Studies on seismic source

During the period of 1999~2002, the Chinese seismologists made a serious of developments in the study on seismic sources including observations, experiments and theory. In the field of observation, the methods of the accuracy location of earthquake sources, the inversion of seismic moment tensor and the mechanism of earthquake source are improved and developed. A lot of important earthquake events are studied by using these methods. The rupture processes of these events are inverted and investigated combined with the local stress fields and the tectonic moment by using the measurements of surface deformation. In the fields of experiments and theory, many developments are obtained in cause of seismic formation, condition of stress and tectonics, dynamics of earthquake rupture, rock fracture and nucleation of strong earthquakes.     

智利M_W8.3地震与M_W8.8地震的震源过程及其引起的库仑应力特征

2015年9月17日6时54分32秒(北京时间)智利中部伊拉佩尔附近(震中31.57°S,71.67°W)发生了一次M_w8.3大地震,在此次地震震中以南约500 km处的马乌莱地区曾于2010年2月27日14时34分11秒发生过一次M_w8.8强震(震中36.12°S,72.90°W),两次地震余震分布区之间有约75 km的地震空区.本文利用远场体波与面波波形,基于有限断层模型,反演了这两次地震的震源破裂过程.结果显示这两次地震均为逆冲型大地震,2015年伊拉佩尔M_w8.3地震的平均滑动角度为107°,平均滑动量为2.43 m,平均破裂速度为1.82 km·s~(-1),标量地震矩为3.28×10~(21)Nm,95%的标量地震矩在104 s内得到了释放.最大滑动量约8 m,位于沿走向75 km,深度8 km处.2010年马乌莱M_w8.8地震的平均滑动角度为109°,平均滑动量为4.95 m,平均破裂速度1.90 km·s~(-1),标量地震矩为1.86×10~(22)Nm,95%的标量地震矩在121 s内得到了释放.最大滑动量约12.5 m,位于沿走向100 km,深度21 km处.2015年伊拉佩尔M_w8.3地震浅部更大的滑动量应该是其引起了较大海啸的一个原因.基于破裂滑动分布,我们计算了这两次地震引起的周边俯冲带上静态库仑应力变化,结果显示两次地震均显著增加了周边俯冲带上的库仑应力,2010年马乌莱地震使得2015.年伊拉佩尔地震震源区附近的库仑应力增加了(0.01~0.15)×10~5Pa,从应力积累的角度看,2010年马乌莱地震有利于2015年伊拉佩尔地震的发生,对后者的发生起到了促进作用.     

河北文安MS5.1地震前首都圈及邻近地区震源动力学参数时空变化特征

Source spectra,corner frequency and zero frequency amplitudes in near-source conditions were measured using waveform data from 989 earthquakes with magnitudes larger than ML2.0 observed by the Beijing Digital Telemetry Seismic Network in the Capital Circle Region of China and its surrounding areas from January 2002 to June 2006 by the Brune model.Relevant formulas that were used for the calculation of dynamic source parameters include rupture radius,seismic moment,seismic energy,stress drop,and apparent stress.Scaling relations and characteristics of temporal-spatial variations of these dynamic parameters before the MS5.1 Wenan earthquake in Hebei Province that occurred on July 20,2006 were analyzed.Results show that apparent stress,stress drop,and the ratio of seismic energy to the rupture radius had relatively high values in some areas before the Wenan earthquake.These high-value concentration areas were mainly distributed in the North China Plain seismic zone.As is seen from the time curves,parameters,such as apparent stress,stress drop,and ratio of seismic energy to rupture radius underwent significant ascending processes before the Wenan earthquake,but the variation in the corner frequency showed a descending trend.This result might be related to the enhancement of stress in the North China Plain seismic zone before the earthquake.     

