岩层阻水性能及自然导升高度研究

在沉积、成岩或者构造运动过程中,由于含水层内超压流体引起围岩爆裂导致流体在弱渗透层或者隔水层中导升,形成含水层的自然导升带。影响岩层阻水性能以及导升高度的因素有:构造、地应力、岩层渗透性和力学特性及其物理化学性质、水压力等。实验表明:初始水头压力越大,水头衰减速率就越大;水头压力损耗随着介质的渗透系数增大而减小。实际观测表明:泥岩、粉砂岩、中砂岩、灰岩的阻水性能由大到小,而导升高度则由小变大。通过实验和实际观测总结出流体3种导升机制:局部关键层整体破断裂缝、欠压实带中的壳破裂裂缝和水力压裂裂缝。      

煤层底板隔水层阻抗高压水侵入机理及其控制因素

通过专门设计的物理模型,模拟了不同水文地质与工程地质性质的阻水岩层对其底板高压水侵入过程的阻抗能力,以及不同水压条件下高压水侵入导升过程中的水头损耗。得出了高压水在侵入导升带内的水头损耗分布特点及数量特征;研究了高压水在其上覆阻水岩层中的侵入高度及其最终驻点的残余水头压力;重新评价和改进了突水系数的计算方法。结果表明:隔水层的原始导高带对含水层水头具有较大的消减作用,作用于有效隔水层的实际水头压力远小于含水层的水头压力。      

硬石膏矿层底板突水预测和评价

基于硬石膏矿层底板灰岩水文地质和工程地质条件计算的矿层开采后导水裂隙带的高度为16m,原位张裂隙带高度为5m。为防止采矿时底板突水,设计预留隔水石膏矿柱80m,其有效隔水层厚度为59m。运用突水系法和阻水强度法计算的有效隔水层厚度分别为61、50和36m。根据技术、经济和安全的原则,分析认为有效隔水层厚度取50m就能达到安全开采的目的。     

开滦矿区地应力场特征及其研究意义

地应力是影响矿井突水的重要因素之一,是存在于地壳中的重要能量场条件。采用现场应力解除法对开滦矿区多个矿井进行了地应力测试,分析了研究区现今地应力分布规律,在此基础上,建立了煤层底板突水危险性与岩石力学性质及地应力之间的相关关系和模型,对范各庄矿12煤层底板和东欢坨矿12-2煤层底板突水危险性进行了评价。研究结果表明,本区地壳浅部现代地应力作用较强,整体处于近东西向挤压应力场中,在挤压应力作用下,煤岩层应力状态主要表现为水平主应力大于垂直主应力,原岩应力主要由构造应力和自重应力场构成。煤层底板突水危险性受岩石力学条件和地应力所控制,当岩石破裂压力大于水压（Pf〉Pw）,则不产生突水;若岩石破裂压力小于水压时,则有可能突水。当承压水的水压（Pw）小于最小水平主应力（σhmin）时,不会产生突水。只有当承压水的水压（Pw）大于最小水平主应力（σhmin）时,存在突水危险性。范各庄矿12煤层底板和东欢坨矿12-2煤层底板破裂压力（Pf）和最小主应力（σhmin）均大于其底板岩体承受的水压（Pw）,本区在无构造破坏卸压条件下是不会发生底板突水的。     

承压水沿煤层底板递进导升突水机理的物理法研究

完整底板和非完整底板的注水试验发现底板深处的耗水早于浅部,显示底板的破裂发生在采前,相似材料模拟具一定导升高度的底板在采动中的变化揭示了同样的规律。底板的原位应力测试发现承压水在采前出现了向上入侵的现象,二次应力给导升的发展提供了条件,递进导升是突水机理之一。     

基于岩体阻水能力测试的煤层底板突水评价方法

以金牛能源股份有限公司邢台矿9号煤开采为例,对底板岩体质量及阻水性能进行了评价。首先分析了开采煤层的底板岩体地质结构,获取了岩石力学参数;进行了地应力测试,掌握了该区域地应力性质;进行了矿山压力显现规律研究,获取了工作面的初次垮落步距、周期来压步距和来压强度;在综放和综采工作面进行了底板破坏深度测试,得到了不同开采条件下煤层底板破坏深度;采用三维非线性固-液耦合岩石水力学计算方法,以非线性数值模拟软件ANSYS为手段,建立了三维数值仿真模型,根据矿井水文地质、工程地质特征和开采技术条件,分4种工况,对不同开采阶段、不同深度煤层底板应力分布、破坏状态的影响进行了分析研究。数值模拟结果表明,从突水的必要条件(底板破裂带贯通)和充分条件(水平应力小于承压水压力)来考察,在本次计算采用的工作面开采条件和正常的地质条件下,突水的可能性由大到小依此为:工况Ⅳ >工况Ⅲ >工况Ⅱ >工况Ⅰ,由此为该矿首个9号煤工作面开采选择提供了依据。      

