国内外坡缕石粘土成因类型

本文根据国内外坡缕石粘土的研究现状以及坡缕石粘土的产状和成矿作用,提出了坡缕石粘土的成因类型分类方案.     

坡缕石粘土的磷吸附机制及其铁负载效果研究

比较了3种天然坡缕石粘土对不同程度磷污染水体的吸附净化能力,通过等温吸附实验和吸附动力学实验探讨了坡缕石粘土的磷吸附机制,并研究了不同形态铁负载对坡缕石粘土吸附净化磷污染水体性能和机制的影响.结果发现,3种天然坡缕石粘土对不同程度磷污染水体均有一定的吸附净化能力,其中含白云石较多的坡缕石粘土的磷吸附能力最强,吸附等温曲线呈S型,且Freundlich方程(R2=0.977 6)比Langmuir方程(R2=0.924 9)拟合效果更好;准一级方程、冥函数方程、抛物线扩散方程、准二级方程均能较好地模拟坡缕石粘土对磷的吸附动力学过程,说明坡缕石粘土对磷的吸附可能属于不均匀介质的多分子层吸附.此外,不同形态铁负载均能显著增强坡缕石粘土对不同程度磷污染水体的吸附净化能力,吸附等温曲线呈L型,Langmnir方程(Fe2 :R2=0.96,Fe3 :R2=0.967 7)比Freundlich方程(Fe2 :R2=0.965 7,Fe3 :R2=0.936 1)能略好地拟合铁负载坡缕石粘土的磷吸附等温结果,说明铁负载坡缕石粘土的磷吸附过程可能是均匀介质的单分子吸附.适量白云石有助于提高坡缕石粘土的磷吸附净化性能,铁负载可能通过改变坡缕石的表面电荷和吸附活性位点来改变其磷吸附机制,从而提高其磷吸附性能.     

江苏白土山坡缕石粘土矿性能及其应用研究

白土山坡缕石粘土矿床集中赋存于上第三系上新统桂五组。可划分出坡缕石粘土、白云石坡缕石粘土、混合粘土、蒙脱石粘土、海泡石粘土、方解石坡缕石粘土 6种自然类型。其中产于Ⅲ号矿层的坡缕粘土矿质量较好 ,具较高的应用价值。采用加入适量硅酸钠溶液的提纯流程 ,坡缕石矿石品位从30 .9%提高到 84.5 %。经研究坡缕石品位越高 ,导热系数越小 ;密度、含水量越大 ,导热系数越大。坡缕石在 6 5 0℃以下能保持晶体结构基本框架 ,仍具有较低导热系数。经多次试验 ,研制成功性能优良的Ⅲ号隔热保温涂料。     

改性坡缕石粘土的全孔分布研究

为改善坡缕石粘土的表面性能和提高其实用价值,采用酸浸、酸浸 加热、酸浸 加热 甲醛浸渍3种方法处理天然坡缕石粘土,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT_IR)、X荧光光谱(XRF)、BET_比表面积分析(BET_SSA)及全孔分布等分析手段来评估坡缕石粘土的处理效果。结果表明与未经处理的原土相比,经过3种方法处理,坡缕石粘土内部细长而致密有序的晶束被打断、破碎和分散,微晶表面粗糙度增大;杂质特别是碳酸盐的去除效果显著,比表面积是原土的2倍多,总孔容积几乎增加1倍,中孔容积从0.092cm3/g增加到0.15cm3/g左右,平均孔径减小2~3nm;处理后坡缕石粘土的假孔分布峰值在17nm,比原土假孔分布峰值22nm减小约5nm,而且4个样品中的孔几乎都在介孔2~50nm范围内,大孔和微孔很少。但3种处理方法对于坡缕石粘土的处理结果没有太大的差异。     

