华北陆块东南缘新元古代基性岩浆活动：徐淮地区辉绿岩床群岩石地球化学、年代学和Hf同位素证据

华北陆块东南缘徐淮地区侵位于元古代不同层位地层中辉绿岩的系统年代学、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素的研究结果表明,辉绿岩中锆石发育弱的振荡环带,具有高的Th／U比值（0．91～6．90）,指示锆石为岩浆成因．锆石SHRIMPU-Pb和Q-ICP-MSU-Pb定年结果显示,该区绝大多数辉绿岩的侵位结晶年龄为890Ma,即其形成于新元古代的早期．辉绿岩属于板内玄武岩系列岩石,总体上略富集轻稀土元素（LREE）、富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb,Ba,La,略亏损高场强元素（HFSE）Th,Nb,Ta,Zr,Hf等,相对富集Cr和Ni;具有较高的“力值（2．26-14．74）,其单阶段模式年龄tDMl=843-1321Ma、两阶段模式年龄tDM2=808-1779Ma．综合研究暗示辉绿岩的原始岩浆起源于中元古代时期的过渡型地幔,形成于华北陆块东南缘的板内陆缘伸展环境,华北陆块东南缘存在新元古代早期的构造一岩浆活动事件．     

辽东半岛大营子拆离断层系及其区域构造意义

华北克拉通晚中生代发生了大规模岩石圈减薄并伴随着地壳层次区域性伸展作用的发生.在此伸展背景下,华北克拉通区发育有一系列的伸展构造,大营子拆离断层系即为一个典型实例、大营子拆离断层系位于华北克拉通东部（辽东半岛东南部）,主要由上盘火山-沉积盆地,大营子-黄花甸拆离断层带以及下盘古元古代变质岩系和侵入岩体三部分组成.依据拆离断层带中构造岩组合、构造岩变形显微构造和石英EBSD组构分析揭示出下盘岩石主要经历了从高绿片岩相到低绿片岩相的变形变质过程.基于火山-沉积盆地中火山岩的SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果,推断伸展构造开始活动于（135±1.2）Ma之前,结束于（127±1）Ma.通过与辽南变质核杂岩及辽东半岛其他伸展构造的对比,以及这些伸展构造的分布及影响深度,可充分说明辽东半岛岩石圈破坏和减薄的不均一性,从而显示出其破坏程度的差异,并藉此探讨了华北克拉通破坏和伸展减薄的不均匀性.     

胶东东部鹊山变质核杂岩结构、演化及区域构造意义

自晚中生代以来,华北克拉通岩石圈在伸展机制下经历了剧烈的减薄,位于胶东东部华北克拉通南东缘的鹊山变质核杂岩是该时期地壳伸展的一个重要实例.鹊山变质核杂岩具有典型科迪勒拉变质核杂岩构造的三层结构:上盘由早白垩世上叠盆地及其古元古代基底组成,下盘为太古代深变质杂岩与中生代侵入体,上下盘之间被一条主拆离断层所分隔.一系列NNE走向的后期脆性断裂,使得变质核杂岩被肢解和改造.岩石学、几何学、运动学、宏观和显微构造以及石英c轴组构分析表明鹊山变质核杂岩经历了递进剥露过程,即在WNWESE区域伸展作用下,发育于中-下地壳,之后经过中-上地壳,最后到达地壳表层次.通过构造和年代学证据分析,限定鹊山变质核杂岩的剥露时代为135~113Ma.综合分析辽东半岛和胶东半岛这一时期发育的不同型式的伸展构造,厘定了胶-辽早白垩世伸展省,同时确定了该区域伸展作用开始于约135Ma,结束于105Ma,并将其划分为两个阶段.第一阶段伸展表现为中-下地壳强烈的流动,第二阶段为中-上地壳的伸展作用.结合区域构造背景,胶-辽早白垩世伸展省可以作为一个在东亚地区伸展作用下壳-幔拆离作用及其响应的典型案例.     

扬子板块东北缘中元古代的大地构造划分

扬子板块东北缘存在四条主要的中元古代变质带,自南向北依次为江南变质带、沿江变质带、云台一张八岭变质带和连云港一泗阳变质带。它们分别为中元古代的古弧后盆地、火山岛弧、裂谷及弧前盆地,扬子板块东北缘中元古代为活动大陆边缘构造体系。苏（北）胶（南）变质造山带应解体,其中一部分属扬子大陆边缘体系。     

徐淮地区早白垩世adakitic岩石中榴辉岩类捕虏体中金红石的SIMSU-Pb定年:对华北克拉通东部陆壳加厚时间的制约

报道了徐淮地区早白垩世adakitic岩石中榴辉岩和石榴辉石岩(退变榴辉岩)捕虏体中金红石的SIMS U-Pb定年结果,并讨论了其地质意义.含有韭闪石的榴辉岩中金红石的定年结果为(209±25)Ma,而石榴辉石岩中金红石的定年结果为(132±7)Ma.前者与大别-苏鲁超高压变质带的第一次折返时间相近,揭示中生代早期华北克拉通东南缘陆壳加厚事件的存在和这一加厚事件与扬子-华北克拉通之间的俯冲碰撞有关,后者与寄主岩浆的侵位时间相当,反映寄主岩浆捕获石榴辉石岩后金红石U-Pb体系才开始计时,而之前处于高于封闭温度的地壳深度.     

