南疆沙漠腹地大气边界层气象要素廓线分析

利用塔中80m观测塔梯度系统采集的2006年8月、10月和2007年1月、4月的风、温度、湿度资料,结合气象站的同步气象资料,对南疆沙漠腹地近地层四季的晴天平均风速、温度、湿度廓线分布特征进行分析。结果表明,晴天平均风速白天随高度升高增加缓慢,夜间较快,低层风速白天比夜间大,高层则白天比夜间小,春夏季风速较大;四季平均温度廓线表现为夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型和傍晚过渡型等四种类型,早、晚过渡时间四季各有不同,日最低、最高温度出现时间四季则相差不大;冬季夜间比湿随高度升高而增大,整个80m近地层表现为逆湿状态,其他季节逆湿一般出现在0．5—1m、1～2m、32—47m、63—80m等4个层次上,各逆湿层出现的时间各季节有所差异。     

Mean wind speed profiles in the air basin of Moscow

Results of measurements of mean wind speed profiles and direction during two years in the center of the city of Moscow are presented. These measurements were performed with a Doppler acoustic profiler (sodar), which was used for continuous monitoring of the wind speed within the height range from 40 to 250–500 m. The averaged seasonal mean profiles are presented along with other observational data, including diurnal cycle parameters, wind speed and direction frequencies at chosen levels, and frequencies and duration of strong winds and calm weather.     

Temperature stratification of the lower atmosphere over Moscow

Features of diurnal and annual cycles and of seasonal changes of temperature stratification in the lower 800-m air layer over Moscow are discussed on the basis of analysis of long-term data of acoustic (sodar) observations at Moscow State University (MSU). Of about 34 000 separate hours of height-time sweep of echo signal during 1988–2003, refined estimates are presented of occurrence frequencies of surface and elevated inversions, unstable stratification, etc., in Moscow. On the basis of long series of hourly sodar data and surface weather observations at MSU, special features of temperature stratification are considered under extremely low and high values of air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. A review is presented of existing data on temperature stratification in central Russia for the whole period of aerological observations; results of acoustic sounding are compared against the data obtained using other techniques.     

科尔沁草原高空风场垂直特征及变化分析

利用2008-2014年CFL20G风廓线雷达数据对科尔沁草原高空风场垂直特征及变化进行研究。主要对高空三维风场季节变化的统计学特征、典型高度层上的变化规律及垂直高度上的日变化规律进行分析。分析发现：四季中高空20-40m/s风速出现的频率最大,3000米至18000米科尔沁草原高空以偏西风为主。垂直高度上水平风速呈一波一谷型变化,随着高度的增加,高层水平风速开始增大的时间有所推后。12600米及以下各层平均风速最小的季节为夏季,最大的季节为冬春两季；19000米平均风速最小的月份为12月份,风速最大月份为8月份。垂直速度在5500米以下有明显日变化,1500米和3000米有较为明显的年变化,最大值出现在春夏交接的4-6月份,最小值出现在12月份,5000米以上垂直速度没有明显的年变化。     

彭州边界层铁塔风梯度特征研究

利用2018年10月~2020年12月彭州边界层铁塔的风速风向观测资料,分析了彭州地区近地面各季节平均风速日变化、盛行风向及污染系数特征,在此基础上,选取彭州大风天气个例,对按月分类法和风速区间法的反演结果进行了有效性验证。结果表明:除夏季10m高度盛行西风以外,其余三季各高度均盛行东北风,秋冬两季各高度东北风出现频率大于春夏两季,每个季节随着高度增加,东北风出现频率均逐渐增大,对应平均风速均逐渐增大。春夏季10m高度的最大污染系数在偏西方向,其他各高度最大污染系数均在东北方向,各层高度最小污染系数多在东南或偏南方向;秋冬季各高度污染系数均大于春夏季,最大均为东北方向,10~20m最小污染系数多在偏南或偏东南方向,60~90m最小污染系数为偏西北方向;彭州铁塔偏西和东北方向不宜布设污染源。两种风速反演方法均能对近地面风速进行较为有效的反演,风速区间法在大风区间的反演效果优于按月分类法。      

Composing the diurnal cycle of mixing height from simultaneous sodar and wind profiler measurements

Mixing heights have been determined independently from sodar and boundary-layer wind profiler measurements carried out at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg of the German Weather Service between 1 June 1994 and 6 July 1994. Good agreement between both systems was found for mixing height values between about 250 m and 700 m, i.e., in an evolving convective boundary layer. Considering the typical sounding ranges of the sodar (50 m up to 800 m) and of the wind profiler (200 m up to higher than 3000 m), simultaneous operation of the two systems is demonstrated to be a promising tool for continously monitoring the mixing height throughout its complete diurnal cycle.     