临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中坡缕石的发现及其环境气候意义

为揭示临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物的矿物组成对环境气候的指示意义, 利用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微分析方法, 对临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物的矿物组成以及坡缕石的矿物学特征进行了深入的研究.结果表明, 沉积物中的坡缕石主要为自生成因, 极少量具有碎屑成因.自生成因的坡缕石呈细长丝状的形态特征, 往往沿片状的伊/蒙混层粘土矿物颗粒的边缘交代、生长;碎屑成因的坡缕石呈平直细纤维状的, 以单颗粒形式产出, 与细小的粘土矿物颗粒混杂, 或叠合在片状粘土矿物颗粒的表面.在临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 下段岩层中的粘土矿物组合为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石;中段岩层的为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土;而上段岩层则为伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和绿泥石, 反映在盆地形成之后, 气候演化经历从湿润→冷干的变化过程.而沉积物中坡缕石的含量自下而上逐渐增多, 其分布特征与粘土矿物组合所反映的气候环境变化趋势相吻合.伊利石和伊/蒙混层粘土普遍存在于临夏盆地晚渐新世沉积物中, 伊利石、伊/蒙混层粘土和高岭石的共存表明这些粘土矿物具有不同的来源.坡缕石是干旱、半干旱地区泥灰岩风化以及风成沙漠尘土沉积物的特征矿物, 临夏盆地晚渐新世的沉积物中碎屑成因坡缕石的发现, 表明自~9Ma以来便出现风成黄土的沉积.      

坡缕石粘土的酸化机理及其影响因素

酸化生产活性坡缕石粘土,对于提高其品位和高效利用有重要意义。坡缕石粘土酸化机理及影响因素研究对其高效利用具有重要理论意义和实践价值。本文综述了酸化坡缕石粘土矿物组分、矿物学、比表面和孔道变化的特征以及酸化的主要影响因素等,并就坡缕石粘土酸化过程中存在的问题及研究方向做了简要论述。     

凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石的内标法X衍射定量分析研究

用聚丙烯酸钠（PAAs）作分散剂,从凹凸棒粘土中提纯得到坡缕石纯样,再被按照5％的含量间隔将坡缕石和刚玉以及石英配比制成一系列的混和样品,采用NBS方法制成X衍射样片,扣除X射线衍射背景后计算出坡缕石110衍射峰和刚玉113衍射峰的积分强度比,以此为y轴,以坡缕石含量为x轴作图,拟合出线性方程,可用于凹凸棒粘土中坡缕石的定量分析。实例验证了该方法中定量分析线性方程的可行性,证明了粘土中非晶态物质的存在。     

甘肃灵台黄土-红粘土序列中坡缕石的分布及其古气候意义

坡缕石是典型的干旱、强蒸发环境的指示矿物,黄土-红粘土序列中坡缕石的分布对古气候和古环境重建具有重要的指示意义。本文对灵台任家坡剖面中黄土、古土壤和红粘土代表性样品进行了场发射扫描电镜和高分辨透射电镜观察,结果发现,在3.6Ma以前沉积的红粘土中存有大量的自生坡缕石,而在3.2Ma以来沉积的红粘土及其上覆黄土古土壤序列没有坡缕石。剖面样品扫描电镜原位观察形貌特征和微观结构显示,坡缕石属于成壤作用自生矿物,系由伊蒙矿物在富镁孔隙液作用下转化形成。灵台剖面中坡缕石消失的层位与红粘土磁化率升高和粉尘通量及沉积速率增加的层位相一致。坡缕石在剖面中的分布指示3.6～3.2Ma前后是东亚季风的重要转型期,东亚古气候格局发生改变,由连续干暖的夏季风占主导向干冷冬季风和暖湿夏季风高频强波动交替环境演化。     

坡缕石对Zn^2＋的吸附性能及吸附工艺条件优化研究

从坡缕石粘土提纯人手，进行了坡缕石吸附Zn^2 的实验研究，结果表明坡缕石对水中Zn^2 的吸附性能主要受振荡速度、吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量等因素影响，30℃时坡缕石对Zn^2 的等温吸附曲线同时符合Langmuir方程和BET方程。在本实验条件下，坡缕石对水中的Zn^2 (20mL，Zn^2 浓度均为50mg／L)的最佳吸附工艺条件为：振荡速度150r／min，吸附时间120min，吸附剂用量0．120g，溶液pH为6．2，此条件下去除率达到T95．5％。     

中国坡缕石粘土矿床成因类型

根据坡缕石粘土的产状和成矿作用,将我国坡缕石粘土矿床划分为5种成因类型:（1）玄武质火山岩成岩蚀变型;（2）火山沉积型;（3）内陆湖相沉积型;（4）岩浆热液型;（5）表生淋滤型。本文初步总结了各类型的地质特征,阐述了主要元素、微量元素、稀土元素和稳定同位素等的地球化学特征,探讨了形成坡缕石粘土的物理化学条件和成矿机理。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.