声波测井相控圆弧阵及其辐射指向性

为了实现声波测井的周向分辨能力,提出了可应用于声波测井的、具有周向辐射指向性的相控圆弧阵声波辐射器方案.声波测井圆弧阵发射换能器由多个压电振子沿着圆周排列,通过控制各个振子的激励时间可以实现向某个方位方向的声波辐射.本文以自制的28阵元相控圆弧阵为例,理论和实验研究了相控圆弧阵的辐射指向性及其与阵元个数、声波频率等参数之间的关系.研究表明,在声波测井频率范围内,随着工作阵元个数和频率的增加,圆弧阵辐射声波的周向指向性增强,理论研究和实验研究取得了相一致的结果.与现有的声波测井单极子、偶极子和四极子声源相比,在井下采用相控圆弧阵作为声波辐射器可以真正实现方位声波测井,在各向异性地层评价、定向钻井和井间地层评价等石油工程中有良好的应用前景.     

三层介质模型震相分析与地壳结构

本文用超声波方法在层状介质中进行地震模型试验研究,试图寻找一种解决某些地壳和地球内部构造问题的方法。试验中使用SYC-2型声波岩石参数测定仪,换能器是用锆钛酸铅（Pb（Ti,zr）O₃）晶体制成,共有三个换能器,一个做发射探头,两个做接收探头。波形由双踪示波管显示,以利于波形对比和震相追踪。 用黄蜡、石膏和有机玻璃等板材制造一个三层介质地壳模型,来模拟辽南地区的地壳结构,并将发射探头放在上层模型的侧面,成功地模拟了有深度的震源。文中详细分析了该模型中的主要震相,并与辽南地区的天然地震进行了对比,从而为辽南地区的地壳结构提供了一个旁证,也为今后对比某地区的地壳结构提供了一种新的方法。     

相控震源在矿产勘探中应用的数值模拟研究

为满足深部矿区精细勘探的需求,研究适于矿区的震源技术至关重要.在便携式电磁驱动可控震源应用于矿区勘探过程中,单电磁驱动可控震源和组合震源分辨率不高.本文基于相控震源技术,采用有限差分方法,对二维地下空间不同介质模型的波场传播及地面接收点的响应进行数值模拟.模拟中,震源分别使用单震源、延时时间为0 ms及1.33 ms的9单元相控源,介质模型采用均匀、水平层状、不规则矿区模型,得到如下结果:均匀介质下相控震源激励定向地震波,0 ms、1.33 ms延时参数下相控源激发固定方向地震波,方向分别为90°和70.4°;层状介质模型下,0 ms参数下相控源产生的垂向地震波方向不随介质变化,1.33 ms相控源激励的定向地震波在不同介质中仍然具有方向性,但随波速变化,地震波发生偏折,地震波主波束方向由70.4°,依次变为68.5°,66.0°,63.7°,61.1°;不规则矿区模型下,1.33 ms相控源激发的地震波在首层介质内传播方向为70.4°,围岩内为65.4°,矿体内为63.1°.在水平层状矿区介质结构下,与单震源相比,1.33 ms和0 ms相控源令接收点信噪比分别提高了14.1 dB和10.2 dB;在不规则矿区模型下,1.33 ms和0 ms相控源较单震源令接收点信噪比提高了18.9 dB和14.9 dB.由此得到如下结论:相控源在复杂介质模型下仍具有激发定向地震波的能力,尽管波束方向在不同介质内会发生偏折;在多种延时参数下,相控源都具有改善接收数据信噪比的能力.综上所述,相控震源技术能有效提高矿集区的数据采集质量.     

石油勘探用薄圆环压电换能器的瞬态特性分析

分析了石油勘探中采用的薄圆环压电换能器的瞬态响应，研究了它的等效电路并确定了电压激励信号与换能器瞬态振动之间的转换函数。利用留数定理，推导出了在两种类型电压信号激励下，薄圆环压电换能器声源函数的时域及频域的解析式，同时真实地表示了薄圆环压电换能器的实际声源函数。选择合适的压电材料和周围的耦合液体，可以改善发射声波信号的质量．在一定发射功率条件下，保持换能器的几何尺寸不变，降低换能器的共振频率，从而能增加声波测井仪的探测深度和随钻测量（ＭＷＤ）声纳导向系统的测量距离。     

精密控制震源发射信号设计方法研究

考虑到精密控制震源特点,研究了多种精密控制震源发射信号的设计方案,并提出离散点拟合精密控制震源信号设计方法.计算表明,按照发射频谱、相关子波形态和发射能量3个方面的评价,离散点拟合精密控制震源信号设计方法可以灵活设计出比较好的精密控制震源发射信号,对提高精密主动地震监测的震相信息分辨率具有实际意义.     