四川地区震源参数和台站场地响应初步研究

利用成都遥测数字地震台网数字地震波形数据资料,采用Atkinson方法得到四川地区的品质因子Q值与频率,的关系为：Q（f）=203．1f0.834。采用Moya方法反演得到了地震的场地响应,采用Moya方法与Atldnson方法分别得到了相应地震的震源谱参数,两种方法的结果保持了很好的一致性。得到的震源参数结果表明：地震矩与震级的关系为：logM0=17．27＋1．18Mt,地震矩与拐角频率关系,即随着地震矩的增大,拐角频率减小,这些地震的应力降在10-400巴之间,应力降与地震矩之间没有明显的依赖关系。     

世纪之交我国震源物理研究的进展与展望

从大陆地震震源的观测研究、震源力学的理论研究和震源物理实验三个方面，评述了90年代以来中国震源物理研究的进展.这些进展包括：大陆地震的震源参数测定；利用数字地震资料进行的“现代”震源参数的反演；地震断裂力学的应用和发展；非线性物理学在震源研究中的应用；岩石破裂实验的发展；地震前兆的物理机制的实验研究等.指出了新技术的发展和现代物理科学的发展对90年代以来震源物理研究的重要影响．展望了跨世纪的我国震源物理研究的发展方向，指出震源物理研究的进展必将在大陆地震预测和减轻地震灾害方面发挥积极的作用．     

近期国外震源研究综述

本文简要介绍了近年来国外在地震震源、台阵（网）资料在震源参数研究中的应用,全球震源谱对比、地震破裂传播方向、遗传算法在震源参数研究中的应用,地震矩、拐角频率、震源尺度、应力降与震源模型的探讨,以及确定初动震源机制的新方法等方面的研究情况和动态,并对其中的研究结果给予了一定的评述。     

山西地区震源新参数间关系初探

利用“十五”数字化后山西地震台网记录的612次 ML ≥2．0地震,使用中国地震局地震预测研究所推广的中小地震新参数计算软件,计算其中148次事件的震源新参数,对地震矩、矩震级、震源破裂尺度、应力降、拐角频率等参数间的定标关系做初步研究,得出 ML 震级与地震矩、矩震级间存在较好的线性正相关;震级与震源尺度间存在多项式关系;与应力降的对数呈显著正相关,当大于 ML 4．0后,随着震级的增大,释放的应力降略有变缓;与拐角频率的对数呈负相关。     

1995年陡河地震前后小震震源参数及其相互关系

在震源谱的多台多震尾波解法的基础上,应用Brune震源模型,求解1995年10月6日陡河ML5.9地震前后在其周围发生的48次小地震的震源因子和震源波谱,进而估算了地震矩、拐角频率和应力降,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系和在陡河地震前后随时间的变化．结果表明:小震震源因子表现出相当大的稳定性,震源因子的峰值频率和随频率的变化形态都很相似．发现震前一年左右曾多次出现应力降较高的事件．需要指出的是,考虑到应力降由地震矩和拐角频率计算得到以及地震矩和拐角频率的相关关系,实际上,这里的高应力降指的是拐角频率高于正常值的情形．      

山东长岛地区地震波非弹性衰减Q值、场地响应及震源参数研究

利用山东台网记录的长岛震群2017年2月14日—9月1日期间的波形与震相资料研究长岛地区非弹性衰减系数,得到该地区介质平均Q值与频率f的关系式为Q(f)=363.9f1.374 1。采用Moya等[1]提出的利用遗传算法联合反演得到长岛周边台站的场地响应,根据Brune模型震源参数计算公式求解长岛震群序列地震震源参数。结果显示,各个震源参数之间均存在一定的相关关系,地震矩随ML震级的增大而增加,地震矩与破裂半径R之间存在半对数关系,拐角频率fc随地震矩的增大而减少;长岛地震序列的应力降数值普遍偏小,最大不超过0.9MPa,这意味着长岛震源区整体构造应力较低,也可能指示长岛震群为低摩擦应力的断层作用;震源参数随时间的变化方面,整体而言,长岛震群地震应力降变化起伏很大,在M4.1地震发生前,拐角频率与应力降均发生快速下降后随即翻转上升的现象,证明在M4.1地震发生前震源区整体应力的挤压逐渐增强。     

