中国的钾镁煌斑岩和金伯利岩与金刚石矿床生成

钾镁煌斑岩产在黔东南和大洪山区 ,副钾镁煌岩散布于华南陆块西半部 .贵州马坪金伯利岩为基性岩 .虽然含矿金伯利岩和钾镁煌斑岩皆产在克拉通区 ,但其地球化学表现出板块俯冲碰撞后岩浆活动特征 .这些含金刚石富钾超镁铁岩岩浆可能由于来自核幔边界的热柱活动在地幔过渡带里古背板消亡的局部地段生成 .基性的金伯利岩岩浆易于保存Ⅱ型金刚石 .     

胶东郭城地区脉岩锆石LA—ICP-MS U-Pb定年及斑晶EPMA研究：对岩石圈演化的启示

胶东郭城地区盆地边缘砾岩型金矿区高密度侵位闪长玢岩-二长斑岩．煌斑岩．为了从微区角度限定脉岩成因及形成时代,对斑晶矿物和锆石分别进行了电子探针分析（EPMA）和LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年研究．岩相学研究见角闪石斑晶包裹黑云母及出现长针状磷灰石现象,矿物化学结果显示辉石及角闪石斑晶幔部均出现了MgO（Mg^#）,Cr2O3含量急剧升高的组成特点,斜长石斑晶具有反环带,揭示脉岩为壳幔混合作用的产物．锆石阴极发光图像显示其具有典型岩浆生长振荡环带,测年结果表明二长斑岩（GS1）和闪长玢岩（GS2）分别形成于（114±2）和（116±1）Ma,出现了部分胶北地体早期岩浆事件的继承或捕获锆石．两类脉岩锆石REE组成类似,Nb／Ta比值接近,暗示一致的岩浆源区．锆石HREE富集及明显的负Eu异常,反映源区未有石榴石出现．结合前人研究成果,显示胶东矿集区不同类型金矿区内脉岩侵位及金矿化具有相同的时代和构造背景．同时也暗示了胶东地区强烈的壳幔作用及岩石圈底侵减薄发生在早白垩世,与中生代早期的拆沉作用代表了岩石圈巨厚减薄的不同阶段．     

云南哀牢山金矿带含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉的研究

在云南哀牢山金矿带北段老王寨金矿区和北衙金矿区发现３条含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉．岩脉中球粒为主要由白云石和方解石组成的碳酸盐，微量元素、稀土元素和Ｃ同位素组成具岩浆碳酸盐（即碳酸岩）特征；基体的主要矿物组合、主要元素、微量元素和稀土元素均与矿区无碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉相似，为来源于交代富集地幔的钙碱性煌斑岩．结果表明，该区含碳酸盐球粒煌斑岩脉为区内喜山期煌斑岩岩浆演化到相对晚期硅酸盐－碳酸盐液态不混溶作用产物，岩浆演化过程中存在ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｏ为主的去气作用．     

湘东北钠质煌斑岩地幔源区特征及成岩构造环境

在湘东北中生代陆内拉张带中发现了一组特殊的钠质煌斑岩. 在常量元素、微量元素和Sr, Nd同位素等与常见钾质煌斑岩具有明显差异. 岩石以富Na₂O高TiO₂和Nb, Ta, Nd, LREE弱富集及不出现负铕异常为特征. 微量元素和Sr, Nd同位素组成具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB) 地幔源区性质, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr初始比值平均为0.705332, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd初始比值平均为0.512650, ε _Nd(t)为+3.5~+3.9, 构成特殊的钠质煌斑岩地幔源区, 其形成主要是来自软流圈含挥发分的流体/熔体交代岩石圈底部原始地幔. 测得钠质煌斑岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为136.61 Ma, 代表湘东北燕山晚期由挤压到拉张的构造转换时期. 钠质煌斑岩形成于大陆内部软流圈地幔上涌的地幔热点式构造环境. 软流圈地幔上涌是导致钠质煌斑岩形成和制约湘东北燕山晚期陆内拉张的主要地球动力学因素.     