塔中春季阴天近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线特征分析

利用塔中最新安装的80 m梯度观测塔探测系统采集的资料,详细分析了2006年4月2日1次阴天天气时塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地层风速、温度和湿度廓线演变特征,并与典型晴天廓线做了对比,得到以下结果:(1)阴天,夜间风速廓线风速值随高度增高而增大,但不是以对数增长,而是以比对数关系更快的速度增长;白天,风速很小,近地层10 m上下廓线分布规律各异;(2)温度廓线有夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型及傍晚过渡型4种类型,与晴天类似;(3)比湿廓线存在一个极小值,其出现高度以上比湿随高度增加而增加,廓线呈逆湿特征,极小值出现高度以下比湿随高度减小而增加。     

如东沿海近地层风速及风能时空分布特征研究

利用如东东凌风塔2005年观测资料,研究了该区域近地层风速及风能时空分布特征。结果表明,如东沿海地区5月前后是大风值时段,12月前后为次大风值时段;日变化中,风速最大值出现在17时左右,且高层滞后低层约1小时;风速随高度按自然对数规律增大,10～25m高度随高度递增较明显,40～60m高度的风速主要集中在4～8m·s^-1;距地面10m高度年平均风功率密度约175W·m^-2,随高度呈现乘幂增加趋势,60m高度处达333W·m^-2,平均约270W·m^-2。     

青藏高原东坡高原草甸近地层气象要素与能量输送季节变化分析

本文简要介绍了青藏高原东坡理塘大气综合观测站的情况。利用该站20072008年观测资料, 分析比较了青藏高原东坡地区高原草甸下垫面情况下近地层气象要素及能量输送的季节变化特征。结果表明:理塘地区近地层气象要素及能量输送的季节变化显著, 具有明显的水热同期特点。各个季节近地层气象要素和湍流通量, 如风、气温、感热通量、潜热通量等, 日变化显著。风速、动量通量、摩擦速度等要素的平均日最大值和最小值分别出现在下午和日出前。比湿的峰值出现在日出前。辐射和热平衡分量的日均最大值与最小值分别出现在正午及日出前。地表热源强度分析表明, 理塘白天为热源, 在春夏秋三季夜间为弱的热源与冷源交替出现。在雨季, 潜热输送在陆气间热量交换过程中占主导作用, 感热输送是次要的;干季的结果与雨季相反, 感热是首要的。      

2018年北京城区和远郊区低层大气风场特征分析

利用2018年1月1日至12月31日在北京国家综合气象观测实验基地获得的风廓线雷达资料和同时期在河北香河的华北香河全大气层野外科学观测研究站获得的多普勒声雷达资料,比较分析北京城区和远郊区的低层（0～600 m）大气风场特征。结果表明:水平风速随高度增加而增大,同一高度层,远郊区的平均水平风速大于城区,且受湍流活动影响,城区和远郊区水平风速日变化趋势均为白天小于夜间。春、夏季城区风向受局地山谷风影响显著,以偏西南偏南气流为主,城区和远郊区秋冬季受冷空气活动影响,以西北风为主,且水平风向日变化特征具有季节性差异。远郊区低层大气垂直速度分布特征四季相同,正、负速度出现频率相当,日变化趋势为单峰型;城区冬春季有差异,在390 m高度以下正速度出现频率明显大于负速度,且日变化趋势在四季差异较大。北京城区和郊区风场特征差异与其他特大城市相比无特殊性,主要受大气环流、局地地形、下垫面环境等因素影响。     

Use of a High-Resolution Sodar to Study Surface-layer Turbulence at Night

Measurements in the atmospheric surface layer are generally made with point sensors located in the first few tens of metres. In most cases, however, these measurements are not representative of the whole surface layer. Standard Doppler sodars allow a continuous display of the turbulent thermal structure and wind profiles in the boundary layer up to 1000 m, with a few points, if any, in the surface layer. To overcome these limitations a new sodar configuration is proposed that allows for a higher resolution in the surface layer. Because of its capabilities (echo recording starting at 2 m, echo intensity vertical resolution of approximately 2 m, temporal resolution of 1 s) this sodar is called the surface-layer mini-sodar (SLM-sodar). Features and capabilities of the SLM-sodar are described and compared with the sodar. The comparison of the thermal vertical structure given by the SLM-sodar and the sodar provides evidence that, in most cases, the surface layer presents a level of complexity comparable to that of the entire boundary layer. Considering its high vertical resolution, the SLM-sodar is a promising system for the study of the nocturnal surface layer. The nocturnal SLM-sodar measurements have shown that, depending on wind speed, the structure of the surface layer may change substantially within a short time period. At night, when the wind speed is greater than 3 m s⁻¹, mechanical mixing destroys the wavy structure present in the nocturnal layer. Sonic anemometer measurements have shown that, in such cases, also the sensible heat flux varies with height, reaching a peak in correspondence with the wind speed peak. Under these conditions the assumption of horizontal homogeneity of the surface layer and the choice of the averaging time need to be carefully treated.     