Apparent stress scaling for tectonic and induced seismicity: Model and observations

A macroscopic model of seismic sources provides a scaling relationship for the apparent stress, treated as a function of three independent parameters: seismic moment, rupture area size, and average slip acceleration. These parameters represent three different factors: kinematic, geometric and material. This relationship allows us to distinguish and explain the following statistical characteristics of the log apparent stress versus log seismic moment plot. The regional trends, represented by a series of 1/2 slope lines, are related to the averaged shape of slip velocity pulses, so they reflect kinematic characteristics of the rupture process. The global trend, represented by the 1/6 slope line, is expected to characterize sets of events of wide range of rupture area sizes and assumes dependence of rupture area size on total slip, so it is related to the rupture initiation, propagation and arrest conditions; therefore, it reflects earthquake rupture dynamics. Additional shiftings among the trend lines obtained for the smallest induced tremors, larger tectonic earthquakes, and slow tsunami earthquakes, reflect differences between the intact rock failure and the frictional slip failure, that is, between fracture energies of these different earthquake classes.     

2013年岷漳地震和2014年景谷地震的能矩比对比研究

2013年岷漳地震和2014年景谷地震两个地震的矩震级均为M_W6.1,但相同等级烈度区域的面积差异显著,前者均明显大于后者.地面震动的强烈程度与震源破裂过程中辐射的地震波高频成分密切相关,作者系统地测定与研究了这两个地震的震源谱和反映其震源特征的能矩比等震源参量.结果表明,虽然岷漳地震和景谷地震释放的地震矩基本相同,分别为1.6×10¹⁸Nm和1.8×10¹⁸Nm,而且前者还比后者略小些,但其释放的地震波辐射能却差异显著,分别为1.3×10¹⁴J和0.6×10¹⁴J;因而前者的能矩比（8.1×10^-5）是后者能矩比（3.3×10^-5）的大约2.5倍.相应地,岷漳地震的视应力和应力降也都明显大于景谷地震的视应力和应力降.此外,这两个地震震源谱结果均显示出其高频趋势均按角频率ω的-2幂次衰减,符合"ω²模式";采用理论震源谱公式计算结果分别约占实际结果的54%和50%,两个地震的地震波辐射能解析解之间的差异依然约2.3倍.震源破裂特征的显著差异导致岷漳地震单位地震矩释放的地震波辐射能更多,即岷漳地震能矩比更大,是导致这两个矩震级均为M_W6.1地震的地震烈度差异显著的一个重要原因.     

广西南丹大厂矿区震源参数研究

利用广西南丹县大厂矿区地震监测台网记录的地震波资料,采用Brune（1970）模型,将速度记录谱归算为震源位移谱,使用遗传算法计算拐角频率及零频极限,然后计算地震矩、应力降等小震震源参数,并系统分析各种参数之间的关系。大厂矿区38次较大地震的震源参数计算结果为：地震矩范围在2.18×1011~7.89×1012 N·m之间;震源破裂半径78~439m;地震应力降在0.01~1.79 MPa之间。表明：地震矩与震级、震源半径、拐角频率之间呈线性关系,而应力降不依赖于地震矩,分布较为离散。大厂矿区应力降值明显偏低,这可能与该区域背景应力低有关。     

Stress drop assessment of the August 8, 2017, Jiuzhaigou earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications*