青藏高原东部钾玄岩系岩浆岩同位素特征:岩石成因及其构造意义

青藏高原东部及邻区新生代钾玄岩系的岩浆岩,沿哀牢山-金沙江断裂带及其两侧分布.进行同位素研究的岩石,包括钾质碱性深成岩、火山岩、煌斑岩和酸性斑岩.分析结果表明,它们的Sr,Nd和Pb同位素组成极其相似、变化范围小(87Sr/86Sr=0.705187～0.707254,143Nd/144Nd=0.512305～0.512630,206Pb/204Pb=18.53～18.97,207Pb/204Pb=15.51～15.72,208Pb/204Pb=38.38～39.24)和接近EMⅡ地幔端元,暗示其源区与交代地幔有关.其形成与青藏高原北、东部在40Ma左右出现的大型走滑拉分断裂带导致地壳变薄和地幔上拱的构造背景有关.     

“钻石之乡” 山东沂蒙钻石国家矿山公园

在已知宝石中,钻石是集最高硬度、强折射率和高色散于一体的宝石品种,她美丽、耐久、稀少和难以得到,对250公吨的岩石、砂和砾石进行加工处理之后,人们才能得到1克拉的钻石。因此,也被誉为"宝石之王"。世界已有30多个国家拥有钻石资源,非洲南部、俄罗斯、澳大利亚等是世界主要的钻石产区。其中,南部非洲的博茨瓦纳产出的金刚石达到宝石级的比较多,澳大利亚出产的工业级占比较高,在澳洲的钾镁煌斑岩体中发现的粉色钻石,品质优异。     

云南老王寨金矿区煌斑岩的侵位年龄和铂族元素地球化学

煌斑岩广泛分布于云南老王寨金矿区并与金矿体密切共生. 煌斑岩中金云母的⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar定年表明, 其侵位时间为(30.8 ± 0.4)~(34.3 ± 0.2) Ma, 而Au成矿作用时间为(26.4 ± 0.2)Ma. 铂族元素(PGE)地球化学示踪表明, 金矿床中的Au不可能源于原始煌斑岩浆. Au沙江-红河带煌斑岩与中温热液Au矿在时空上的共生原因是它们形成于相同的构造背景.     

斑岩型铜矿床高-中温蚀变过程实验研究及其地质意义

作为金属Cu最重要来源的斑岩铜矿一般发育有典型的蚀变和矿化分带,该分带模式在空间上常呈同心圈层结构.对不同蚀变带元素变化规律和迁移机制进行深入研究,将有利于增进对整个斑岩体系演化过程的认识.本研究采用流动体系水-岩反应装置来模拟斑岩铜矿形成过程中含矿热液与围岩的相互作用,研究元素迁移机制和蚀变分带形成的控制因素.实验结果显示与较低温度相比, 450℃实验产物中元素含量变化更加显著,这表明温度可能是影响水-岩体系内元素再分配的重要因素.温度是造成围岩钾硅酸盐化蚀变和Ca淋滤、活化的关键因素,而且高温下发生同等钠化蚀变需要更高的Na^+浓度.温度也是控制体系中Ti、Sr、Pb置换进入硅酸盐矿物的重要因素.从实验产物推断,在斑岩成矿系统中,中-基性火山围岩由中心向外围K、Ti含量应呈降低趋势,而Ca、Zn和Mn含量增加, Na和Si在靠近高温蚀变带外围可能存在含量峰值或过渡区.本研究为斑岩铜矿系统钾化带的产生、钠化普遍缺失、硬石膏共生等重要地质现象的形成机理提供了实验和理论证据.     

哀牢山-金沙江富碱侵入岩年代学和Nd,Sr同位素特征

对富碱侵入岩和共生的碱性火山岩、煌斑岩和酸性斑岩测定了29个同位素地质年龄,范围为41～27Ma,属于第三纪.其中富碱侵入岩~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd值为0.512415～0.512544~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值为0.7054～0,7068,表明物质来源于富集地幔源区.     