实测阻水系数评价奥灰突水危险性方法研究

开采受奥灰水威胁的煤层时,通常都把突水系数作为安全评价的依据,此方法存在一定局限性。采用室内小尺寸水力压裂试验测得煤层底板的阻水系数;用实测的阻水系数对兴隆庄煤矿首采区下组煤(16_上煤、17煤)带压开采时奥灰水的突水危险性进行了评价。结果表明,该方法评价奥灰突水危险性直观、清晰、简洁,值得推广。      

基于定向水平钻陷落柱综合探查与阻水塞立体建造技术

导水陷落柱导致的底板奥灰突水是同煤集团塔山矿的主要水害威胁,矿井8228工作面巷道掘进过程中曾发生陷落柱突水。为查明此导水陷落柱发育边界及其内部充填破碎体分布特征,并对陷落柱进行针对性注浆治理,在井上下综合物探勘探的基础上,采用分层多分支地面定向水平钻钻速录井、钻井液漏失量、岩屑录井、随钻测井等综合探查技术手段,结合数据统计分析,查明导水陷落柱的发育边界、影响带范围和破碎体胶结情况及其分布特征。结果表明,导水陷落柱的长短轴分别为410、200 m,破碎区主要分布在靠近工作面突水巷道运输巷掘进工作面右前方。利用Surpac软件对陷落柱空间结构和发育特征进行三维地质建模,并根据柱体充填物破碎程度将其刻画分区为主通道区、裂隙区和次生裂隙区。针对陷落柱破碎体不同分区,利用定向水平钻进控制技术和阻水塞立体建造注浆工艺分区控制技术,通过充填、挤密、劈裂等不同注浆工艺,对工作面导水陷落柱进行截源、加固等综合治理,最终实现工作面安全回采。定向水平钻分层多分支陷落柱综合探查与治理技术为其他类似工程提供重要的借鉴意义。      

石炭系本溪组其阻水性能及奥陶系顶部充填带的水文地质意义

本文通过对鹤壁－矿本溪组隔水层和奥灰顶部充填带阻水性能的研究，确认本溪组隔水层为一能阻抗奥灰承压水导升的良好隔水层，而奥灰顶部充填带相应地增加了隔水层的厚度，对防止奥灰水向矿坑突水具有十分重要的水大地质意义。     

老公营子煤矿煤层顶板突水机理

为探查内蒙古平庄煤业(集团)有限责任公司老公营子煤矿Ⅰ03(2)工作面突水机理,从工作面涌(突)水量、含水层地下水位、突水点水质3个参数的动态变化判别了突水水源,认为第四系含水层水的参与使矿井涌水量变大而引发突水;从导水裂缝带发育高度、有效隔水层性质、基岩风化带厚度3方面分析了导水通道的形成过程,认为由导水裂缝带、顶板含水层水压作用下的渗流通道和基岩风化带组成的复合导水通道是突水发生的原因。揭示了煤层顶板突水是在特定地质、采矿条件下发生的一个动态变化过程,导水裂缝带是否波及主要充水含水层并非突水是否发生的唯一判据。      

彭阳油田延长组长3段砂岩储层质量控制因素研究

彭阳油田位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,其上三叠统延长组长3段砂岩已发现商业油流,但是对其储层砂岩质量控制因素仍然缺乏了解。本文根据钻井、测井、岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜与岩心物性资料,研究了长3段层序格架与沉积相、砂岩成分与成岩作用特征及其对长3段砂岩储层质量的影响。长3段砂岩为发育在高位体系域早期的具有加积-进积准层序组特征的小型辫状河三角洲平原分流河道沉积,砂体孤立而不连续,成岩环境流体循环不畅而相对封闭,不利于早成岩期酸性大气水的普遍淋滤。长3段砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主。高岩屑和长石含量使砂岩在早期成岩压实中损失了大量粒间孔,高白云岩岩屑含量促进了埋藏成岩期间硬石膏与铁白云石的大量胶结,进一步减少了粒间孔隙。三角洲平原环境促进了早期成岩过程中颗粒蒙脱石包膜的形成,并在埋藏成岩过程中转换为绿泥石包膜或伊利石,尤其是绿泥石包膜抑制了石英增生,使粒间孔得以保存。早成岩期的酸性大气水与埋藏成岩期的有机酸对长石、云母或岩屑的溶蚀对砂岩储层质量的贡献相对有限。长3段砂岩孔隙以残余粒间孔为主,这暗示长3段砂岩在晚三叠世末期剥蚀与侏罗纪末期-新生代的抬升（降低了长3段压实程度）以及埋藏成岩过程中绿泥石颗粒包膜的形成是长3段砂岩孔隙保存的最重要因素。成岩作用促进了长3段孤立砂体的致密化,加剧了该砂岩储层预测难度。     

