海底电场传感器原理及研制技术

因海底电场信号微弱，海下自然环境复杂以及海水导电介质以氯离子为主等原因，用于海下电场测量的电场传感器在材料和结构上有其特殊性。研制海底电场传感器成为开展海洋大地电磁探测的重要技术内容之一。研制过程遇到的主要技术问题有；海底电极材料的选择；电极的制作工艺；承压与密封技术；海水运动对测量产生不利影响的克服办法；水下弱信号传输的抗干扰问题，等等，阐述了对上述问题的解决办法。提出了海底电场传感器的全套研制方案。并列举了相关的室内模拟实验和海洋试验的结果。     

海底电磁探测仪器的承压密封舱

在海底进行电磁场探测必须解决仪器的承压密封问题。密封舱的体重对海上投放作业的难易程度有直接影响。为协调设备安全与海上施工效率的一致性,对所研制的承压密封舱需进行合理设计,以较小的体积和重量实现所规定的承压指标。论述了海底电磁探测仪器的承压密封舱的可靠性设计方法、舱体内部的器件安装结构及海底测量过程,压力模拟试验表明所研制的承压密封舱已达到设计要求。     

海底环境参数采集电路的硬件实现及其驱动软件设计

海底大地电磁探测与陆上同类探测的技术差别之一是其测量过程受环境因素的影响较大.为真实地获取海底岩石介质的电性模型, 在对海底大地电磁实测信号进行数据处理的同时, 需参考海底仪器的方位朝向、倾斜姿态等信息, 以便认识海底电磁场真实的矢量变化方向, 进而实现对整个测网多站位的统一资料解释.为达到这一目的, 海底大地电磁仪内部设有环境参数采集通道, 该通道对诸如方位、倾斜、温度等信息实施分时循环采集.电路包括PC104嵌入式计算机、多路选择开关、逻辑控制门阵列等硬件单元.在硬件架构搭建完成后, 开发出相配套的电路驱动软件, 实现对海底环境参数的实时记录与存储.近期的海洋试验效果显示, 所研制的电路硬件及其驱动软件已达到设计要求.      

海底大地电磁信号采集的技术难点

海底大地电磁探测要解决的首要问题是海底信号采集。对于陆上已广泛使用且采集技术已较为成熟的大地电磁测深法来说 ,该方法在海洋中的应用并不是一个简单的方法移植问题。由于海洋环境的严酷、海上作业的风险和海底信号微弱 ,要实现海底大地电磁信号采集面临着重重困难。为实现预期的探测目标 ,需采用一系列高新技术 ,包括微弱信号检测技术、海底多台观测系统的高精度同步技术、智能化控制技术、水下密封承压技术以及硬件系统集成技术等等。对海底大地电磁探测所遇到的难点技术问题作了初步的探讨     

海水层对海洋大地电磁勘探的影响研究

为了研究海水层对大地电磁测深的影响,建立了一维层状模型并进行计算。结果表明,海水层对电磁场的影响特征主要表现为高频段的影响大于低频段,磁场的影响大于电场,相位的影响大于振幅。针对海洋大地电磁测深中使用远参考道问题,设计了三种二维地电模型(取参考点位于陆地或海底,测点位于海底),并对三种模型的大地电磁响应进行了有限单元法数值模拟,通过异常对比研究表明,在海洋大地电磁测深中可以使用远参考道,获得海底深部介质的地电信息。     

水中电偶极子空中磁场响应的一维频率域分析

海洋电磁中浅海作业由于受到空气波的干扰而难于进行,而如果于空中接收电偶极子的磁场响应则可避免空气波的干扰,是一种新的海洋电磁勘探思路。用一维频率域程序,对水中电偶极子在空中的磁场响应进行了计算分析,比较了海底有高阻异常层和低阻异常层时空中磁场响应的变化规律。分别计算测线布置、发射信号频、海水深度、异常储层埋深、异常储层厚度、储层电阻率、空中测量高度等多种因素对空中磁场响应的影响,结果表明,海底有低阻层时空中磁场有更强的响应,归一化幅度异常变化约为10%~60%,而海底有高阻异常储层时响应较弱,归一化异幅度常变化约为2%~8%。因此海洋电磁勘探中于空中接收磁场的模式,更适合浅海区低阻矿产资源的大面积调查。     

