Seismic response of isolated bridges with soil–structure interaction

The modern transportation facilities demand that the bridges are to be constructed across the gorges that are located in seismically active areas and at the same time the site conditions compel the engineers to rest the pier foundation on soil. The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on the peak responses of three-span continuous deck bridge seismically isolated by the elastomeric bearings. The emphasis has been placed on gauging the significance of physical parameters that affect the response of the system and identify the circumstances under which it is necessary to include the SSI effects in the design of seismically isolated bridges. The soil surrounding the foundation of pier is modelled by frequency independent coefficients and the complete dynamic analysis is carried out in time domain using complex modal analysis method. In order to quantify the effects of SSI, the peak responses of isolated and non-isolated bridge (i.e. bridge without isolation device) are compared with the corresponding bridge ignoring these effects. A parametric study is also conducted to investigate the effects of soil flexibility and bearing parameters (such as stiffness and damping) on the response of isolated bridge system. It is observed that the soil surrounding the pier has significant effects on the response of the isolated bridges and under certain circumstances the bearing displacements at abutment locations may be underestimated if the SSI effects are not considered in the response analysis of the system.     

Seismic behavior of a post-tensioned integral bridge including soil–structure interaction (SSI)

Current practice usually pays little attention to the effect of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on seismic analysis and design of bridges. The objective of this research study is to assess the significance of SSI on the modal with geometric stiffness and seismic response of a bridge with integral abutments that has been constructed using a new bridge system technology. Emphasis is placed on integral abutment behavior, since abutments together with piers are the most critical elements in securing the integrity of bridge superstructures during earthquakes. Comparison is made between analytical results and field measurements in order to establish the accuracy of the superstructure–abutment model. Sensitivity studies are conducted to investigate the effects of foundation stiffness on the overall dynamic and seismic response of the new bridge system.     

Seismic response of base-isolated buildings including soil–structure interaction

This study investigates the effect of soil–structure interaction (SSI) on the response of base-isolated buildings. The equations of motion are formulated in the frequency domain, assuming frequency-independent soil stiffness and damping constants. An equivalent fixed-base system is developed that accounts for soil compliance and damping characteristics of the base-isolated building. Closed-form expressions are derived, followed by a thorough parametric study involving the pertinent system parameters. For preliminary design, the methodology can serve as a means to assess effective use of base isolation on building structures accounting for SSI. This study concludes that the effects of SSI are more pronounced on the modal properties of the system, especially for the case of squat and stiff base-isolated structures.     

Inertial interaction effects on deck isolated bridges

This work investigates the influence of a flexible foundation on the nonlinear dynamic response of a group of representative deck isolated bridges (24 cases) located on two different soil types. The bridges were analyzed with full 3D models. Inertial soil structure interaction (SSI) effects were studied modeling the flexibility of the foundations with constant springs and dashpots defined at a particular frequency. Kinematic SSI effects were not included. The study was conducted in three stages: first the seismic response of the bridges without deck isolation on rigid supports was obtained, next the response of the bridges with deck isolation, but still on rigid supports was considered; finally analyses were conducted of the bridges with deck isolation and SSI. The results from the three cases were compared. They indicated that for bridges and foundations designed according to the Mexican design criteria inertial interaction effects were not significant. To assess by how much the stiffness of the foundation would have to be reduced (due perhaps to nonlinear soil behavior) a simplified model with 2DOF was used to conduct more parametric studies. The main conclusion is that the reduction in the stiffness would have to be considerable.     

Evaluation of vertical impact factor coefficients for continuous and integral railway bridges under high-speed moving loads

In the railway bridge analysis and design method,dynamic train loads are regarded as static loads enhanced by an impact factor(IF).The IF coefficients for various railway bridges have been reported as a function of span length or frequency of the bridges in Eurocode(2003).However,these IF coefficient values neglect the effects of very high speeds(>200 km/h)and soil-structure interaction(SSI).In this work,a comprehensive study to assess the impact factor coefficients of mid-span vertical displacements for continuous and integral railway bridges subjected to high-speed moving loads is reported.Three different configurations,each for the three-dimensional(3D)continuous and integral bridge,are considered.Also,single-track(1-T)and two-track(2-T)“real train”loading cases for both these bridge types are considered.Subsequently,finite element analysis of the full-scale 3D bridge models,to identify their IF values,considering the effects of SSI for three different soil conditions,is conducted.The IF values obtained from the study for both bridge types are comparable and are greater than the values recommended by Eurocode(2003).The results reveal that with a loss of soil stiffness,the IF value reduces;thus,it confirms the importance of SSI analysis.     

