一般性问题

CH2003156,论21世纪遥感与Gls的发展=Towardsthe】死velopment of Remofe Se璐加名阴d GIS纽the 21stCentury/李德仁(武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室)//武汉大学学报·信息科学版一2003,28(2)一127~131 深人论述了21世纪中遥感的6大发展趋势和GIS的5个发展特征。参7效性和参数估计的可靠性。采用观测空间分析方法研究了测绘学科中必要观测、多余观测等基本概念;提出了观测信息量、观测有效性的概念和相应的度量方法;从观测的空间结构出发分析参数估计系统的可靠性,从一个侧面扩展和丰富了测绘学中的可靠性理论;丰富了研究测…     

基于QR分解的Ⅱ类病态性诊断

为了对现代测绘数据处理中参数估计系统的Ⅱ类病态性[1]进行诊断,利用观测结构分析方法解决了观测有效性的分析问题.通过对观测矩阵的QR分解,将观测结构的分析过渡到对R矩阵的分析,提出了相对体积法,方法几何意义明确.算例表明,该方法能够准确度量参数估计系统的Ⅱ类病态性程度,是一种对Ⅱ类病态性进行定量诊断的新方法.     

相关观测值的可靠性研究

本文从一般平差模型出发,证明了在观测值相关的情况下,多余观测分量值域不为[0,1],且不是内、外部可靠性的唯一影响因素时,多余观测分量就失去了原有意义。文章还论证了内、外部可靠性在同一观测位置的统一性和不同观测位置的矛盾性,建议采用一种新的可靠性度量指标,将内、外部可靠性综合考虑,对新指标的值域和与多余观测分量的关系也做了说明;并论证了新指标统一性原则,它既适用于独立观测,也适用于相关观测,文章最后对算例的有关指标进行了比较分析。     

相关观测情况的可靠性研究

可靠性是测量网优化设计和数据质量控制要考虑的重要因素之一。在独立观测情况,测量网的可靠性可用多余度（或称多余观测分量）来表示,多余度越小,该余度越小,该观测位置的可靠性越差,但在相关观测情况,多余度的值域超出（０,１）区间,已不能可靠性特征。本文建议采用一种新的可靠性度量指标：ｒｉ＝（ＰＲ）ｉｉ／Ｐｉｉ,其中Ｐ是观测权阵,Ｒ是平差因子阵。ｒｉ的值域在一种新的可靠性度量指标;ｒｉ＝（ＰＲ）ｉｉ／ｐｉ     

地图空间信息量的度量方法研究

地图空间信息量度量是地图制图学与地理信息科学领域的一个重要研究课题,可为地图设计、地图分析评价和地图综合提供依据。论文围绕地图空间信息量度量这一基础研究问题,以地图空间信息产生的本质特征分析入手,分别从地图要素层次和专题地图层次研究建立空间信息量的度量方法,并探讨地图空间信息量度量在地图信息传输和地图综合中的初步应用。论文的主要研究工作与创新之处包括:     

论观测值的可靠性度量

国内外许多文献采用观测值的多余观测分量定义可靠性指标，并且认为多余观测分量的值域为区间［０，１］。本文的研究表明，对于相关值而言，上述结论不一定成立，本文借助于一般平差模型，考虑了观测值之间可能存在的相关性，导出了具有普遍意义的观测值可靠性度量指标，深入讨论了多余观测分量与可靠性指标的关系，作为可靠性指标的应用例子，讨论了ＧＰＳ相位三次差分法探测周跳的能力。     

可靠性分析与数据探测

首先从方差比检验出发，建立了用于可靠性分析和数据探测的统一基本关系式，由此导出了相关权情况下的可靠性指标Ri的表达式，证明在权阵为对角阵时其特例就是常用的多余观测分量内可靠性指标ri，其一致性说明了Ri的合理性，同时，提出了与可靠性度量密切联系的一种新的数据探测方法，实现了可靠性分析和数据探测在理论上的统一和实用上的一致。     

多余观测分量与可靠性度量指标研究

讨论了相关观测值与非相关观测值的多余观测分量值域问题；论证了相关观测值的多余观测分量与内可靠性指标的不一致性；进一步研究了可靠性指标的应用问题，认为当观测值的复相关系数不同时，应同时考虑内、外可靠性指标；最后，以ＧＰＳ准动态测量为例作了分析。     

多余观测分量与可靠性度量指标研究

讨论了相关观测值与非相关观测值的多余观测分量值域问题；论证了相关观测值的多余观测分量与内可靠性指标的不一致性；进一步研究了可靠性指标的应用问题，认为当观测值的复相关系数不同时，应同时考虑内、外可靠性指标；最后，以ＧＰＳ准动态测量为例作了分析     

含两个一维备选假设时的可靠性

通过定义ｒｉｊ表示粗差对改正数的相互影响,导出了ｒｉｆ与多余观测分量ｒｉｆ的关系,表明对可靠性的分析可通过对ｒｉｊ和ｕｉｊ的分析来进行;在观测数一定时,该观测方案的可靠性取决于多余观测比例,并给出了可能达到的可靠性限。本文的分析为可靠性的进一步研究提供了一定的基础。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。