国家863计划课题“海底大地电磁探测技术”研究进展

1　研究内容和目标“海底大地电磁探测技术 ( 82 0 -0 3 -0 4 )”研究课题属于国家 863计划海洋技术研究领域。该课题由中国地质大学负责 ,参加单位有中南工业大学、广州海洋地质调查局、同济大学和长春科技大学。该课题研究的最终目标是建立我国的海底大地电磁探测技术 ,为即将开始的我国海域区域地质调查提供新的技术支撑 ,为发展我国的海洋电磁探测奠定基础。其主要研究内容包括 :( 1 )海底大地电磁仪器的研制 ;( 2 )海底大地电磁探测技术研究 (包括理论和海上作业技术研究 ,以及海上试验研究 ) ;( 3 )海底大地电磁数据处理和解释系统研…     

海底MT采集电路在非实时监控状态下的容错性设计

测量海底大地电磁场的仪器系统只能以非实时监控模式运行,这给信号的采集工作带来诸多不可预测的因素。在测量周期长、条件恶劣且与人员隔绝的时空条件下,信号测试过程会受到来自环境干扰和电路异常等方面的影响。因而,预防干扰及自动纠错成为海底大地电磁信号采集电路必须具备的功能。针对可能出现的电路故障,设计相应的软硬件纠错方案以确保海底的仪器始终正常工作是十分重要的。详细分析了海洋作业过程中由于强烈振动的影响、电子盘的写盘噪声以及方向传感器的电磁辐射等方面的故障及其产生的原因,并提出了软件与硬件相结合的容错性设计方案,实现了海底电磁信号采集在非实时监控状态下的容错功能。     

MicrOBEM:小型海底电磁接收机

海底电磁接收机主要用于海底大地电磁与可控源电磁信号高精度观测。针对现有海底电磁接收机(OBEM-Ⅲ型)体积大、功耗大、成本高等不足,开展了小型化、低功耗、低成本方面的技术研究。MicrOBEM小型海底电磁接收机开发了新的低功耗控制单元、低功耗前置放大器,配置了低功耗磁通门传感器,采取先进的电源管理技术,使得整机功耗由现有海底电磁接收机(OBEM-Ⅲ型)的1 600 mW下降至500 mW(搭载感应式磁传感器配置)以内。针对传统的声学释放器昂贵、笨重(需要匹配更多的浮力材料)等问题,通过集成水声通讯模块,并增加外置的电腐蚀释放装置方式实现释放回收,MicrOBEM仅需一个直径为17 in(1 in=2.54 cm)的玻璃浮球作为浮体,大幅降低仪器的体积和硬件成本,提升了设备的集成度和作业效率。MicrOBEM的体积(不含测量臂等)相比OBEM-Ⅲ减少3/4,功耗减少2/3,成本降低1/2,并于2021年3月在南海南部开展了深水大地电磁试验,其大地电磁测量功能得到初步验证,具有小体积、低功耗、低成本的优势。     

海洋可控源电磁发射系统中的绝缘在线监测技术研究

海洋可控源电磁法广泛用于天然气水合物、海底油气资源勘探和地质构造勘查。在海上作业时,船载甲板供电单元通过深拖缆向海底的海洋可控源电磁发射机提供电能。利用深拖缆传输高压大功率电能的过程中,需要对高压供电回路的绝缘电阻进行自动实时测量和监测,确保电能的安全传输和供电异常时的及时处理。本文基于高压宽频耦合器件、绝缘检测模块、远程数据传输部件和上位机监控软件,通过收集高压端至外壳地之间的漏电电流,将其模拟放大,通过测量电压值,反算绝缘电阻,实现了对高压回路对大地之间绝缘电阻的自动测量和监测。所形成的自动绝缘在线监测技术,经过海上试验验证,能够满足海洋可控源电磁发射系统的要求,很好地在线评价了系统的绝缘性能,为海洋仪器同类功能的研发提供了有益的参考。     

Experimental Verification and Research for the Distortion in the Integrated Frequency Responses of the High-Pressure Sealed Cabin and Magnetic Field Sensor