华北克拉通破坏与岩浆-成矿的深部动力学过程

华北克拉通在中生代发生强烈的破坏作用,诱发强烈的岩浆、构造、热事件,同时形成金等金属矿床.然而,克拉通破坏如何控制巨量金等金属矿床的形成与分布尚不十分清楚.本文基于已发表大量资料和科技部重点研发专项项目研究成果,系统总结了华北东部中生代岩浆岩岩石组合、年代学、地球化学和岩石成因、金等金属矿床成矿年代学、中生代盆地演化等最新资料,恢复了华北东部中-新生代盆地伸展量和郯庐断裂的左行走滑位移距离,确定了不同地质历史时期古太平洋板块俯冲带的位置,重新构建了华北东部中生代金等金属矿床和岩浆活动的时空分布规律,并发现早中侏罗世期间,岩浆-成矿作用由东向西逐渐迁移,而160～140Ma之后则由西向东迁移,论证了华北东部中生代金等金属成矿与岩浆岩成岩之间的成因关系,岩浆为金属矿床的形成提供了部分物源和成矿流体,阐明克拉通破坏与巨量岩浆-成矿作用的深部动力学机制,提出侏罗纪期间华北受到古太平洋板块向西低角度俯冲,不仅在华北东部(乃至中国东部)形成了类似于南美安第斯型富含斑岩铜矿的大陆岩浆弧,而且俯冲带流体交代地幔楔为早白垩世热液成矿奠定了物质基础.在早白垩世时期,古太平洋板块俯冲角度由低变高,俯冲板块和俯冲带发生后撤,使华北克拉通东部发生强烈破坏,并形成巨量岩浆和金等金属矿床.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘白垩纪以来构造演化的裂变径迹证据

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘处于渭北隆起、晋西挠褶带和东秦岭造山带的转折地带,构造位置独特,演化历史复杂.本文选取东缘韩城地区和南缘东秦岭洛南地区上三叠统延长组为研究对象,采集6件砂岩样品进行锆石、磷灰石裂变径迹分析,对关键构造-热事件提供热年代学约束,恢复盆地东南缘不同构造带的热演化史,深化对盆地东南部油气资源赋存条件的认识,以期实现油气勘探的新突破.研究表明韩城和洛南地区的抬升冷却史存在明显差异.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄表现为从南到北减小的趋势.东缘韩城剖面磷灰石裂变径迹记录51.6~66.3 Ma、33 Ma两次抬升冷却的峰值年龄.南缘洛南剖面锆石裂变径迹年龄和磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分别记录89~106 Ma和59~66 Ma的冷却抬升年龄.洛南地区抬升冷却时间较早,剥蚀速率(106m/Ma)大于韩城地区(68m/Ma),且持续时间长.磷灰石裂变径迹(Apatite Fission Track,AFT)热史模拟显示,晚中生代,受燕山运动的影响,东秦岭地区发生强烈的构造岩浆事件,洛南地区热演化程度明显高于韩城地区.洛南剖面的热演化主要受岩浆活动的控制,韩城剖面为埋藏增温型.鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘的裂变径迹年龄格局基本受控于白垩纪以来的抬升冷却事件.     

渤海湾盆地晚中生代构造地层划分及对比:对燕山运动的启示

通过对渤海湾盆地中生代地层同位素年代学研究、地震资料解释和测井、录井资料分析,将渤海湾盆地中生代地层划分为下-中三叠统、下-中侏罗统、上侏罗统、下白垩统、上白垩统等五个构造层.通过碎屑锆石的分析,渤海湾盆地碎屑岩记录了两期侏罗纪的岩浆活动,分别为180～175Ma、160～152Ma,可分别与燕山地区南大岭组和髫髻山组对应.但是,由于在渤海湾盆地没有直接发现侏罗纪火山岩,推测这两期活动可能主要集中在华北克拉通周缘而不是内部.通过火山岩和火山碎屑岩锆石的分析,渤海湾盆地早白垩世的岩浆活动主要有两期,分别为120～125Ma、110～100Ma,可以和华北克拉通东部岩浆活动对应.这些锆石年龄唯独缺乏了在华北克拉通北缘极其常见的土城子后期和张家口期火山活动,这可能与渤海湾盆地在晚侏罗世后期抬升有关.通过对比渤海湾盆地与燕山构造带中东段造山带中生代盆地构造和沉积地层发育过程,发现两者总体可以对比,但是也存在明显的差异.燕山构造带中东段缺少早-中三叠世的地层,渤海湾盆地缺失晚侏罗世晚期-早白垩世早期的地层.结合燕山构造带中东段晚中生代沉积构造相关研究成果,本文认为渤海湾盆地及其周缘燕山运动A幕表现微弱,而燕山运动B幕对渤海湾盆地及其周缘均产生了强烈的影响.目前的资料表明其表现方式存在差异,渤海湾盆地表现为垂直隆升,华北克拉通北缘表现为水平挤压隆升.     