薄圆管压电换能器瞬态响应及其在井中激发声场

针对声波测井中采用的柱状薄圆管压电换能器,提出一种研究换能器响应的解析方法.该方法考虑了轴向与径向振动之间的耦合作用,导出置于耦合液体中压电换能器径向位移满足的微分方程和频域传递函数,比较分析了不同激励源作用下换能器的位移响应特性.利用波数域实轴积分法,计算了换能器在弹性地层井孔中激发的声场,研究了不同地层中的波形差异.与前人在假定声源强度的模型下只能求出波场的相对幅度不同,本文得出在一定激励电压作用下换能器在井孔中激发声场的幅度值.这为说明声波测井响应信号的强弱及仪器的声系设计提供了依据,对估计动电效应测井信号的强弱有参考意义.     

小震震源参数与震源机制的联合测定

本文采用一个非均匀破裂圆盘位错模式,考虑到介质-仪器系统的影响,计算了它在不同幅射方向的P波初动位移与半周期,以及几组用于测定震源参数的理论曲线。在采用1/4周期测定介质的Q值和球面拟合震源机制解的基础上,给出了一个小震震源参数与震源机制的联合测定方法。该方法的实质是,将震源断层面作为被测参数的一部分,并同时考虑它对其它被测参数的影响,从而获得单个小震震源参数与震源机制的相应解。最后,根据新丰江水库区四个台的小震资料作了实测与分析,所得结果为:介质的平均Q值约450,地震矩1019——1020达因厘米,平均应力降约35巴;其震源机制解亦反映了本区构造应力场的主要特征。      

DB16智能大型岩土工程无损检测仪及其应用

介绍一种智能大型岩土工程无损检测仪及其应用。该仪器以大功率稀土超磁致伸缩换能器作震源，以与计算机并行接口连接的高速数据传输的16通道DB16数据采集系统进行声波采集，以高灵敏度的低频压电陶瓷(PZT)换能器作接收，用声波层析成像(CT)技术进行数据处理，检测结果用彩色等高图表示。该仪器从参数的设置到数据的采集、保存、CT数据的处理、CT成像等全在一专用软件中完成，操作方便快捷。给出了利用本仪器对某大型水库的泄流深孔挑流鼻坎混凝土浇注质量无损检测的应用实例。     

层状介质的声波波动方程反演

基于广义反射透射系数矩阵正演方法 ,讨论了层状介质的声波波动方程反问题 .推导出波数频率域中的雅可比矩阵的解析表达式 ,其计算在正演过程中求出 .采用最小二方法可得到层介质参数 .数值结果表明反演方法的正确有效性 .     

含黏性流体孔隙介质分界面上反透射系数特征研究

地下岩石由岩石骨架和孔隙流体组成,通常流体含黏性.地震波在地下介质中传播时受岩石骨架和黏性流体的影响会呈现出复杂的变化.本文将流、固体位移和应力连续作为边界条件,推导出含黏性流体孔隙介质分界面上反透射系数方程;通过建立上层为饱油、下层为饱盐水的砂岩孔隙介质模型,开展反透射系数特征研究,分别分析不同频率、不同黏滞系数条件下,含黏性流体孔隙介质分界面上反透射系数随入射角的变化.研究表明,孔隙介质分界面上和等效介质分界面上的反透射系数分别随入射角的变化趋势基本一致,说明方程推导和数值计算的正确性;快纵波反透射系数受频率、流体黏性的影响较小,而快横波反透射系数在一定入射角范围内受频率、流体黏性的影响比较大;由于黏性孔隙流体的作用,慢纵波和慢横波的反透射系数受入射角、频率及流体黏性的影响都很大.     