Although magnetotelluric sounding method applied to the land is advanced, there are many difficulties when it is applied to marine environment, one of which is how to lay magnetic field sensors down to the seafloor to complete measurements. To protect the magnetic field sensors from intense erosion and high pressure, suitable high-pressure sealed cabins must be designed to load them. For the consideration of magnetic measurement and marine operation, the sealed pressure cabin should be nonmagnetic and transportable. Among all optional materials, LC4 super-hard aluminum alloy has the highest performance of price/quality ratio to make the sealed pressure cabin. However, it does not mean that the high-pressure sealed cabin made using LC4 will be perfect in performance. In fact, because of its weak magnetism, the pressure cabin made using LC4 has distorting effect on frequency responses of the magnetic field sensors sealed in it. This distorting effect does not affect the use of the magnetic field sensor, but if we want to eliminate its effect, we should study it by experimental measurements. In our experiment tests, frequency sweep magnetic field as excitation signal was used, and then responses of the magnetic field sensor before and after being loaded into the high-pressure sealed cabin were measured. Finally, normalized abnormal curves for the frequency responses were obtained, through which we could show how the high-pressure sealed cabin produces effects on the responses of the magnetic field sensor. Experimental results suggest that the response distortion induced by the sealed pressure cabin appears on mid- andhigh-frequency areas. Using experimental results as standardization data, the frequency responses collected from seafloor magnetotelluric measurements can be corrected to restore real information about the seafloor field source.     

GMM—a gas monitoring module for long-term detection of methane leakage from the seafloor

A new seafloor lander module, the Gas Monitoring Module (GMM), has been developed for continuous and long-term measurements of methane concentration in seawater at the benthic boundary layer, as a result of marine environmental geology and technology synergy. The module is designed to host a series of sensors controlled and managed by a data acquisition and control system able to perform first-level data quality checks. The prototype includes semiconductor methane sensors, an H₂S sensor and a CTD for temperature, salinity, pressure recording, as well as interfaces for additional sensors. The GMM can be linked to submarine cables for real-time data transmission to onshore operators and is suitable for long-term monitoring of natural gas emissions from seafloor or leakages from pipelines and boreholes.     

Effects of galvanic distortions on magnetotelluric data: Interpretation and its correction using deep electrical data

The non-inductive galvanic disturbances due to surficial bodies, lying smaller than high frequency skin depth, cause serious interpretational errors in magnetotelluric data. These frequency independent distortions result in a quasi-static shift between the apparent resistivity curves known as static shift. Two-dimensional modelling studies, for the effects of surficial bodies on magnetotelluric interpretation, show that the transverse electric (TE) mode apparent resistivity curves are hardly affected compared to the transverse magnetic (TM) mode curves, facilitating the correction by using a curve shifting method to match low frequency asymptotes. But in the case of field data the problem is rather complicated because of the random distribution of geometry and conductivity of near surface inhomogeneities. Here we present the use of deep resistivity sounding (DRS) data to constrain MT static shift. Direct current sensitivity studies show that the behaviour of MT static shift can be estimated using DC resistivity measurements close to the MT sounding station to appreciable depths. The distorted data set is corrected using the MT response for DRS model and further subject to joint inversion with DRS data. Joint inversion leads to better estimation of MT parameters compared to the separate inversion of data sets.     

大地电磁标定曲线的畸变及校正

以野外实际工作为例,对大地电磁测深系统中磁探头的响应函数进行分析,总结了转角频率的偏高或偏低与视电阻率和相位曲线畸变之间的关系,提出了合理的校正方案。     

Development of detection and monitoring techniques of CO2 leakage from seafloor in sub-seabed CO2 storage