Characterization of heterogeneity of the Shajara reservoirs of the Shajara formation of the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah group

Representative sandstone samples were collected from the surface-type section of the Shajara Formation of the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah Group for reservoir characterization through fractal dimension investigation. Two models based on mercury intrusion technique were employed to represent the pores characteristics of these sandstones. The results show that realistic dimensions and outstanding fractal features of porous structures in Shajara sandstones, when these materials are correlated by thermodynamic model and 3-D fractal model of mercury intrusion. On the basis of sub-Unayzah unconformity, sub-Middle Shajara local unconformity, mudstone of the Middle Shajara and sub-Khuff unconformity, the three porous and permeable sandstone units of Shajara Formation were treated separately and classified here into three fractal dimension units. The units from base to top are: Lower Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit, Middle Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit, and Upper Shajara Fractal Dimension Unit. The thermodynamic model and 3-D fractal model were effectively used to characterize the porous structures of Shajara sandstones in logical and quantitative way.     

A framework for the palaeozoic geology of the southern part of the New England Geosyncline

The southern part of the New England Geosyncline is divided by the Peel Fault into two major zones, termed the Tablelands Complex to the east and the Tamworth Belt to the west. Because of stratigraphical similarities the Hastings Block is correlated with the Tamworth Belt. Seven major lithostratigraphic associations are recognized in the Tablelands Complex. The Woolomin Association is a deepwater marine chert‐jasper‐basic volcanic‐dominated sequence in which sandstones are rare. The Sandon Association is a turbidite sequence in which minor chert, jasper, and basic volcanics are present. The Coffs Harbour Association is a deepwater marine turbidite sequence and is distinguished from the Sandon Association by the absence of chert, jasper, and basic volcanics. The Nambucca Association is also deepwater marine in nature and is dominated by diamictites deposited by mass movements. The Silverwood Association contains components of a volcanic arc, and the Dummy Creek Association consists of terrestrial to shallow‐water marine sediments deposited in rim synclines associated with the granitic intrusions. The above associations contain sandstones which are predominantly quartz‐poor lithic greywackes and these differ from the Beenleigh Association which contains continental shelf to deepwater marine deposits in which the sandstones are quartz‐rich. Recognition of the associations has been hindered by the intrusion of four granitic suites, metamorphism of the sediments under differing conditions of temperature and pressure, and fragmentation by several large‐scale faults into numerous blocks.     

Slump blocks, intraformational conglomerates and associated erosional structures in Pennsylvanian fluvial strata of eastern Canada

Pennsylvanian fluvial channel sandstones in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia contain numerous examples of eroded mudstone surfaces, including in situ mudstone beds, boulders and slumped blocks. The eroded surfaces bear a variety of structures including linear scours, flutes, longitudinal furrows and rill marks. A block of interchannel mudstone up to 40 m in extent, displays a basal slip-plane, slump-related deformation and evidence of intense corrasion on a channel floor. Mudstone clasts from small pebbles to boulders over 4 m long are common immediately above channel-base erosion surfaces and represent a lag. Clasts over 20 cm diameter are commonly fluted, occasionally on all sides, suggesting clast rotation. Rill marks occur on large mudclasts and in situ mudstone surfaces and indicate emergence and erosion by surging water or surface runoff. Preservation of the delicate erosional structures depended on a highly cohesive mud substrate and subsequent rapid burial. A previous interpretation of the mud blocks and their surficial features as the result of mud intrusion is inconsistent with the field evidence.     

钱塘江河口水流-河床相互作用及对盐水入侵的影响

通过长系列实测水文、地形资料分析,钱塘江河口上段河床具有大冲大淤和洪冲潮淤的演变特性,影响河口上段的潮汐强弱,进而影响盐水入侵。若年内丰水期径流量大,则河床出现“大冲”,河床容积增大,潮汐增强,导致秋季强潮期盐水入侵加剧;反之,若年内丰水期径流量小,河床容积较小,导致秋季强潮期盐水入侵减弱。结果表明,钱塘江径流对盐水入侵存在直接和间接影响:直接影响是盐水入侵与径流量成反比;间接影响是通过径流冲刷河床,引起潮汐增大,间接导致盐水入侵加剧,这是钱塘江河口大冲大淤以及对潮汐巨大反作用的特性造成的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘C-P煤系致密砂岩储层敏感性分析

