隧洞变形引起的TBM施工事故综合风险分析

国内采用岩石隧道掘进机（简称TBM）施工的隧洞呈现深埋、超长趋势,变形引起的TBM卡机事故屡见不鲜,为了减少这些事故,可以预先对变形引起的TBM风险事故进行综合评价,因此,在单元风险研究的基础上对综合风险计算及评价准则进行研究。采用概率理论推导了变形引起的TBM风险事故的综合风险概率的计算模型,根据推导的模型可以近似计算出5类后果等级事故发生的概率;采用TBM的卡机时间与纯掘进时间的比值作为分级指标,结合以往TBM施工的统计数据划分工期损失后果等级,再结合风险的概率分级,建立变形综合风险评价准则;采用研究的理论,对工程选取段TBM施工卡机风险进行了两种工况下的计算分析。计算结果表明,施工时若不采取任何措施TBM施工风险比较大,但采用合理的措施之后风险可控制在可接受的范围内。     

全断面隧道掘进机护盾受力监测及卡机预警

全断面隧道掘进机(简称TBM)在穿越深部软弱地层时围岩收敛变形较大,围岩容易挤压护盾,导致TBM卡机,影响TBM正常掘进。通过分析TBM卡机灾害孕育过程,得到了预测TBM卡机的重要条件：一是围岩变形量大于预留的空间,二是额定推力不能克服摩擦阻力。为了监测实际工程TBM卡机状态,提出了一种监测护盾变形的方案以及护盾受力的计算方法,可通过监测得到的变形估算护盾的受力,进而计算出护盾受到的摩擦阻力,得到TBM卡机的状态。根据TBM受到的摩擦阻力、TBM正常掘进时所需推力和TBM额定推力之间的关系,将TBM卡机状态分为4个等级,即无卡机、轻微卡机、卡机和严重卡机,并提出了对应的处理措施。结合TBM卡机条件以及护盾受力监测方案,提出了TBM卡机灾害预警流程。在兰州水源地输水隧洞工程中应用了该监测方案和卡机灾害预警流程,应用结果表明,预测的卡机状态与TBM实际状态基本一致,说明该方法具有一定的可靠性,对指导TBM隧道施工具有重要意义。     

基于TBM掘进性能和适应性分析的围岩分级方法及应用

煤矿巷道变化的围岩地质条件影响着全断面岩石掘进机(Tunnel Boring Machine,TBM)的推广应用,准确评估煤矿岩体可掘性和岩层TBM适应性对TBM高效施工至关重要。基于对岩体参数和岩体可掘性指标的评价,采用优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)建立了岩体可掘性分级模型,并结合不同地质条件的[BQ]值和TBM利用率的相关性分析,提出了岩层适应性分级模型。以日掘进速度为判断指标,进行岩体可掘性和岩层适应性评估,建立了一套基于TBM施工性能的围岩综合分级方法,采用河南平顶山首山一矿底板瓦斯抽采巷道TBM掘进过程中的工程数据,对TBM围岩综合分级方法进行了现场应用。结果表明：在岩体可掘性等级为Ⅰ级,地层TBM适应性等级为3级的条件下,TBM施工巷道平均月进尺可达到400 m;当TBM利用率不足20%时,极有可能会出现卡机、出渣困难等现场问题。围岩综合分级方法通过利用自动采集的TBM掘进数据和围岩性质的综合分析,能够动态评估TBM在不同围岩地质条件下的施工性能,并为TBM掘进控制参数设计提供了理论依据。     

TBM掘进技术发展及有关工程地质问题分析和对策

通过对大量文献资料和工程实例的研究,论述了TBM(隧道掘进机)近半个世纪发展及其在隧道建设中的应用现状和问题。对大量国内外工程实例分析后发现优先采用TBM掘进技术已成为未来隧道建设总的发展趋势。从岩石力学和工程地质角度对岩石TBM掘进过程中遇到的诸如软岩大变形、突水、岩爆等不良工程地质问题导致卡机或管片变形、破损等工程事故进行了剖析,并对采用的工程处理措施作了总结对比。随着今后TBM掘进技术在我国大规模应用,对复杂工程地质条件的客观全面认识和施工方案的及时调整成为影响施工安全和经济效益的关键因素。     