西太平洋板片俯冲与后撤引起华北东部地幔置换并导致陆内盆-山耦合

华北中生代构造-岩浆活动频繁,深部岩石圈地幔性质发生变化,即克拉通发生活化作用.活化作用大致可分为三个阶段:(1)晚古生代至早侏罗世(至~170Ma),(2)中侏罗世至早白垩世早期(160~140Ma),(3)早白垩世至新生代(~140Ma以来).其中后两个阶段与古太平洋板片俯冲及后撤导致华北东部深部的岩石圈地幔置换并引起陆内浅部的盆山耦合过程是本文讨论的重点.在第一阶段,古亚洲洋俯冲和关闭引起华北北缘经历弧后拉张、碰撞挤压及碰撞后伸展等构造-岩浆活动,而且造成陆块边缘完整性的机械破坏和地幔性质的化学改造,成为后续软流圈物质上涌的通道和岩浆活动的优先发生区;受华南陆块俯冲的影响,华北南缘也发生了类似的过程.在第二阶段,蒙古鄂霍次克洋闭合及古太平洋板片俯冲剪切,引起华北北缘的两次近S-N向的挤压作用(燕山运动的A、B幕),近E-W向分布的陆缘盆地被晚中生代岩体和NE-SW断裂肢解为零星分布的盆岭省,岩浆作用由东北角向西迁移进入地块内部,同时郯庐断裂的性质由左行走滑转换为正断层,华北由早期的近S-N向的压扭性背景进入NW-SE向的弧后拉张阶段.第三阶段是华北克拉通破坏和岩石圈地幔增生的关键时期,深部难熔的克拉通型地幔被饱满的大洋型地幔置换,实现岩石圈大幅度减薄后的小幅增生增厚过程;浅部的表现是岩浆作用持续向东南迁移,陆内岩石圈薄弱带优先发生伸展变形,包括在早白垩世(140~110Ma)中部带侏罗纪逆冲断层反转为正断层、郯庐断裂的持续拉张引起中地壳拆离和大渤海湾盆地的沉降;晚白垩世至今(110Ma~),中部山带发生断陷作用形成汾渭盆地和沁水盆地,大渤海盆地内部断陷形成盆-山相间的地貌特征,苏鲁造山带则发育莱阳盆地等.华北克拉通规模小并发育陆内薄弱带,是克拉通容易破坏的内因.具这种特性的克拉通容易受周边多个俯冲构造域和上涌软流圈物质的共同影响.晚中生代(~160Ma)以来,华北克拉通破坏主要表现为周边块体的俯冲导致软流圈物质上涌、岩石圈减薄和浅部地壳滑脱,岩石圈薄弱带处(如中部山带)出现褶皱和逆冲,实现伸展背景下的局部挤压;俯冲板块后撤(~140Ma)则使上涌的软流圈回落形成岩石圈并实现地幔小幅增生置换(~125Ma)与伸展背景下浅部地壳断陷和成盆过程.因此,西太平洋板片俯冲和后撤是引起华北东部深部岩石圈地幔置换并导致陆内浅部盆-山耦合的外在动力来源,表明华北克拉通破坏是地块内部与地块边缘、深部过程与浅部盆-山耦合响应的综合地质记录,我们认为这也是燕山运动的本质.     

华北桑干地区大规模麻粒岩相变质作用的时代: 锆石U-Pb年代学

对桑干地区麻粒岩相变质沉积岩系(孔兹岩系)中变质和未变质侵入体进行锆石U-Pb年代学研究, 获得变质花岗岩、变质闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为2005±9 Ma和1921±1 Ma, 它们代表岩浆结晶年龄. 另外测得未变质粗粒石榴石花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄1892±10 Ma. 据此, 麻粒岩相变质作用时代应该晚于闪长岩的侵入年龄(1921 Ma), 略早于粗粒石榴石花岗岩的形成年代. 结合已有的年龄资料提出, 桑干地区发育的孔兹岩系、片麻岩地体和高压基性麻粒岩, 它们的麻粒岩相变质作用都发生在早元古代末. 这一时代是华北克拉通碰撞拼合的时代.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...