏移角为0.4386°。极区非奇异高斯投影公式满足了极区内连续投影的需求,可为极区海图绘制提供理论依据。     

关于抵偿高程面与移动中央子午线最佳选取问题的研究

针对建立区域工程平面控制网为限制投影长度变形ΔS ,经常采用的抵偿高程面法与移动中央子午线法最佳值确定的问题 ,提出应在∑ΔS2 =min的条件下确定 ,进而分析、推证出最佳抵偿高程面之高程或相对于测区平均高程面之高程的公式 ,最佳移动中央子午线横坐标的公式 ,并视大、小不同测区情况予以分析     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。