深埋长隧道TBM施工关键问题探讨

针对深埋长隧道开挖所面临的高水压、高地压、高地温、大变形、难支护等问题,分析总结传统钻爆法开挖与支护技术、全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）施工技术、TBM导洞扩挖技术应用中的优劣,TBM导洞扩挖法为深埋长隧道开挖提供了新的设计思路。由于深埋长隧道的建设环境与浅埋隧道建设环境存在显著差异,TBM施工将面临3个关键问题--岩爆问题、卡盾（大变形）问题和未准确探测前方地质而发生的施工事故（涌水、突泥等）。为揭示TBM施工过程中卡盾的存在性,分别针对某一特定地质条件下深埋软、硬岩TBM施工进行理论分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明,软岩地层TBM施工发生卡盾,而硬岩完整地层TBM施工未发生卡盾。     

TBM法用于金属矿山深部开拓巷道的风险分析及应对措施

国内金属矿山深部采矿,采用钻爆法工程工期很长,不确定的各项风险较大。TBM法施工速度快、安全、质量好,在水利、市政、公路等运用已很广泛。“四新技术”的不断应用,设备的不断改进,国产TBM性能和质量不断提升,施工成本也大幅降低。但是TBM法开拓深部采矿巷道还没有应用,主要原因是矿山深部地质情况复杂,巷道断面不一,TBM适应性差。本文分析了TBM法用于金属矿山深部巷道开拓可能遇到的涌水、岩爆、高地温等风险,并对这些风险应对措施作了阐述。认为采取措施后可以消除这些风险,TBM机可以在金属矿山深部巷道中试验应用。     

增压机在处理基岩地层压差卡钻事故中的应用

压差卡钻是钻井施工中经常遇到的井下事故,处理不及时会给钻井工程带来巨大的经济损失。通过分析压差卡钻事故发生的原因及其特点,并结合工程实例介绍了用增压机处理基岩地层中压差卡钻事故的方法及其操作规程和注意事项。     

开敞式TBM过类泥石流不良地质洞段施工处理技术研究

正隧道掘进机(TBM)由于其高效、安全的优越性能,近年来在隧道工程中得到广泛应用。但其对断层破碎带等不良地质条件的适应性较差,这些不良地质条件对TBM掘进会产生较大影响,导致TBM掘进作业时间利用率降低,甚至有可能出现TBM损坏和难以顺利通过的情况[1]。目前,     

油基解卡液处理粘附卡钻事故的分析与应用

深井钻探技术发展到现在有了突飞猛进的提高,而且日趋成熟。但地热井在施工过程中,经常发生一些孔内事故在所难免。发生事故以后需认真分析事故发生的原因,尽快制定针对性的处理方案和程序,科学合理地去处理。以晋中一个经常发生孔内粘附卡钻事故的地热井施工为工程实例,分析了发生粘附卡钻事故的诸多原因,制定出处理粘附卡钻事故的方法。通过解卡机理,设定油基解卡液的性能和配置方法,准确进行注入量计算,在注入时掌握技术工艺要点,获得了良好的处理粘附卡钻事故的效果。     

博尔塔拉河谷地地热资源钻探工程孔内事故处理分析

通过AKT2孔的施工,可以较为全面的取得该区域各项水文地质参数,用于评价地热资源,为开采地热能提供依据。以新疆温泉县博尔塔拉河谷地地热资源预可行性勘查项目AKT2号勘探孔为研究对象,在对该钻孔地质条件全面分析的基础上,对AKT2钻孔卡钻的事故背景和事故原因进行分析,并提出了具体的事故处理方法和施工建议,从而对后续易发生事故段进行有针对性的提前预防,做好已知地层的取芯工作,进而保证后续工作的正常开展。     

A case history of Tunnel Boring Machine jamming in an inter-layer shear zone at the Yellow River Diversion Project in China

