基于地震剖面瞬时峰值能量频率的衰减分析与气藏预测方法

由于流体本身的粘滞性和摩擦性,使得地震波在含油气地层中传播时衰减形成低频阴影.通过对叠后地震资料做时频分解,分析地层衰减特征,是当前除了AVO技术之外,比较流行的直接识别流体和气藏的技术.本文基于波动方程正演,模拟了地震波对含油气地层的响应.然后采用连续小波变换分析不同尺度剖面的瞬时能量特征,提取分频剖面上每一个点的峰值能量对应的频率,得到瞬时峰值能量频率剖面.通过分析瞬时峰值能量频率剖面,分析了地震波在地下介质中传播时的衰减特征.最后应用此方法对实际地震剖面进行了分析,验证了其有效性.     

利用正演技术识别地震解释中的假象

绕曲、小型地堑以及陷落柱在地震时间剖面上地震特征容易混淆,相互之间不易识别从而形成地震假象,给地震构造解释带来的困惑.为了识别这些地质现象在地震时间剖面上的真实反映.通过利用正演模拟技术研究这些地震假象的识别方法,采用地质资料设计不同地质现象的地震模型,正演分析了在叠加、叠后偏移和叠前偏移等地震时间剖面上的响应特征以及采用不同初始迭代速度模型处理的叠前偏移剖面上的特征.认为通过分析地震绕射波的响应特征、采用适合的初始迭代速度进行叠前时间偏移处理可以分辨出这些地震假象.最后利用地震勘探实例对总结方法的效果进行了验证.     

用宽频带高分辨率地震预测薄层储层分布

针对松辽盆地北部中浅层薄层识别难的问题,我们研究了用宽频带高分辨率地震预测薄层储层分布的方法。通过正演数据分析,发现薄层地震反射具有振幅随频率变化而变化的特征-简称为AVF特征,并提出利用储层反射AVF特征计算薄层储层的厚度,用薄层厚度对应的宽频带高分辨率地震方法预测薄层储层分布。该方法在松辽盆地肇源3D地区的实际应用中,大大提高了地震分辨率,查明了一大批薄层储层。该方法在油气勘探与开发中也有着广泛的应用领域,例如,井位设计,尤其是水平井设计,试油层位选择,开发井油层连通性分析等。     

深水陡坡带地质模型波场正演模拟

近年来,全球海上油气勘探热点逐渐由浅水走向深水,而地震资料采集和处理是制约深水油气勘探的重要因素.以往资料表明,受采集观测系统的影响,深水盆地陡坡带的地震成像效果往往较差,对边界断层和下伏地层产状的认识造成严重影响.本文根据巴布亚盆地某深水工区实际数据,构建典型深水陡坡带地质模型,通过地震波场正演模拟方法对陡坡带地震采集的观测方式进行优化.结合基于波动方程的单炮照明和多炮照明组合等地震照明方法对目标层进行照明分析,探索影响陡坡带深大断层和上、下盘地层成像效果的原因.最后通过局部炮集数据进行叠前深度偏移处理,进一步验证波场正演模拟和照明分析指导观测系统优化设计的有效性.波场正演模拟和照明分析结果表明,对于拖缆式地震采集,采用左侧激发、长排列接收方式对深水陡坡带成像具有相对较好的效果.     

哈拉湖地区低频可控震源天然气水合物地球物理响应特征研究

我国陆域天然气水合物主要分布于青藏高原和漠河地区.由于永久冻土层的存在,地震勘探很难获得高品质的资料,给天然气水合物勘探带来了诸多困难.为解决冻土层对地震信号的衰减问题,在哈拉湖地区采用低频可控震源进行地震资料采集试验,通过提高覆盖次数,获得了较高信噪比的地震资料.在高质量地震资料基础上,进行精细速度分析,获得了较准确的叠加速度谱资料;然后以层速度剖面为基础建立正演模型,开展天然气水合物地震正演模拟研究;最后利用叠后偏移地震数据进行地震属性分析.通过正演模拟和地震属性综合研究,总结了天然气水合物的地球物理响应特征,速度突变和空白反射带可作为哈拉湖地区陆域天然气水合物识别的敏感因素.     