Influence of irrigated agriculture on diurnal surface energy and water fluxes, surface climate, and atmospheric circulation in California

The impact of land use change on regional climate can be substantial but also is variable in space and time. Past observational and modeling work suggests that in a ‘Mediterranean’ climate such as in California’s Central Valley, the impact of irrigated agriculture can be large in the dry season but negligible in the wet season due to seasonal variation in surface energy partitioning. Here we report further analysis of regional climate model simulations showing that diurnal variation in the impact of irrigated agriculture on climate similarly reflects variation in surface energy partitioning, as well as smaller changes in net radiation. With conversion of natural vegetation to irrigated agriculture, statistically significant decreases of 4–8?K at 2?m occurred at midday June–September, and small decreases of ~1?K occurred in winter months only in relatively dry years. This corresponded to reduced sensible heat flux of 100–350?W?m^?2 and increased latent heat fluxes of 200–450?W?m^?2 at the same times and in the same months. We also observed decreases of up to 1,500?m in boundary layer height at midday in summer months, and marginally significant reductions in surface zonal wind speed in July and August at 19:00 PST. The large decrease in daytime temperature due to shifts in energy partitioning overwhelmed any temperature increase related to the reduced zonal sea breeze. Such changes in climate and atmospheric dynamics from conversion to (or away from) irrigated agriculture could have important implications for regional air quality in California’s Central Valley.     

高黎贡山复杂地形下局地环流的数值模拟研究

本文利用中尺度模式WRF（weather research and forecasting）模拟了2016年干季和湿季高黎贡山南段（腾冲—保山地区）山谷风环流,分析YSU、MYJ、MYNN3、ACM2和BouLac五种边界层参数化方案在高黎贡山复杂下垫面的适用性。研究结果表明YSU方案对温度模拟的效果最好;ACM2模拟的风速平均绝对误差最小;MYNN3方案模拟的风向绝对误差最小,YSU方案和MYJ方案模拟的风向日变化趋势与观测更加一致。高黎贡山南段地区上午09时（北京时,下同）出现谷风环流,夜间19时转为山风环流。白天多为偏南风,夜间为偏北风和偏西风。白天山顶气流辐合而山谷气流辐散,夜间相反。白天风速大于夜间。干季西风风力较弱,有利于低层局地环流的发展;而湿季受较强的偏东背景风影响时,局地环流的发展受到抑制,边界层高度也就低于干季。干季西风遇到高黎贡山,在西坡下沉并形成涡旋,西侧湍流混合充分,边界层高度高;湿季偏东风使高黎贡山西侧谷风减弱,腾冲与保山的边界层高度相差不大。     

Relations of lower atmosphere wind dynamics to synoptic conditions and weather phenomena

Nonperiodic vertical and temporal variations in wind direction in the lower 500-meter air layer related to synoptic conditions are studied using the long-term data of acoustic remote sensing by the MODOS sodar at Moscow State University. Average values of wind shear to the right (clockwise) with time as a result of the passage of atmospheric fronts are 55° for cold fronts, 40° for warm fronts, and 45° for occlusion fronts. In some cases the clockwise wind shear may reach 180° per 30 minutes and 720° per several hours. The wind shear to the left with time is usually observed if the northern periphery of anticyclones or the ridge axis pass by. It takes more time than the clockwise wind shear does. Dramatic variations in wind direction with height including synchronous opposite air flows at different heights are observed in the zones of fronts, axes of ridges and troughs (if they are inclined), and cols. The vertical wind shear may reach 250° in the lower 300-meter air layer. Thunderstorms in Moscow are usually accompanied by the average wind speed increase by 1 m/s during 30-40 minutes after their beginning.     

The wind speed shear in the case of stable stratification and the scales of the similarity theory

The wind speed shear in the case of stable stratification in the linear part of the profile spreading high above the surface layer of constant flows is studied using the data of long-term sodar measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer. The wind speed shear in this part remains almost invariable during several hours at the significant change in parameters of the Monin-Obukhov theory. The length of this linear part can be associated with the layer of the critical Richardson number. In the case of the pronounced temperature inversion (with the positive gradient of more than 1°C per 100 m), the wind speed profile is close to the linear function in the most part of the nocturnal mixing layer. Proposed is a scale characterizing the height of the surface layer of constant flows.     