This is a case study of a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) jamming in a section of the Connection Works No. 7 tunnel of the Yellow River Diversion Project (YRDP) in China. Analysis of tunnel lithology, rock convergence by shearing, rock strength and ground stress, indicates that a high rate of convergence within an inter-layer shear zone in the lower part of an anticline was a dominant factor in the jamming. In addition, the shield encountered unfavorable tunnelling conditions in the form of wet clay, groundwater inflow, and cavities, coincident with tensile stresses in the lower part of an adjacent syncline. Based on these diagnoses, economical and quick measures were adopted, including additional excavation outside of the shield leaving free space to release the TBM. After 9 days of being jammed, the TBM was totally released and resumed normal excavation. This example highlights lessons learned from folding and inter-layer shear zone in TBM tunnelling.     

深部复合地层TBM开挖扰动模型试验研究

针对全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）开挖过程掌子面岩体软硬交替变化的特点,以兰州水源地建设工程为背景,采用模型试验与数值模拟方法研究了复合地层TBM开挖过程隧洞围岩的动态响应规律。通过开展相似配比试验配制了不同围岩强度比的复合地层岩体相似材料,运用光纤光栅技术全程捕捉了隧洞开挖过程复合地层应变演化规律,并分析了隧洞围岩的宏观破裂形态。模型试验结果表明：TBM推进过程中复合地层应变变化规律体现了掌子面推进的空间效应,软岩部分应变要大于硬岩部分应变,且随着开挖步数的增加两种岩层应变差值越大;隧洞内岩体完全挖除后,围岩宏观破裂形态表明因复合地层岩体物理力学性质的差异,上覆软岩变形破坏较为严重,破裂和变形较为显著,在软、硬岩层交界面出现“变形不协调”现象。选取工程沿线某洞段的地质力学参数,基于破坏接近度（FAI）指标评价了隧洞开挖过程中复合地层围岩的稳定性,数值结果表明：开挖过程软岩中FAI变化较为明显,塑性区和破坏区分布范围更广,而下部硬岩受开挖扰动影响较小,只有拱底小范围岩体进入破坏状态。模型试验和数值结果均说明交替变化的掌子面岩体在开挖过程中其围岩在变形破坏等规律方面存在明显差异,因此,TBM在复合地层施工可采取重点部位监测预警、提前采取相应措施等手段,减少或避免卡机事故的发生。该研究成果对于指导复合地层TBM施工具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

A Completely 3D Model for the Simulation of Mechanized Tunnel Excavation

For long deep tunnels as currently under construction through the Alps, mechanized excavation using tunnel boring machines (TBMs) contributes significantly to savings in construction time and costs. Questions are, however, posed due to the severe ground conditions which are in cases anticipated or encountered along the main tunnel alignment. A major geological hazard is the squeezing of weak rocks, but also brittle failure can represent a significant problem. For the design of mechanized tunnelling in such conditions, the complex interaction between the rock mass, the tunnel machine, its system components, and the tunnel support need to be analysed in detail and this can be carried out by three-dimensional (3D) models including all these components. However, the state-of-the-art shows that very few fully 3D models for mechanical deep tunnel excavation in rock have been developed so far. A completely three-dimensional simulator of mechanised tunnel excavation is presented in this paper. The TBM of reference is a technologically advanced double shield TBM designed to cope with both conditions. Design analyses with reference to spalling hazard along the Brenner and squeezing along the Lyon–Turin Base Tunnel are discussed.     