By using a broadband Lg attenuation model developed for the Tibetan Plateau, we isolate source terms by removing attenuation and site effects from the observed Lg-wave displacement spectra of the M7.0 earthquake that occurred on August 8, 2017, in Jiuzhaigou, China, and its aftershock sequence. Thus, the source parameters, including the scalar seismic moment, corner frequency and stress drop, of these events can be further estimated. The estimated stress drops vary from 47.1 kPa to 7149.6 kPa, with a median value of 59.4 kPa and most values falling between 50 kPa and 75 kPa. The estimated stress drops show significant spatial variations. Lower stress drops were mainly found close to the mainshock and on the seismogenic fault plane with large coseismic slip. In contrast, the highest stress drop was 7.1 MPa for the mainshock, and relatively large stress drops were also found for aftershocks away from the major seismogenic fault and at depths deeper than the zone with large coseismic slip. By using a statistical method, we found self-similarity among some of the aftershocks with a nearly constant stress drop. In contrast, the stress drop increased with the seismic moment for other aftershocks. The amount of stress released during earthquakes is a fundamental characteristic of the earthquake rupture process. As such, the stress drop represents a key parameter for improving our understanding of earthquake source physics.     

姚安地震序列与大姚地震序列震源参数的对比研究

2000年1月15日在云南省姚安县发生了M_S6.5地震, 2003年7月21日和10月16日在云南省大姚县发生了M_S6.2、 M_S6.1地震。 这两个地震序列均发生在滇中块体, 震中位置相距42.5 km, 构造、 应力背景相似, 但序列类型不同, 时间间隔短。 为深入研究姚安地震和大姚地震序列的特征, 根据昆明区域数字台网记录的数字地震波资料, 利用遗传算法计算了2000年姚安地震和2003年大姚地震序列的震源参数。 研究结果表明, 姚安地震序列和大姚地震序列的地震矩和近震震级有很好的线性关系, 它们的地震矩M₀均在10¹²~10¹⁴ N·m, 地震矩与震源半径之间呈线性关系。 应力降随震级变化不明显。 拐角频率和地震矩之间有明显的依赖关系, 用最小二乘法拟合拐角频率和地震矩的关系式, 利用此关系式可计算出给定地震矩的拐角频率估计值f_a, 进而可分析实际计算的拐角频率与估计值之差(f_c-f_a)的时间变化曲线。 姚安地震序列和大姚地震序列实际计算的拐角频率与估计值之差(f_c-f_a)及应力降随时间的变化表现出了不同的特征: 姚安地震序列的应力降和拐角频率差值在4.3级和4.6级强余震前均有一个上升-下降过程, 反映余震区应力场有一个增高-下降过程; 大姚地震序列应力降和拐角频率差值在M_S≥4.6强余震发生之前均会出现高值异常, 但在M_S4.6～4.7地震之前出现的高值异常持续时间短, 在M_S6.1地震前出现的高值异常持续较长。 文中结合两个地震的发震构造, 序列类型等特征进行了分析讨论。     