鄂尔多斯盆地临兴地区上古生界致密砂岩储集层中矿物组成多样、孔隙结构复杂且黏土矿物含量高,直接影响储层改造和开发效果。文章基于X 衍射、铸体薄片、气测孔渗、压汞和敏感性实验,系统研究了储层敏感性及其影响因素。结果表明研究区砂岩中石英和岩屑含量高,长石含量较低,以岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩、长石岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩为主。黏土矿物主要为伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石以及伊/蒙混层;储层普遍低孔低渗,孔隙结构较差。速敏以太原组最强,山西组最弱,与伊利石+绿泥石含量正相关,高岭石含量负相关。水敏下石盒子组最强,太原组最弱,与伊/蒙混层含量正相关。盐敏与水敏有类似特点,与伊/蒙混层含量表现出正相关。酸敏山西组最强,下石盒子组最弱,与绿泥石和铁白云石矿物含量正相关。碱敏性山西组最强,太原组最弱,受长石、石英和高岭石含量影响。相关认识有助于指导研究区钻井、压裂等施工工艺选择和排采控制。     

Thin section and S.E.M. textural criteria for the recognition of cement-dissolution porosity in sandstones

Cement-porosity relationships are described from the Lower Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group and the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group in the United Kingdom. Calcite cemented sandstones display a variety of replacement textures, with preferential replacement of grains and of overgrowth faces with high free-surface energy. Dolomite and siderite cemented sandstones display similar textures but replacement is less specific and euhedral overgrowth surfaces are commonly embayed by carbonates. Examination of the more porous sandstones with the scanning electron microscope reveals a range of pitting and embayment textures in authigenic overgrowths and in detrital grains. These range from small ‘v’-shaped notches and pits, through regular and irregular shaped embayments, into large depressions. These textures appear to be morphologically similar to the quartz surfaces seen in thin sections of carbonate cemented sandstones, and are interpreted to have been formed by the dissolution of pore-filling and grain replacive authigenic carbonates. This is confirmed by examination of experimentally exhumed overgrowth surfaces from carbonate cemented sandstones. These textures indicate that part of the intergranular porosity in these sediments is secondary in origin, and has been generated by the dissolution of carbonate cements. The identification of such textures may lead to a more confident interpretation of the nature of intergranular porosity in the subsurface.     

应用恒速压汞技术定量评价低渗—特低渗砂岩储层微观孔喉特征:以石臼坨凸起陡坡带东三段为例

砂砾岩储层中的低渗—特低渗砂岩对储层整体油气运聚、成藏起到了重要影响。利用恒速压汞技术探讨石臼坨凸起陡坡带东三段扇三角洲砂砾岩储层中不同渗透率级别的低渗—特低渗砂岩储层微观孔喉分布特征及不同尺度孔喉的物性贡献。研究表明:(1)低渗—特低渗砂岩和常规砂岩相比具有孔隙大小中等,喉道半径偏小,孔喉比异常大的特点。渗透率受孔喉半径变化影响更明显,大半径喉道数量和分布是影响储层渗流能力的关键因素;(2)低渗—特低渗砂岩孔隙主控进汞区是控制流体流动最有效最主要的空间,渗透率越高,孔隙主控区的喉道半径范围越大。孔喉过渡进汞区进汞贡献主要来自孔隙和喉道联合进汞,随着喉道半径减小,细喉道逐渐成为流体储集和流动的主要空间;喉道主控区渗透率贡献也很低,微细喉道及微喉道是进汞主体空间,孔隙贡献基本为0,该阶段流体流动能力受喉道半径变化影响较大。随着渗透率增加,低渗—特低渗砂岩渗流能力的决定性喉道半径值从1~2μm增大到3~4μm。基于恒速压汞技术的低渗—特低渗砂岩微观孔喉定量表征填补了渤海海域相关研究的空白,从而有助于实现该类储层全面准确的储层评价。     

分级真空预压法加固吹填土过程中孔隙分布特征

针对实际工程中吹填土自重固结时间过长和真空预压加固过程中排水管容易淤堵、固结、速度减慢的问题,提出了分级真空预压即逐级施加真空荷载的加固方案,进行了室内模拟试验。试验结果表明：吹填土在固结过程中含水率逐渐减小,易溶盐含量逐渐减小,土体强度逐渐增大,吹填土的物理化学性质得到改善,土体固结效果较均匀;同时对吹填土固结过程中取样进行压汞试验,利用分形理论划分了吹填土孔隙分布区间。探讨了固结过程中孔隙分布特征的变化规律：随着固结压力的增加,吹填土中超大孔隙和大孔隙先被压缩成中孔隙,中孔隙再被压缩成小孔隙;孔径分布由大孔隙集中分布(占50%以上)向中孔隙(占35%以上)和小孔隙(占35%以上)发展。