基于波动方程正演模拟的多尺度地震资料反射特征分析

地面地震、VSP和井间地震等多尺度地震资料在油气勘探开发中发挥着重要的作用,但不同的观测尺度和资料采集处理方式限制了多种资料之间的有效匹配和综合应用.通过对同一地质体模型采用波动方程开展正演模拟分析,进一步开展逆时偏移有利于更好地建立起多尺度地震资料之间的联系与差异.分析表明,地面地震、VSP和井间地震等不同尺度下的观测资料都能在对应的范围内准确反映地质体的地震反射特征,而观测尺度和观测方式的不同则导致多尺度地震资料在分辨率、波场信息丰富程度和观测范围等方面存在差异;正演模拟地震道的时频分析进一步表明多尺度地震资料在时间域和频率域都存在着较好的联系,特别是井间地震和VSP等井中地震资料能够提供更为合理、可靠的高频信息,在提高地面地震资料分辨率方面具有明显的优势,为开展多尺度地震资料的综合研究与应用提供了基础.     

黏弹介质VSP高斯射线正演模拟

为了研究黏弹介质中VSP地震勘探地震波的波场特征,在理论分析地震波在黏弹介质中传播特性的基础上,采用高斯射线束方法对黏弹介质VSP地震进行波场正演模拟.正演结果与各向同性介质及VTI介质VSP正演对比,体现了地震波在黏弹介质中传播的特点.同时VSP高斯束正演方法能够解决复杂构造正演盲区问题,其动力学特征更能反映黏弹介质对地震波传播的影响,计算速度又优于波动方程类正演方法,正演结果能有效分辨地震波场特征,为VSP数据处理与解释提供了借鉴.     

隐蔽油气藏地震预测技术研究新进展

本文分析了隐蔽油气藏预测的现状和存在问题，在详细介绍了地震技术预测隐蔽油气藏的研究进展的基础上，阐述叠前保幅地震资料处理、正演模拟、岩石物理参数分析、地震反演、AVO分析和叠前弹性反演等技术的特点，指出了隐蔽油气藏定量描述需在叠前真振幅处理地震资料的基础上,岩石物理参数研究和正演结合探究含油气性地震属性特征，正演与反演相互结合和验证，岩石物理分析技术贯穿地震正、反演的整个过程，是今后隐蔽油气藏勘探发展的必然趋势.     

少井区鲕滩储层敏感地震属性优选及预测

全球油气资源中碳酸盐岩油气藏所占比重很大,碳酸盐岩油气主要分布在台地边缘的礁滩中,对于鲕滩储层横向预测,以地震属性预测方法最为常见.然而并不是所有的地震属性都能很好的反映储层特征,这其中必然要涉及到属性优选的问题.但是对于井位很少的工区,常规的地震属性优选方法无法准确的优选属性.因此本文在结合前人经验基础上,提出少井区基于模型的地震属性优选方法,根据鲕滩储层典型的地震剖面,建立正演模型,分析地震属性与鲕滩储层厚度之间的关系,进而优选地震属性,为提高勘探前期区块的地震储层预测精度,提供了新的思路和方法.     

流体检测频变特征分析:以物理模型数据为例(英文)

Chapman多尺度岩石物理模型研究认为,不同流体类型饱和的地震响应特征表现为不同的频率变化特征。第一类AVO类型的储层含气地震响应,频谱能量向高频移动形成"高频亮点",第三类AVO类型的储层含油气后的地震响应特征为"低频阴影"。本文以物理模型数据为例,通过频变地震响应特征分析,验证了Chapman第一类AVO响应的"高频亮点"的结果。以实际地质参数为背景,设计砂泥岩薄互层物理模型,分别进行固定炮检距和二维观测得到含不同类型流体的地震数据,采用谱分解技术分析了薄互层物理模型在含气、含水和含油时的频变地震响应特征。物理模型数据处理与分析结果表明,控制地震响应频谱特征的主要机制包括反射波调谐效应和与流体相关的衰减或频散特征。其次,通过对地震数据频变特征分析,可以将第一类AVO储层含气后的频变异常与含水或含油区分开。物理模型实例数据分析证实了不同流体充填后所产生的频谱响应特征异常,因此,通过对实际地震数据的细致分析,可以得到流体类型变化引起的频谱特征异常,实现利用地震数据进行流体检测。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

中国大陆构造环境监测网络基准站多路径效应影响因素浅析

在数据完整率达到95%的基础上,为进一步确保中国大陆构造环境监测网络GNSS基准站观测数据质量,选取2010—2020年全国基准站观测数据,采用TEQC软件进行质量检验,分类整理其中多路径效应计算结果呈典型特征的台站,结合观测环境状态,对多路径效应存在的区域性特征进行分析,发现除接收机天线周围发生遮挡外,硬件更换、台站周围地势差等因素,均对多路径效应产生不同程度的影响,可为建站选址和观测环境监测工作提供参考。