2014年2月12日M_w6.9于田地震震源破裂过程及对周围断层的应力影响

2014年2月12日,在新疆于田县发生了里氏7.3级地震.在该地震震中附近,前人研究证明发育了大量规模不同的活动断层(如康西瓦断裂与贡嘎错断裂等).根据地震触发理论,地震发生后因地壳同震变形会导致其周边不同性质断裂破裂应力发生变化,进而影响其地震的潜在危险性.本文利用地震远场波形记录,反演了该地震滑动模型.之后,根据弹性无限半空间位错理论,计算了该地震在近场范围内活动断裂上的同震应力变化.其目的在于讨论于田地震引起的附近断裂上的库仑应力变化以及这些活动断裂可能潜在的地震危险性.在地震发生后,从国际地震学联合会(IRIS)地震数据中心,下载了震中距离介于30°~90°的地震远场波形记录,为保证台站方位角分布均匀,从中挑选了27个不同方位角的高信噪比地震记录参与理论地震图的生成和波形反演过程.我们采用广义射线理论计算生成远场理论地震波形数据.每个子断层参数的反演则利用基于全局化反演的快速模拟退火反演方法.在有限断层反演过程中,我们采用了强调波形拟合的相关误差函数作为待反演的目标函数,拟合的断层参数使目标函数为最小.之后,根据弹性无限半空间位错理论,以库仑破裂准则为基础,结合反演得到的地震震源机制解和地震位错模型,计算该地震引起的近场断层面上库仑应力的变化.由远场波形计算结果可以看到,于田地震的震源深度为10km,地震断层的倾角约71.9°,破裂面上最大的同震位移达到210cm,以左旋走滑为主并具有正倾滑分量,地震能量主要在前15s内释放.由此得到该地震的地震矩为2.91×1019 N·m,地震震级为Mw6.9.于田地震引发的余震,大致分布在三个区域内:普鲁断裂北部、康西瓦断裂东部和贡嘎错断裂中部.弹性应力计算结果表明,于田地震导致阿尔金断裂西段、普鲁断裂中段、康西瓦断裂东段和贡嘎错断裂中段的静态库仑应力明显增加,其中以康西瓦断裂东段和贡嘎错断裂中段应力增量为最大,分别达到了0.05 MPa和0.04 MPa.大量研究证明,当地震所导致的库仑应力变化大于0.01 MPa时将具有明显的地震触发作用.根据本文结果,2014年于田Mw6.9地震使普鲁断裂、贡嘎错断裂和康西瓦断裂上的库仑应力增量均超过了触发阈值,具有被触发出地震的潜在危险.因此,在以后的地震学研究中,应加强对该三条断裂地震危险性的研究和监测.此外,近6年以来,研究区域发生了3次6级以上的地震.这些地震均沿着贡嘎错断裂,由南西向北东迁移,逐步靠近阿尔金断裂,并且逐渐由正倾滑型地震转变为走滑型地震.阿尔金断裂的走滑速率达到了9mm·a-1,所以,尽管本次地震导致的阿尔金断裂库仑应力增量小于0.01 MPa,阿尔金的地震危险性也应该加强监测.     

co-seismic coulomb stress changes and its influences on aftershock distribution and surrounding faults caused by 2014 ludian earthquake,yunnan

The studies of earthquake stress transfer and its influence on regional seismicity have found that earthquake occurrences are highly interactive and correlated rather than isolated and random in traditional point in recently years. A lot of phenomena in earthquake observations such as aftershock distribution, stress shadow, earthquake interaction and migration were well explained based on the theory of earthquake stress interaction. It is important that understanding the process of earthquake interaction could give an insight into the physical mechanism of earthquake cycle, and could help us assess the seismic hazard in future.It has long been recognized that regional stress accumulated by tectonic motion is released when earthquake occurs. When earthquakes occur, the accumulated stress does not vanish completely, but is redistributed through the process of stress transfer, and then the redistributed stress may trigger potential earthquakes. The increment of Coulomb failure stress loading in the certain regions may improve the seismic activities. By contrast, the decrement of Coulomb failure stress in the areas of stress shadow where the stress on faults may unload could lead to the decrement of seismic activities.On August 3, 2014, an M_S6.5 earthquake occurred in Zhaotong-Ludian region, Yunnan Province, China, killing and injuring hundreds of people. Therefore, it is critical to outline the areas with potential aftershocks before reconstruction and re-settlement so as to avoid future disasters. Based on the elastic dislocation theory and multi-layered lithospheric model, we calculate the co-stress changes caused by the Zhaotong-Ludian earthquakes to discuss its influences on aftershock distribution and surrounding faults. It is shown that the Coulomb stress changes based on the rupture in the NNW direction can explain better the aftershock distribution. It indicates that the NNW direction may represent the real rupture. The aftershocks mainly distribute in the regions with increased stress along main rupture and west to the rupture. In other regions with increased stress, the distributions of aftershock are rare which may indicate the low tectonic stress accumulation in these regions. The stress accumulation and corresponding seismic hazard on the southern part of Zhaotong Fault, Qiaojia segment of Zemuhe-Xiaojiang Fault and northeastern part of Lianfeng Fault are further increased by the Zhaotong-Ludian earthquake. We should pay special attention to the southern part of Zhaotong Fault where seismic activity is very high in recently years and the increment of Coulomb failure stress in this area is more than 0.1bar(0.1bar is the threshold of earthquake triggering). In order to make a more objective and comprehensive discussion, we calculate the sensitivity of the parameters such as effective coefficient of friction, the calculated depth and multilayered crustal model.     