贺根山镁铁-超镁铁岩与缝合带的关系——来自地球物理的证据

长期以来,对内蒙古贺根山缝合带中的镁铁-超镁铁岩,有着"蛇绿岩"、"岩浆岩"、"幔源熔-流体"等不同认识.近年来在铬铁矿中发现了金刚石等深部地幔矿物,如何认识携带这些物质的幔源熔-流体的上涌?缝合带在镁铁-超镁铁岩的形成过程中起到什么作用?解决问题的关键之一是弄清镁铁-超镁铁岩的深部产状,这需要来自地球物理观测数据的依据.本文基于航磁和重力数据的研究表明,贺根山地区的蛇绿岩块均呈现高磁异常特征,其中贺根山岩块埋深明显大于其他岩块,表现为高磁异常与低重力异常,与地表出露的蛇纹石化的镁铁-超镁铁岩带对应.对航磁化极异常与布格重力异常数据做了向上延拓处理,进行了磁源形态及底界深度的估算,并利用基于相异度算子的边缘增强方法辅助识别断裂.结果表明,贺根山岩块贯穿地壳,且附近存在超壳断裂.地表至中地壳主要由蛇纹石化的镁铁-超镁铁岩组成,下地壳主要为超镁铁质岩组成,它们充填在一组宽约30km的NEE向断裂带中,大地电磁测深剖面揭示的壳-幔电性结构进一步证实控制缝合带的是岩石圈断裂,贺根山缝合带具有明显的根部.由此推测,在地幔底辟上涌的背景下,幔源熔-流体沿着岩石圈断裂持续上升到达浅表,暗示该区板块的拼合可能是通过深部幔源物质的侵入而成的.     

Lamproites and kimberlites in China and the genesis of diamond deposit

It is known that the lamproites occur in the southeastern Guizhou Province and in the Dahong Mountains area, Hubei Province; and many para-lamproite occurrences spread in the west half part of the South China landmass. The para-larnproite diatremes in Ningxiang County, Hunan Province, contain a few of fine grains of diamond. Parts of the kimberlite pipes and dykes in Mengyin County, Shandong Province, consist locally of basic kimberlite; and the kimberlite dykes in the Maping kimberlite area, Zhenyuan County, Guizhou Province, consist of basic kimberlite principally. Although the diamondiferous kimberlites and lamproites occur always in the cratons within continental plate, both the potassium-rich ultramafic rocks display the geochemical features of the magmatism of post-collision in orogenic belt. Both the kimberlite and lamproite magmas may originate from the local parts of the mantle transition zone, where the mantle contains the matter of ancestor slab of ancient subduction zone. And, both the K-rich ultramafic magmas generated in an active mantle plume, which came from the boundary between the core and the lower mantle. The basic kimberlite magma may be more capable of preserving the crystals of the diamond type 11.     

Characteristics of the mantle source region of sodium lamprophyres and petrogenetic tectonic setting in northeastern Hunan,China

~~Characteristics of the mantle source region of sodium lamprophyres and petrogenetic tectonic setting in northeastern Hunan,China~~     

Study on the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province

Three carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes have been found in the Laowangzhai and Beiya gold orefields in the northern sector of the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province. Ocelli in the lamprophyre dykes are carbonates composed mainly of dolomite and calcite. Their trace elements, REE and C isotopic compositions are characteristic of carbonatite and the main mineral assemblages, major elements, trace elements and REE in the matrix are similar to those in the carbonate ocelli-barren lamprophyre dykes in the orefields, which are calc-alkaline lamprophyres that derived from the fertile mantle. The results indicate that the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in this area were produced at the time when the Himalayan lamprophyre magma evolved to a relatively late stage of silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility. In the process of magmatic evolution there took place magmatic degassing with CO₂ and H₂O as the dominant released gases.     

Comment on Hearty,P.J. and O'Leary,M.J., 2008. Carbonate eolianites,quartz sands,and Quaternary sea-level cycles,Western Australia: A chronostratigraphic approach. Quaternary Geochronology 3: 26–55

A proposal that the yellow sands which commonly overlie Pleistocene eolianites along the west coast of Western Australia may have their origin from major extensions of inland deserts during times of severe aridity, is refuted on several grounds. The eolianites typically are deeply degraded remnants of the original coastal dunes, which contained a high content of non-calcareous detritus. Hence plentiful residual sand will accumulate during weathering of a dune. Studies on heavy mineral content of the yellow sands have shown that there is an inland ageing trend consistent with local derivation from successive dune belts, and have also pointed to local sources for yellow color in the sand, without need to postulate a distant source. Localized denudations have however occurred, during which sand is blown inland to leave tracts of bared limestone. No remnants of the alleged desert extensions exist in the hinterland of the coastal belt.     