挤压地层双护盾TBM围岩变形及应力场特征研究

为研究挤压地层双护盾隧道掘进机（TBM）作用下围岩变形及应力场特征,采用FLAC3D建立了完整模型,并详细阐述了隧道掘进机（TBM）施工过程中的模拟方法,重点分析了隧洞纵横断面内围岩位移场、应力场、塑性区特征。模拟结果表明,两腰下部范围内的围岩与TBM护盾发生接触并产生挤压,拱顶并未接触;受刀盘与护盾连接处的尺寸高差和前后护盾的锥度影响导致仰拱围岩内出现3次加卸载,仰拱内部环向应力和径向应力均大于拱顶和两腰,而且其主应力方向与径向线斜交,受扰动剧烈,但仰拱下方70°范围内的围岩基本处于弹性状态;横向断面内围岩塑性区自上而下逐渐减小,且距掌子面越远塑性区范围越大,但后盾塑性区范围变化不大。     

汶川地震灾区某工程开挖边坡变形三维稳定性分析

汶川地震灾区某边坡,因厂房建设需要,对其进行开挖改造。鉴于其稳定性对工厂正常运行有重要影响,本文在岩体质量分级和岩体结构模型概化的基础上,采用快速拉格朗日差分法FLAC3D模拟边坡开挖,分析了边坡在自然条件、暴雨条件以及地震条件下的应力场、位移场、剪应变增量及塑性区的分布和变化特征。研究结果表明:边坡开挖引起坡面局部应力集中,后缘易拉裂破坏;降雨时呈现部分区域安全储备较低;在地震作用下,边坡处于不稳定状态。     

Rock burst and slabbing failure and its influence on TBM excavation at headrace tunnels in Jinping II hydropower station

Two headrace tunnels and the drainage tunnel were excavated by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) in Jinping II Hydropower Station. During TBM excavation, two types of slabbing failure were encountered in these deep buried marble tunnels. One is rock bursting and the other is non-violent slabbing. In order to study the rock burst and slabbing failure, a unique true triaxial rock burst test was carried out to simulate the rock burst process with different in situ stresses. Four rock samples in different marble layers were obtained in the site, and then four experiments are conducted under the same stressed conditions as the in situ field. The rock burst process and slabbing failure phenomena of the four experiments are in good accordance with the observations of corresponding excavation site. The failure modes of slabbing and rock burst in different rock groups can be predicted based on the experiments. The influence of the slabbing and rock burst failure on TBM excavation is analyzed in depth. Non-violent slabbing is beneficial to the rock breakage process. Rock burst with violent slabbing process greatly affects the tunnel support, cutter and cutterhead damage, gripper movement and force and so on.     

压性构造对岩溶发育的控制作

笔者等在贵州普定进行野外水文地质调查时发现,这一地区向斜轴部有地下河和溶洞发育,有的沿较大规模的压性断层带发育,其走向与褶皱轴线或压性断层走向一致,对此做了一些探讨和研究。研究结果显示,在构造应力场作用下,岩层变形逐渐加大,继而形成构造形迹—向斜构造,同时伴随发育的压性断裂,在其轴部局部应力场作用下,上部继续受压,下部转为拉张,且产生放射状张裂隙;而规模大的压性断层,如逆断层等,其断层带受强烈挤压破碎,具有隔水作用,断层上盘的拖曳褶皱使岩层中张裂隙发育。该类张性裂隙有利于地下水的赋存、径流和岩溶发育。这是对传统地质构造控制岩溶认识的一个完善和推进。     

Characterization of Strength of Intact Brittle Rock Considering Confinement-Dependent Failure Processes

