新疆区域勘查地球化学研究进展及找矿重大突破

新疆区域勘查地球化学研究取得了举世瞩目的成就,勘查成果在行业领域达到较高水平.本文论述了新疆区域勘查地球化学在不同景观区填图、地球化学制图、异常处理、异常评价方法等方向的主要进展,以及新疆区域地球化学勘查成果和找矿的重大突破.     

地球化学异常筛选与评价方法

一、地球化学勘查（简称化探）异常筛选取的理论与方法 化探异常筛选取思路起初有两种不同的基础，一种是强调成矿地质条件，凡与地质成矿理论推断的找矿靶区一致的异常为有评价意义的异常，否则为无评价意义的异常；另一种是强调地球化学异常特征，对异常的找矿前景进行评序与筛选。以上两种化探异常筛选方法都取得了一定的找矿成效。     

MapGIS在制作地球化学异常图中的应用

地球化学勘查始于20世纪50年代，随着找矿难度的加大，地球化学勘查已经不是单一的学科，目前以勘查地球化学为中心，综合地球化学物理空间、地形空间的数据处理方案，形成了一套计算机图像处理系统（MapGIS）。近年来，以传统的计算数据并采用内插法人工勾绘等值线的方法逐渐被淘汰，普遍运用MapGIS其中的数字地面模型（DTM）系统绘制等值线图件，极大地提高了工作效率，且绘制的图件线条匀称圆滑，色泽艳丽，易于修改和保存。     

山东省茌平县土壤元素地球化学特征与质量评价

以茌平县土壤为研究对象,通过系统的地球化学调查,获取了土壤20余项指标含量数据;在此基础上计算了茌平县土壤中背景值和基准值等系列地球化学参数,圈定地球化学异常区,评价了土壤养分和环境地球化学等级、土壤质量地球化学综合等级。结果表明,与山东省土壤背景值平均值相比,茌平县土壤中K、Mn、Pb、V、Mo、I等元素偏低,而有机质、As、Cd、Hg、B等元素偏高。调查区7类异常区域均有分布;土壤质量综合评价以优质等级为主,约占全区面积的73.96%,良好等级约占全区面积的24.67%。     

新疆精河莱历斯高尔铜钼矿床原生地球化学异常

矿区处于博罗霍洛山主脊,属斑岩型铜钼矿床。斑岩体本身为矿体,钼矿在岩体内,铜矿在外接触带。通过矿区北部勘查地球化学工作表明,Mo、Cu、Pb、Ag、As原生地球化学异常规模大、连续性好,形态规则,梯度大。As、Sb、Ag具前缘特征。除Mo、Cu外,Pb、Ag具主成矿元素特征。原生异常纵向分带具轴向分带特征,分带序列有一定的典型意义。从地质、地球化学异常特征、小岩体地球化学特征以及金属预测资源初步计算认为该矿床很有远景。     

绿色勘查在土地质量地球化学调查中的探索与实践

土地质量调查作为地球化学勘查的一种技术手段，具有覆盖面积广、样品类型多等特点。在传统土地质量调查基础上开展绿色勘查具有重要的意义。依据土地质量地球化学调查方法技术体系，提出了土地质量地球化学绿色勘查工作思路，依托胶东典型丘陵区“山东省莱阳北部地区土地质量地球化学调查与评价”项目，系统总结了土地质量地球化学调查中生态环境敏感区识别、点位布设及优化、样品采集及回填、样品加工、采样工具优化等方面的绿色勘查经验和做法，开展了绿色勘查示范，为推广绿色勘查在地球化学勘查工作方面提供了借鉴依据。     

东北黑土带多目标地球化学调查应注意的几个问题——以黑龙江省松嫩平原多目标地球化学调查为例

多目标区域地球化学调查是针对第四纪覆盖区开展的基础性调查工作，主要目标包括基础地质、资源潜力与生态环境等三大方面。调查工作按照1：250000采样网度和采样密度，以系统开展土壤地球化学测量（近岸海域沉积物地球化学测量和湖泊沉积物地球化学测量）为主，水地球化学测量为辅，测定其中数十种无机和有机地球化学指标，编制地球化学图件及编写相应测区调查报告。     

浅谈构造在化控异常评价中的作用

化探异常评价是矿产资源勘查的前期工作，近年来开展的矿产资源预查工作，其前期工作几乎无一例外地首先采用了化探方法。因此，如何深入解释化探异常，如何对化探异常进行评价，直接关系到地质找矿效果，关系到矿产资源勘查工作的成败。根据以往经验，在评价和查证区域化探异常时，除了需要对地球化学方面的影响因素进行分析外，对地质构造环境的分析是区域化探异常评价中至关重要的环节。根据不同的构造环境，化探异常评价中应注意如下问题：     