Early Miocene lamproite from the Colorado Plateau tectonic province, Southeastern Utah, USA

Newly discovered olivine phlogopite lamproite dikes intrude Jurassic siliciclastic strata in the Green River Desert subregion of the western Colorado Plateau tectonic province in southeastern Utah. The dikes yield an age of 22 Ma both from ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step-heating of phlogopite and from isochron modeling of laser-fused sanidine. This age is similar to those of mica-rich minettes and melanephelinites of the Wasatch Plateau about 125 km northwest and within the age range of the Navajo potassic volcanic field about 150 km to the southeast. The dikes intruded a pre-existing, northwest-oriented fracture system containing previously introduced bitumen, indicating that some regional lineaments of this trend are Early Miocene or older. The dikes are highly LREE-enriched, and display lamproite-specific REE ratios and phlogopite and sanidine compositions. Incompatible element and radiogenic isotope (Nd–Sr–Pb) ratios suggest that lithospheric source material modified by ancient subduction processes, together with younger asthenospheric source components, produced the melt. Timing of the intrusion coincides with the transition from Early–Middle Cenozoic, calc-alkaline plutonism to the dominantly mafic, Basin and Range type volcanism of the Late Cenozoic. While the lamproite occurrence indicates thermal input from the mantle, model non-uniqueness for both magma source depths and geophysical structure prevents quantitative comparison of Early Miocene with present-day lithospheric thickness.     

LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and phenocryst EPMA of dikes,Guocheng, Jiaodong Peninsula: Implications for North China Craton lithosphere evolution

Widespread dike swarm, including diorite-, monzonite-porphyry and lamprophyre, intruded in the al- tered breccia gold deposits along basin marginal faults, Guocheng, Jiaodong Peninsula. Petrography exhibits biotite enclaves in amphibole phenocrysts and the presence of acicular apatites in these dikes. Electron probe microanalyses (EPMA) show that the amphibole and clinopyroxene phenocryst’s mantle in diorite porphyry and lamprophyre respectively has sharply higher MgO (Mg#) and Cr2O3 contents in contrast to their cores. The plagioclase phenocryst in monzonite porphyry has reverse zoning. These results indicate that the magma mixing between mantle-derived mafic and crust-derived felsic magmas occurred in the original process of the dikes. Zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images show well-developed magmatic oscillatory zones and the acquired LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages are 114±2 Ma (MSDW=1.5) for monzonite porphyry (GS1) and 116±1 Ma (MSDW=0.8) for diorite porphyry (GS2), respectively. Earlier magmatic events in the northwest Jiaodong Peninsula represented by some inherited or captured zircons also occur in these dikes. Magmatic zircons from GS1 and GS2 display consistent chondrite-normalized REE patterns and Nb/Ta values, implying that they may share a similar or same source. HREE enrichment and obvious negative Eu anomalies of these zircons preclude garnet presented in their source. Our results, combined with preciously pub- lished data, indicate that dike intrusion and gold mineralization among quartz vein, altered tectonite and altered breccia gold deposits are broadly contemporaneous throughout the Jiaodong Peninsula. These also imply that the intensive crust-mantle interaction and asthenospheric underplating had oc- curred in the Early Cretaceous in the Peninsula, together with foundering of lower crust in the early Mesozoic, representing the different stages of lithosphere thinning in the North China Craton (NNC).     

Petrogenetic differences between the Middle-Late Jurassic Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing and W-bearing granites in the Nanling Range,South China: A case study of the Tongshanling and Weijia deposits in southern Hunan Province