As technologies for deep underground development such as tunneling underneath mountains or mass mining at great depths (>1,000 m) are implemented, more difficult ground conditions in highly stressed environments are encountered. Moreover, the anticipated stress level at these depths easily exceeds the loading capacity of laboratory testing, so it is difficult to properly characterize what the rock behavior would be under high confinement stress conditions. If rock is expected to fail in a brittle manner, behavior changes associated with the relatively low tensile strength, such as transition from splitting to the shear failure, have to be considered and reflected in the adopted failure criteria. Rock failure in tension takes place at low confinement around excavations due to tensile or extensional failure in heterogeneous rocks. The prospect of tensile-dominant brittle failure diminishes as the confinement increases away from the excavation boundary. Therefore, it must be expected that the transition in the failure mechanism, from tensile to shear, occurs as the confinement level increases and conditions for extensional failure are prevented or strongly diminished. However, conventional failure criteria implicitly consider only the shear failure mechanism (i.e., failure envelopes touching Mohr stress circles), and thus, do not explicitly capture the transition of failure modes from tensile to shear associated with confinement change. This paper examines the methodologies for intact rock strength determination as the basic input data for engineering design of deep excavations. It is demonstrated that published laboratory test data can be reinterpreted and better characterized using an s-shaped failure criterion highlighting the transition of failure modes in brittle failing rock. As a consequence of the bi-modal nature of the failure envelope, intact rock strength data are often misinterpreted. If the intact rock strength is estimated by standard procedures from unconfined compression tests (UCS) alone, the confined strength may be underestimated by as much as 50 % (on average). If triaxial data with a limited confinement range (e.g., σ₃ ? 0.5 UCS due to cell pressure limitations) are used, the confined strength may be overestimated. Therefore, the application of standard data fitting procedures, without consideration of confinement-dependent failure mechanisms, may lead to erroneous intact rock strength parameters when applied to brittle rocks, and consequently, by extrapolation, to correspondingly erroneous rock mass strength parameters. It follows that the strength characteristics of massive rock differ significantly in the direct vicinity of excavation from that which is remote with higher confinement. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt a differentiated approach to obtain intact rock strength parameters for engineering problems at lower confinement (near excavation; e.g., excavation stability assessment or support design), and at elevated confinement (typically, when the confinement exceeds about 10 % of the UCS) as might be encountered in wide pillar cores.     

西澳大利亚卡尔古丽金矿区成矿地质特征

卡尔古丽金矿区（KalgoorlieGoldFiled）是西澳大利亚最大的金矿产区,在大地构造上属于西澳伊尔岗（Yil．garn）克拉通东部卡尔古丽绿岩带内。矿区主要出露太古代地层,包括镁铁质一超镁铁质熔岩序列、长英质火山碎屑岩序列,以及一系列侵入的基性一超基性岩脉。区域内的主构造为北北西向,包括一对结构不对称的水平褶皱——卡尔古丽背斜和向斜,以及与向斜西翼平行的GoldenMile断层,主构造被后期走滑断层影响形成的破碎剪切带,是赋存金矿的主要构造。根据控矿构造、矿质来源和沉积时间,可以将金矿脉分为三种类型,分别是Fimiston型、Oroya型和Charlotte型。研究认为,在该地区找矿主要应从围岩、构造、地球物理、地球化学几个方面着手。通过对本区成矿地质特征的分析和研究,新发现了Eureka小型金矿,希望能对中国企业在该地区的勘探投资有所帮助。     

Geomechanical Properties of Shear Zones in the Eastern Aar Massif,Switzerland and their Implication on Tunnelling

Summary ¶Rock zones containing a high fracture density and/or soft, low cohesion materials can be highly problematic when encountered during tunnel excavation. For example in the eastern Aar massif of central Switzerland, experiences during the construction of the Gotthard highway tunnel showed that heavily fractured areas within shear zones were responsible for overbreaks in the form of chimneys several metres in height. To understand and estimate the impact of the shear zones on rock mass behaviour, knowledge concerning the rock mass strength and deformation characteristics is fundamental. A series of laboratory triaxial tests, performed on samples from granite- and gneiss-hosted shear zones revealed that with increasing degree of tectonic overprint, sample strength decreases and rock behaviour shows a transition from brittle to ductile deformation. These trends may be explained by increasing fracture densities, increasing foliation intensity, increasing thickness of fine-grained, low cohesion fracture infill, and increasing mica content associated with the increasing degree of tectonic overprint. As fracture density increases and the influence of discrete, persistent discontinuities on rock mass strength decreases, behaviour of the test samples becomes more and more representative of rock mass behaviour, i.e. that of a densely fractured continuum. For the purpose of numerical modeling calculations, the shear zones may be subdivided with respect to an increasing fracture density, foliation intensity and mica content into a strongly foliated zone, a fractured zone and a cohesionless zone, which in turn exhibit brittle, brittle-ductile and ductile rock mass constitutive behaviour, respectively.Received December 17, 2001; accepted January 9, 2003 Published online April 29, 2003