论生物地球化学分异作用

本文首次提出生物地球化学分异作用的概念。并从地史时期的古生物和现代生物（植物、动物、微生物和人类）的地球化学分异作用事实,论述生物选择吸收分异作用和生物选择富集分异作用两种类型。同时阐明了它们的形成机理：生物体内靶细胞、靶组织和靶器官结构功能和生理作用的特异性和专属性的需求,即内因;而地球的生态环境地球化学物质场内,存在着的电子构型、地球化学参数、物理和化学性质以及不同生态环境条件下,表现各异的地球化学性状的百余种化学元素（离子、分子或化合物）,能够满足各类生物的特异性和专属性的物质需求,即外部条件（外因）。内因与外因相结合即是形成机理。生物地球化学分异作用,可为农业、医疗卫生和营养保健以及环境科学的可持续发展提供科学依据,具有理论和实践意义。     

辽宁岩石地球化学分区特征

通过对辽宁区域岩石41种元素的区域分布研究,作者提出了辽宁岩石元素地球化学分区系统。依次划出1个地球化学省、2个地球化学区、12个地球化学分区及若干地球化学小区。以地球化学分区为基本单位,讨论了各分区岩石元素的浓集状况,指出了不同地球化学分区岩石元素分布的差异,分析了某些元素的富集趋势与成矿的联系。对探讨不同分区的地球化学演化历程,确定找矿方向,具有一定意义。     

SnCl2还原冷原子吸收测定化探样品中的汞

样品经低温稀王水溶解 ,在选定的仪器条件下 ,用氯化亚锡还原 ,测定汞的吸收峰值。方法简便、快速、价廉 ,适用于大批化探样品的测定。     

西大明山-大瑶山隆起带金银成矿元素地球化学特征

通过对西大明山-大瑶山构造-岩浆隆起带的系统观测,获得了各区域地质体金银成矿元素的初始丰度,文章利用最近完成的区域内各1:5万区调地层剖面数据并补充实测的若干区域地化剖面数据,给出了区域基岩地球化学场及其结构的基本面貌,结合区域地质背景对金银成矿元素地球化学特征及地质意义进行分析总结.     

EH-4大地电磁测量仪在山东泰安徂徕地热田勘察中的应用

EH-4大地电磁测量仪是近几年引进的美国Stratagem大地电磁测量系统。该系统设计了特殊的人工电磁波发射源,提高了700 m深度范围的勘探效果,同时又避免了地形地物对物探勘察的工作布置限制。大地电磁测深反演电阻率断面较清晰地反映了地热田导水导热断裂构造的地热地质特征,是基岩构造裂隙带状热储类型的有效勘探方法。     

Rural landscape types and recreational value spatial analysis of valley area of Loess Plateau: A case of Hulu Watershed,Gansu Province,China

Rural landscape is a complex of natural landscape and human landscape, with various values. The recreational value of rural landscape is a kind of comprehensive benefit with economic, social and ecological, which is provided by the rural landscape as a recreational resource. Loess Plateau is located at the junction of northern and northwestern of China, with serious water and soil erosion and fragile ecological environment. Jingning County is the national poor county, belonging to Liupanshan concentrated poverty areas. Hulu Watershed in Jingning is the typical valley area of Loess Plateau. In the past few decades, Jingning facing the fragile ecology and poverty, has been focusing on apple industry, forming unique rural landscape, exploring an ecological development path, and making much progress in green industrialization and urbanization. The author, according to the apple tree's growing stages, divided the rural landscape of Hulu Watershed into 15 types and analyzed its spatial patterns. The recreational value of Hulu Watershed was evaluated at 1.8 × 10~8–3.6 × 10~8 yuan(RMB) in 2014, by Travel Cost Method and Contingent Valuation Method. The territorial differentiational features of recreational value were that the higher value landscape types concentrated in the surrounding areas of towns and central villages, and the areas along the traffic and river had more development potentiality. The main influence factors were the construction of rural landscape and the development of recreation industry. And the development paths of different landscape types were also proposed. The research conclusions can provide reference for the landscape exploration and recreation industry development in the similar underdeveloped areas in the valley area of Loess Plateau with fragile ecology and poverty.     