添加固体碳源对垂直流人工湿地污水处理效果的影响

以垂直流人工湿地小试系统为研究对象,探讨了不同位置(表层、上层、中层和下层)添加固体碳源对系统氮、磷及COD_Cr去除效果的影响.结果表明:湿地下层硝态氮去除率低于中层,最适宜碳源添加位置为垂直流人工湿地中、下层.添加碳源系统中,碳源添加位置为表层的系统COD_Cr去除率最高,各系统出水COD_Cr浓度均低于进水,不引起系统出水中COD_Cr浓度的增加.添加碳源显著提高脱氮除磷效果,碳源添加位置为下层的系统TN去除率最高,碳源添加位置为表层的系统氨氧化作用明显,出水铵态氮浓度最高,各系统对亚硝态氮和硝态氮去除率差异不明显,但对硝态氮都表现出良好的去除效果.碳源添加位置为下层的系统硝化作用最完全,TP去除能力也显著优于其他各系统.添加碳源至垂直流人工湿地下层可以达到同步脱氮除磷的效果.     

2.5D scattering of incident plane SV waves by a canyon in layered half-space

This paper presents a 2.5D scattering of incident plane SV waves by a canyon in a layered half-space by using the indirect boundary element method (IBEM). A free field response analysis is performed to provide the displacements and stresses on the boundary of the canyon where fictitious uniform moving loads are applied to calculate the Green’s functions for the displacements and stresses. The amplitudes of the loads are determined by the boundary conditions. The free field displacements are added to the fic...     

One-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion using an adaptation of Zohdy's resistivity method

An iterative refinement method for determining a layered resistivity model from a Schlumberger or Wenner sounding curve is adapted to determine a layered resistivity model by using apparent resistivity and phase derived from the magnetotelluric impedance. Magnetotelluric observations presented as a function of period are first converted to an approximate resistivity–depth profile using Schmucker's transformation and this is used to construct an initial guess (starting) model. A two-stage procedure is then invoked. Keeping resistivities constant, layer boundaries are first adjusted to give a minimum misfit between measured data and responses and this is followed by resistivity adjustments with fixed layer boundaries to reduce the misfit further. The method is illustrated by application to some synthetic data both exact and with added noise, to a real field data set and to some magnetotelluric profile data obtained in a survey over the Carnmenellis granites in south Cornwall. The method is validated by recovering conductivity models from the exact and noisy 1D synthetic data. For complicated three-dimensional data at a single site and along a profile of stations, the method is shown to produce acceptable solutions which may be used as starting models in further two- or three-dimensional studies.     

Nonlocal fluxes and Stokes drift effects in the K-profile parameterization

 The K-profile parameterization of upper-ocean mixing is tested and extended using observations and large eddy simulations of upper-ocean response to a westerly windburst. A nonlocal momentum flux term is added, and the amplitude of the nonlocal scalar flux is recalibrated. Parameterizations of Stokes drift effects are added following recent work by McWilliams and Sullivan (2001). These changes allow the parameterization to produce both realistic gradients of momentum and scalars in the nocturnal boundary layer and enhanced mixing during stable conditions. The revised parameterization is expected to produce improved representations of lateral advection and sea-surface temperature in large-scale models. Received: 31 August 2001 / Accepted: 15 December 2001     

EVANESCENT EFFECTS IN ACOUSTICAL WAVE PROPAGATION*

The propagation of transient acoustic pressure waves in a layer enclosed between two, not necessarily identical, half-spaces is considered. The source and the receivers are always located in the same half-space and at the same depth. The source excitation function is a narrow causal spike. Several thicknesses of the layer are examined including the case in which the embedded layer vanishes. The phenomena of ‘constricted’ head waves and wide-angle reflections in the layer are examined in detail using a ‘numerical experimentation’ approach. First, a closed-form solution is numerically evaluated. Then this solution is developed in series and each term is evaluated separately using the same numerical techniques. When the contribution of an individual high-order term becomes unimportant, all higher order terms are discarded, and the response is constructed by superposition of the previously computed low-order terms only. Propagation by wide-angle reflections from inside the layer is of interest. When the thickness of the layer is reduced to a fraction of the wavelength, these events consist typically of a low amplitude, high frequency, geometrical acoustics arrival, followed by higher amplitude, low frequency, non-geometrical coda. When all important low-order terms are added, the non-geometrical events tend to interfere destructively, leaving a waveform nearly identical to that obtained by integration of the closed-form solution. When the thickness of the embedded layer is measured in fractions of the dominant wavelength, none of the individual terms of the series development can be duplicated by asymptotic ray tracing. However, because the codas of the various terms interfere destructively, the total response may be well-represented by the addition of a few low-order rays, using asymptotic approximation. This discovery extends the usefulness of Huygens-Kirchhoff ray tracing to modeling of wave propagation in thin layers.     