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) in sub-seabed geological formations is currently being studied as a potential option to mitigate the accumulation of anthropogenic CO₂ in the atmosphere. To investigate the validity of CO₂ storage in the sub-seafloor, development of techniques to detect and monitor CO₂ leaked from the seafloor is vital. Seafloor-based acoustic tomography is a technique that can be used to observe emissions of liquid CO₂ or CO₂ gas bubbles from the seafloor. By deploying a number of acoustic tomography units in a seabed area used for CCS, CO₂ leakage from the seafloor can be monitored. In addition, an in situ pH/pCO₂ sensor can take rapid and high-precision measurements in seawater, and is, therefore, able to detect pH and pCO₂ changes due to the leaked CO₂. The pH sensor uses a solid-state pH electrode and reference electrode instead of a glass electrode, and is sealed within a gas permeable membrane filled with an inner solution. Thus, by installing a pH/pCO₂ sensor onto an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), an automated observation technology is realized that can detect and monitor CO₂ leakage from the seafloor. Furthermore, by towing a multi-layer monitoring system (a number of pH/pCO₂ sensors and transponders) behind the AUV, the dispersion of leaked CO₂ in a CCS area can also be observed. Finally, an automatic elevator can observe the time-series dispersion of leaked CO₂. The seafloor-mounted automatic elevator consists of a buoy equipped with pH/pCO₂ and depth sensors, and uses an Eulerian method to collect spatially continuous data as it ascends and descends.Hence, CO₂ leakage from the seafloor is detected and monitored as follows. Step 1: monitor CO₂ leakage by seafloor-based acoustic tomography. Step 2: conduct mapping survey of the leakage point by using the pH/pCO₂ sensor installed in the AUV. Step 3: observe the impacted area by using a remotely operated underwater vehicle or the automatic elevator, or by towing the multi-layer monitoring system.     

Geoarchaeological prospection of a medieval manor in the dutch polders using an electromagnetic induction sensor in combination with soil augerings

In archaeological prospection, geophysical sensors are increasingly being used to locate buried remains within their natural context. To cover a large area in sufficient detail, an electromagnetic induction sensor can be very useful, measuring simultaneously the electrical conductivity and the magnetic susceptibility of the soil (e.g., Geonics EM38DD). In this study, an 8 ha field containing a Medieval manor was mapped in a submeter resolution, using a mobile sensor configuration equipped with a GPS. As different soil features can yield analogous responses, the interpretation of geophysical maps can be ambiguous. Therefore, soil auger observations were laid out along two perpendicular transects to provide vertical profiles across the sensor measurements. This information greatly enhanced the interpretation of the anomalies obtained by the sensor. Both natural and anthropogenic features were delineated, which clearly presented a moated site along a former tidal channel. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

硬件系统集成——海底大地电磁测量的关键技术

海底大地电磁探测是一项多学科交叉和多技术渗透的前缘课题 ,课题的目标之一是研制用于海底数据采集的大地电磁测量系统。入海的难度给该系统提出了特殊要求 ,即必须解决海下仪器安全及海面与海底间的设备运载问题。由于涉及多项技术内容 ,每项技术由相应的硬件完成 ,因而整个系统包括了多个集成部件 ,各部件分别实现密封承压、重载下沉、水下布极、释放上浮等各项功能。在系统集成过程中 ,除了要考虑各部件的协调装配外 ,系统整体指标的完善性是研究的重点。根据海上作业的特点和船只设备的具体情况 ,系统集成方案解决了结构、强度、平衡、保护等设计难题 ,提出了若干个既实用又可靠的工程技术方法。集成后的系统经过了从甲板投放、海底数据采集到设备回收全过程的试验。     

海底大地电磁数据采集电路的接口技术

为了实现智能化的海底大地电磁数据采集,必须应用计算机技术使采集过程自动控制、被测数据自动存储、且电路具有某些纠错功能.根据海洋工程的作业特点,较详细地介绍了自行研制的海底大地电磁仪中的数据采集接口技术.整套仪器系统经海洋试验,证实是有效的和实用的.     

四阶Δ-Σ过抽样电路原理及其在微弱地学信号检测中的应用

传统的测量电路无法解决诸如海底大地电磁场这样微弱地学信号的检测问题。近几年诞生了一种称之为ΔΣ的电路理论以及相应的硬件芯片 ,给微伏级的弱信号检测开辟一条新的技术路径。文章介绍与地学探测有关的一种ΔΣ电路类型 ,该类型以低频段微弱信号为检测对象。采用系统理论和电路分析方法对ΔΣ原理作了较深入的讨论 ,阐明这种电路技术对提高微弱信号观测的分辨率是有效的。结合海底大地电磁探测中的信号采集问题 ,介绍了在仪器中把多路的被测模拟量变为数字量的技术过程。经对实际采集的海底信息的频谱曲线进行分析 ,证实所采用的ΔΣ技术以及多路信号采集的电路方案是合理的。