风廓线雷达在高空风场分析中的应用

利用大连风廓线雷达高时空分辨率风场观测资料,统计2011年雷达站上空各层水平及垂直风速的分布特征.通过分析发现:最大水平风速通常出现在12 km上下,受高空急流的影响,各季节高空最大水平风速出现高度不同,4 km以下高空水平风速随高度的变化各月份存在一定差异,4 km以上至最大风速层,水平风速随高度的升高而增大,最大风速层以上至雷达测量的上限水平风速随高度增加先减小后增大;高空垂直风速在夏季较为明显,秋季次之,冬春季节最小;6月是全年月均垂直风速最大的月份,在500～1300 m高度层存在一个上升气流中心,平均风速大于0.6 m/s,2月各高度平均垂直风速全年最小.     

青藏高原东南缘近地层微气象学特征对比分析

本文利用位于青藏高原东南缘的温江和大理大气边界层野外观测资料,对比分析了两站包括风温湿、辐射、湍流通量等在内的近地层微气象学特征,主要结果如下：（1）两站风速值均随着高度的增加而增大,但温江站冬季4～10 m风速在白天出现随高度减小的现象.温江站冬季以东北风为主,夏季以西北风和南风为主;大理站冬季以东南风为主,其次为西南风,夏季则以东风和东南风为主.两站近地层逆温和逆湿现象都非常显著.（2）同一季节温江站大气逆辐射和地表长波辐射大于大理站,向下短波辐射小于大理站.温江站地表长波辐射总是大于大气逆辐射,而大理站白天地表长波辐射大于大气逆辐射,晚上则相反.（3）温江站感热通量冬季大于大理站,夏季小于大理站,而潜热通量无论冬夏都要小于大理站.两站潜热通量均大于感热通量,并且大理站潜热通量月平均日变化值全天始终大于零.无论冬夏,温江站土壤热通量都要小于大理站,随着深度的增加两站土壤热通量均有位相上的延迟.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地起沙阈值计算解析

临界起沙风速是判别风沙活动能否发生的关键指标,其变化受到地表状况及大气环境的综合影响。为了进一步认识临界起沙风速在野外条件下的变化规律,选取塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中作为研究区,在综合考虑地表土壤粒径、土壤湿度、空气密度等因素的基础上,利用经验公式计算了该地区每月的临界起沙风速。得出：（1）塔中地区2 m高度的临界摩擦速度值介于0.24～0.36 m/s,均值为0.31 m/s;（2）塔中地区2 m高度的临界起沙风速值介于3.9～5.9 m/s,均值为5.1 m/s;（3）塔中地区起沙阈值,最高值出现在夏季,次高值出现在冬季,春季最小。     

Sodar observations of the atmospheric boundary layer over the ocean during ASTEX-91

A complex marine experiment was conducted in autumn 1991 on the research vessel Dmitry Mendelev in association with the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX). A three-axis Doppler sodar designed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Moscow, was used in this experiment. Total observation time was about 770 hours from 6 October to 23 November. Besides facsimile records illustrating spatial and temporal structure of the turbulence distribution in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), routine quantitative measurements of profiles of wind and echo-signal strength were taken. Some main characteristics of the ABL behavior over the ocean were revealed through an analysis of these data as well as the results of other kinds of measurements. An important peculiarity of the ABL observed between the Canary Islands and the Azores was the presence of diurnal variation of convective turbulence strength having a maximum between 04:00 and 07:00 LT. A similar diurnal variation was observed for low-level cloud cover. Occurrence of various types of thermal stratification and their diurnal variation were obtained. Comparison of elevated stable layers and low-level cumulus showed that the lower boundary of clouds correlates well with the height of the bottom of elevated inversion layers (at heights of 200–600 m). Canary and Cabo Verde observations showed that islands strongly affect the ABL structure. The strong effect of a surface water temperature gradient on the ABL stability was observed when crossing the Canary, Azores, and Labrador currents and the Gulf Stream.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地大气边界层参数化方案的模拟评估

沙尘起沙、沉降、传输均受到沙漠地区大气边界层条件的制约。沙漠地区观测资料匮乏,限制大气边界层模拟效果的检验和评估。利用WRFV3.7.1中尺度数值模式中5种边界层参数化方案(ACM2、BL、MYJ、MYNN2.5、YSU),模拟2014年4月塔克拉玛干沙漠大气边界层特征,并与塔中80 m塔及风廓线雷达晴朗天气下的观测资料对比分析。结果表明:5种方案均能模拟出近地面气温及地表温度,边界层高度,感热、潜热、地表热通量的变化趋势,但未能模拟出边界层风速的日变化趋势,温风湿廓线能较好的反映晴日沙漠地区边界层结构的变化特征,但未模拟出风速随高度变化趋势。沙漠地区下垫面干燥,热容量低,晴天极易形成对流不稳定边界层,非局地湍流参数化方案,ACM2方案是沙漠地区大气边界层模拟较为合理的选择。