非规则测区三维地震偏移的边界吸收层法

对不规则测区的地震资料直接进行三维偏移不仅可减少计算量,而且可提高偏移剖面的质量. 本文在单程波方程中增加了一项简单的阻尼因子,其作用如同在实际不规则测区的外部有一个薄吸收层. 因为波穿越这个薄层时,波场值迅速衰减,所以偏移时把吸收层外边界处的波场值取为零所产生的反射非常微弱. 又因为不规则测区零边界条件偏移程序极易编制,所以就可以实现对不规则测区的地震资料直接进行三维偏移. 通过对实际地震资料的处理,说明了该方法的有效性.     

Low-frequency anisotropy in fractured and layered media

Computing effective medium properties is very important when upscaling data measured at small scale. In the presence of stratigraphic layering, seismic velocities and anisotropy parameters are scale and frequency dependent. For a porous layer permeated by aligned fractures, wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can also cause significant dispersion in velocities and anisotropy parameters. In this study, we compare the dispersion of anisotropy parameters due to fracturing and layering at low frequencies. We consider a two-layer model consisting of an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce anisotropy parameters dispersion due to fractures (meso-scale) in the sand layer. This intrinsic dispersion is added to anisotropy parameters dispersion induced by layering (macro-scale) at low frequencies. We derive the series coefficients that control the behaviour of anisotropy parameters at low frequencies. We investigate the influences of fracture length and fracture density on fracturing effect, layering effect and combined effect versus frequency and volume fraction of sand layer. Numerical modelling results indicate that the frequency dependence due to layering is not always the dominant effect of the effective properties of the medium. The intrinsic dispersion is not negligible compared with the layering effect while evaluating the frequency-dependent properties of the layered medium.     

F_1层未充分发展时的电离层剖面反演

垂测电离图反演对研究电离层结构及运动、电离层波传播、空间气象应用等具有重要意义,一直以来受到十分广泛的重视.F_1层未充分发展的回波描迹是垂测电离图中观测到的最多的一种情况,此时垂测描迹上表现为F_1层到F_2层的平滑过渡,而不是F_1层充分发展时出现的尖点,然而现有电离层模型以及反演算法更多的是针对F_1层充分发展情况,即模型剖面在F_1层峰高处近似为抛物形状,此处电子浓度剖面梯度为无穷大,这不符合F_1层未充分发展时的剖面形态,即F_1层剖面未到达抛物顶点处就已经达到该层电子浓度的最大值然后到达F_2层,剖面梯度为一个有限的数值.因此,本文针对垂直探测中经常出现的F_1层未充分发展情况,引入F_1层模型设定临频这一参数,建立了F_1层未充分发展时的基于移位切比雪夫多项式的电离层模型,并从电离层剖面的光滑性考虑,在所建模型的基础上,提出了约束优化F_1层参数、F_2层参数的垂测电离图反演方法.然后,通过仿真分析,从理论上验证了所建电离层模型和反演算法的合理性,并通过反演电子浓度剖面合成的垂测、斜测描迹与实测数据的对比,对反演算法的有效性进行了进一步的试验验证.     

Strontium isotopic evidence against magma addition in the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex

Sr-isotopic data from the Main and Upper Zones of the Bushveld Complex show that the evolution of the Upper Zone started with a large influx of magma close to the level of the “Pyroxenite Marker”, a distinctive orthopyroxenite layer in otherwise relatively uniform gabbronorites. Whole rock samples, which span the complete stratigraphic succession (ca. 2100 m) above this layer, fall on a single RbSr isochron (2066 ± 58Ma) and hence have a common initial ratio of 0.7073 ± 1. This ratio is significantly lower than those of the Main Zone (ca. 0.7085), below the level of the Pyroxenite Marker.The entire Upper Zone crystallized from a mixed magma which was thoroughly blended before crystallization. This magma had an isotopic ratio intermediate between that of the Main Zone and the added magma which had an initial ratio of ca. 0.7067. Further significant magma additions during crystallization are precluded unless they were of the same isotopic composition as the blended magma, which is considered improbable. Hence the layering and mineralogical diversity of the Upper Zone was produced by internal processes and not produced by magma influxes during crystallization.The lithological, compositional and isotopic changes at the Pyroxenite Marker and the petrological coherence of all rocks above this horizon support the placing of the Upper Zone boundary at this point in the stratigraphy.