The Middle-Late Jurassic Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing and W-bearing granites in the Nanling Range have distinctly different mineralogical and geochemical signatures. The Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing granites are dominated by metaluminous amphibole-bearing granodiorites, which have higher CaO/(Na2O+K2O) ratios, light/heavy rare earth element(LREE/HREE) ratios, and δEu values,lower Rb/Sr ratios, and weak Ba, Sr, P, and Ti depletions, exhibiting low degrees of fractionation. The W-bearing granites are highly differentiated and peraluminous, and they have lower CaO/(Na2O+K2O) ratios, LREE/HREE ratios, and δEu values,higher Rb/Sr ratios, and strong Ba, Sr, P, and Ti depletions. The Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing granites were formed predominantly between155.2 and 167.0 Ma with a peak value of 160.6 Ma, whereas the W-bearing granites were formed mainly from 151.1 to 161.8Ma with a peak value of 155.5 Ma. There is a time gap of about 5 Ma between the two different types of ore-bearing granites.Based on detailed geochronological and geochemical studies of both the Tongshanling Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing and Weijia W-bearing granites in southern Hunan Province and combined with the other Middle-Late Jurassic Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing and W-bearing granites in the Nanling Range, a genetic model of the two different types of ore-bearing granites has been proposed. Asthenosphere upwelling and basaltic magma underplating were induced by the subduction of the palaeo-Pacific plate. The underplated basaltic magmas provided heat to cause a partial melting of the mafic amphibolitic basement in the lower crust, resulting in the formation of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization related granodioritic magmas. With the development of basaltic magma underplating,the muscovite-rich metasedimentary basement in the upper-middle crust was partially melted to generate W-bearing granitic magmas. The compositional difference of granite sources accounted for the metallogenic specialization, and the non-simultaneous partial melting of one source followed by the other brought about a time gap of about 5 Ma between the Cu-Pb-Zn-bearing and W-bearing granites.     

The blueberry (iron nodule) from the Shark Bay area,Western Australia and its implication to the genetic environments of iron nodules on Mars

Fist-sized iron nodules, extensively found on the ground of Western Australia, were investigated by element analysis (XRF, ICP-MS and ICP-AES), electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauser spectroscopy. Loosely-packed pisoidic structures of a few to >10 mm in size were observed in the cross-section of nodules. Chemically, the nodules are majorly made of O, Si, Fe and Al, and share similar REE pattern with the loess sourced Greatford concretions from New Zealand. Angular quartz particles, nano-sized goethite and hematite are found to be the major mineral phases. Other minerals, such as detrital zircon, barite and Ce-containing particles can also be observed but of very low abundance. No detectable carbonate or amorphous silica implies that these nodules have experienced little underground fluid alteration. The quartz particles showing particularly three sections of fractal size-distributions, together with their extensive broken features and conchoidal fractures, strongly suggest in situ fragmentation of the host rock with minimum later dynamic sorting. These observations indicate the genetic environment of those nodules is always close to the surface of the tectonically stable ground since their formation. Because of the similarity of climatic and geological features, the genesis and preservation environment of these nodules in Western Australia may provide clues on the formation of Martian iron concretions     

探地雷达图像的正演合成与偏移处理

本文讨论了射线追踪法实现二维地电断面的探地雷达图像的正演合成问题,其中包括二维地电断面的数字拟合、多层连续界面介质中高频电磁波的反射与透射统一的运动学边界方程;根据Huygen's-Fresnel原理导出了均匀介质中二维管状体模型的衍射雷达波的计算公式;给出了用射线追踪法合成的二维地电模型的探地雷达图像;用衍射波公式合成了二维管状模型的雷达图像,并与物理模拟作了比较.在此基础上,用Kirchhoff积分法对数字模拟与物理模拟记录的雷达图像作了偏移处理,并给出了实例.     

湘东北地区石蛤蟆花岗岩体SHRIMP U—Pb年龄及地球化学特征

分布于湖南东北部的石蛤蟆岩体侵位于新元古代地层中。由微细粒斑状黑云母花岗闪长岩和细粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩等两期侵入体组成。通过锆石SHRIM PU--Pb法测得岩体侵位年龄为157土2Ma（2d）,MSWD=0．98,成岩时代为晚侏罗世。SiO2=68．26％～68．53％,K2O／Na2O=1．37～1．59,岩石属镁质、准铝质-微过铝质、高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列;岩石明显富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,Rb／Sr较低（0．40～0．56）;乏REE较高（171．48～183．81）,Eu为弱负异常（δEu=0．86～0．93）,（La／Yb）N=27．11～45．87;具较高的eNd值（-5．11）和高T2DM（1．63Ga）。综合研究表明,石蛤蟆花岗岩为混合源高钾钙碱性花岗岩类（KCG）,其花岗岩浆有大量幔源物质加入。讨论认为岩体形成于构造体制转换下的地球动力学背景,是造山晚期张弛作用下的产物。