川滇地区7级大震前中强震震源机制变化

分析了 70年代以来 ,川滇地区发生的 8次 7级大震前 5年内 ,发生在大震孕震区和震源区内的中强震震源机制解时空分布。结果表明 ,最早中强震发生在大震震源区或其附近 ,其发震应力场与区域构造应力场一致 ,与大多数大震发震应力场一致或接近。大多数中强震震源破裂特征与大震明显不同。之后有多次中强震发生在距大震震源区较远的大震孕震区内其他地方 ,它们的发震应力场往往经历了与区域构造应力场和大震应力场一致与不一致的多次交替变化。大震前最后 1个中强震也发生在距大震震源区较近的地方 ,其发震应力场与大震发震应力场明显不一致 ,偏转了 30°～ 5 0° ,或更多 ,大多数也与区域构造应力场不一致 ,有的中强震发震断裂破裂特征与大震不一致。大震前中强震震源机制的变化 ,反映了大震孕育过程的不同阶段 ,区域构造应力场的时空调整变化和增强过程 ,以及由此引发的构造断裂异常活动 ,揭示出与大震发生有关的应力场和震源破裂特征信息     

2000年姚安地震的震源参数

根据近场小孔径观测台网记录的余震序列资料，研究了2000年1月15日云南姚安MS6.4地震序列的地震物理过程. 用地震标定律关系估算主震的地震矩M0=1.58×1018N·m，矩震级MW=6.0，平均位错=0.63m，断层长度L=16.6km，断层宽度W=5.6km. 余震序列的高精度定位结果和能量分布走向，很好地证实了主震的断层破裂走向为N50°W，震区马尾菁断裂为主震发震构造，断层错动性质以右旋走滑为主. 用横波记录资料及波谱分析方法估算出余震的震源参数: 地震矩范围为1010～1016N·m，震源破裂半径a为80～500m，地震应力降范围为0.01～9.5MPa. 较大应力降(Δσ>1.0MPa)沿主断层线性排列，大应力降(Δσ>2.0MPa)与ML≥3.0级地震相关. 余震能量释放和高应力降的地震多发生在6.0～11km的深度范围，说明在这一深度范围内最大程度地集中了地壳中的应力.     

更新模型在缺少大震离逝时间的活动断裂强震发生概率计算中的应用研究

利用更新模型计算未来几十年内发生强震的条件概率需要给出上一次大震的离逝时间T, 而很多活动断裂上缺少历史大震的记载, 若采用泊松模型则可能会低估强震发生的概率.针对这种缺少大震离逝时间的活动断裂, 本文提出一种以记载完整的强震平静期长度T_s为参数的条件概率计算方法. 以东昆仑断裂带塔藏段为实例, 利用本文给出的条件概率计算方法得到该段未来50年发生强震的可能性为0.0649.      

The focus parameters and their correlation from small earthquakes before and after the 1995 Douhe earthquake

IntroductionTheseismoIogymethodofearthquakepredictionissometimessimplycalled"predictingearthquakebyearthquake",thatis,animpendinglargeearthquakeispredictedonbasisofsomefeaturesofsmaIlearthquakesoccurredbeforeit.Forthispurpose,thecharactersoftemporaryspatiaIandmagnitudedistributionofsmalIearthquakesareintensiveIyinvestigated,whichareusuallycalIedasseismicitymethod.ThesuccessfuIpredictionofHaichengearthquakeinl975wasitSremarkabIeappIication.Besides,thepossibIechangesincharactersofseismicsou…