济宁市旅游地质资源类型及开发保护研究

济宁市旅游地质资源丰富,类型多样,可分为科考/科普性旅游地质资源、观赏性旅游地质资源和商品性旅游地质资源3大类,下有地壳演化地质遗迹、经济地质人类活动遗迹、第四纪现代地质景观、河流湖泊景观、文物性地质景观及观赏石6个亚类,景点众多。对济宁市旅游地质资源进行系统的分析总结,对开发利用和保护旅游地质资源、增长人们对地质遗迹认识、振兴地方经济有重要意义。     

Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Community-based Natural Resource Management in Northeast India

Community-based natural resource management in northeast India has a long history. Indigenous knowledge and adaptation are the collective information, with improvement from generation to generation. The expectation is that under community control, local expertise on biodiversity will play a significant role in natural resource management through traditional practices. This paper discusses the characteristics and application of the traditional ecological knowledge of aboriginal peoples in northeast India and its role in natural resource management. Examples are provided in two different eco-cultural landscapes, i.e., Demazong (the Buddhist eco-cultural landscape in Sikkim Himalaya) and the Apatani eco-cultural landscape in Arunachal Pradesh, which illustrate the utility value of traditional ecological knowledge in sustainable natural resource management. Both eco-cultural landscapes are indeed very complex and highly evolved systems with high levels of economic and ecological efficiencies. The paper concludes that traditional ecological knowledge systems and institutions could serve as entry points into the sustainable utilization and management of natural resources. This could be achieved through the exploration of the cultural practices of the local people and integrating useful aspects into the modern natural resource management expertise. With rapidly depleting biodiversity in the developing tropic regions, there is a greater utilization today than ever before of the value of respecting the "Sacred" as a tool towards better conservation of natural resources.     

中国自然景观综合信息图谱研究

地学图谱是用可视化形式 ,有规律的图形来表现空间信息 ,地学信息图谱是计算机化的地学图谱 ,是地图可视化的一种新形式。中国自然景观综合信息图谱是地学信息图谱研究的一个重要内容。本文首先介绍了自然景观信息图谱的基本概念 ;然后探讨中国自然景观综合信息图谱设计与提炼的技术路线 ,以及中国自然景观综合信息图谱与自然景观单要素信息图谱的提炼方法 ,并给出具体实例 ;最后简要介绍了中国自然景观综合信息图谱信息系统的研制。通过对中国自然景观综合信息图谱的设计与提炼 ,探讨了地学信息图谱的研究思路和技术路线 ,为地学信息图谱的进一步研究 ,提供了可借鉴的方法。     

山东蒙阴小方山地区金伯利岩床的成矿作用及找矿意义

山东蒙阴地区盛产金刚石,一直受到国内外地质学家关注。近年来的勘查和研究表明,该区NW走向的金伯利岩不是以往认为的岩脉,而是岩床,并根据赋存层位发现了新的金伯利岩床——珍宝1号。在此基础上,研究了岩床的微量元素特征,并根据构造的切割与地层展布特征恢复了白垩纪晚期时的原始地貌,对岩床的岩浆来源进行了分析。     

Impact assessment and protection of outstanding landscape integrity in a natural heritage site: Fairy valley, Kanas Nature Reserve, Xinjiang, China

The essential purpose of the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage is to protect the integrity of heritage values. Outstanding landscape is the core embodiment of the aesthetic value of a natural heritage site. This paper proposes a new assessment method from the point of view of the protection of heritage values. It is used to measure the degree of outstanding landscape integrity under the human and natural impact in natural heritage sites. This paper employ three indices, a visual index of outstanding landscape, a harmony index of the artificial landscape and a disturbance index of damaged landscape, to measure the impact of landscape integrity. The impact assessment model is based on a weighted combination of the three indices. The study site is the Fairy Valley, Kanas Nature Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwest China. The information employed is derived from field investigation and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A comprehensive evaluation of the Fairy valley was undertaken and it was determined that the outstanding landscape values are being compromised. Three protection methods are proposed to reduce the adverse effects and maintain landscape quality, thereby providing site managers with suggestions for the protection of natural heritage values. More broadly, the paper contributes novel methods of landscape assessment applicable to natural protected areas.     

Landscape Dynamics and Driving Factors in Da＇an County of Jilin Province in Northeast China During 1956-2000

The landscape pattern of Da＇an County, Northeast China has undergone significant changes since the 1950s as a result of climatic change and human activities. The aim of this paper is to quantitatively study landscape pattern and its spatial dynamics of Da＇an County at the landscape level over the nearly 50-year span. Patch dynamics were examined according to land use and land cover change processes built from a series of images, as well as topographic maps, and temporal patterns built from landscape pattern metrics. The transition matrix of landscape patch types and changes of various landscape metrics were applied. The results showed that, from 1956 to 2000, the landscape within the study area had undertaken a complicated evolution in landscape structure and composition. The outstanding characteristic is that saline-alkali land increased and grassland decreased. As some smaller patches amalgamated, the heterogeneity of patch decreased. All those changes were the synthetic result of both climatic and anthropogenic influences, but the predominant factor was different in different parts. In the southern part of the study area, the landscape pattern changes resulted from the modification of climate obviously, while in the northern part, the landscape pattern changes were mainly caused by human activities, such as the conversion between farmland and saline-alkali land. This phenomenon showed that human activities played more important role in the north than in the south of Da＇an County.