底部两层框架基础隔震建筑非线性动力分析

实际震害表明,建筑物主要受水平地震作用影响。本文基于有限元理论,采用大型有限元分析软件SAP2000 Non linear建立了底部两层框架上部砌体非隔震结构和基础隔震结构的实体模型,并采用非线性时程分析法对此模型进行了两个水平向地震作用的分析。结果表明,底部两层框架上部砌体结构采用基础隔震技术后,结构的水平地震反应明显低于相应非隔震结构。尤其是刚度突变的转换层,隔震后水平地震反应降低很多。     

2021年5月21日云南漾濞地震及5月22日青海玛多地震的支持向量机震级估算

2021年5月21日及5月22日,云南漾濞县与青海玛多县分别发生破坏性地震,主震震级分别为M_s6.4级与M_s7.4级。本文基于机器学习中的支持向量机方法,以多类型特征参数为输入建立地震预警震级估算模型SVM-M,离线模拟云南漾濞M_s5.6级前震、M_s6.4级主震以及青海玛多M_s7.4级主震的连续震级估算。结果表明:对于云南漾濞M_s5.6级前震,支持向量机方法在首台触发后1s可估算震级为5.6级,且随着首台触发时间的增加,估算震级一直在实际震级附近波动;对于云南漾濞M_s6.4级主震和青海玛多M_s7.4级主震,随着首台触发时间的增加,支持向量机方法对于大震低估问题得到了有效的改善,且震级估算结果逐渐接近实际震级。同时,这3次地震的震级估算离线模拟表明:引入震源距的支持向量机方法（SVM-M1模型）对于震级估算有更好的稳定性,且在地震预警系统的震级估算中有着潜在的应用前景。     

Soil–structure interaction analysis of cable-stayed bridges for spatially varying ground motion components

In this study, it is intended to determine the effects of soil–structure interaction (SSI) and spatially varying ground motion on the dynamic characteristics of cable-stayed bridges. For this purpose, ground motion time histories are simulated for spatially varying ground motions, depending on its components of incoherence, wave-passage and site-response effects. The substructure method, which partitions the total soil–structure system into the structural system and the soil system, is used to treat the soil–structure interaction problem. To emphasize the relative importance of the spatial variability effects of earthquake ground motion, bridge responses are determined for the fixed base bridge model, which neglects the soil–structure interaction (no SSI) and for the bridge model including the soil–structure interaction (SSI). This parametric study concerning the relative importance of the soil–structure interaction and spatially varying ground motion shows that these effects should be considered in the dynamic analyses of cable-stayed bridges.     

无填充墙基础隔震RC框架在环境激励下的动力特性

对一基础隔震钢筋混凝土框架结构在无填充墙情况下进行了环境激励下的动力测试,重点利用Hilbert-Huang变换与随机减量技术相结合的方法识别了其模态参数,并与随机子空间识别法、有理分式多项式法识别的结果进行了对比。识别结果表明在环境激励下,基础隔震结构的基本周期远小于多遇和罕遇地震工况下设计计算的基本周期;等效黏滞阻尼比很小,近乎于基础固定模型。对隔震层阻尼特性的分析表明,环境激励下可以将基础隔震结构视为经典的比例阻尼系统。进一步以识别的模态参数为基准,采用优化的方法数值反演了环境激励下该结构隔震层的实际水平等效刚度,结果表明其值为多遇地震下计算刚度取值的10.75倍。     

基于地震易损性分析的平塘特大桥关键构件破坏顺序研究

为探究山区超高墩三塔大跨斜拉桥在地震作用下各关键构件（桥塔、支座、基础和桥墩）的破坏顺序,以在建的贵州平塘特大桥为工程依托,首先基于OPEENSEES软件建立空间有限元模型,然后基于概率理论建立斜拉桥地震易损性模型,最后以混凝土应变和支座相对位移为易损性指标进行增量动力分析,得到各构件易损性曲线,并基于各构件的易损性曲线对此类桥型的构件破坏顺序进行分析。研究表明：横向地震对该斜拉桥造成的破坏程度要大于纵向地震;在纵向地震作用下桥梁结构最易发生破坏的是中塔支座和边塔基础,在横向地震作用下桥梁结构最易发生破坏的是边塔支座和过渡墩基础。     

中国东北及邻区竖直向地震动强度包络函数参数的确定及其衰减关系

选用2008—2019年中国东北及邻区27次地震竖直向105条强震动记录,以三段式强度包络函数模型为目标,利用加权最小二乘回归方法,尝试建立了东北及邻区竖直向地震动时程强度包络函数参数的衰减公式,以使我国的地震动区域划分更具有普遍性。同以往的研究类似,上升段持时t₁和平稳段持时t_s的确定方法采用了70%能量持时法。所选地震的震级为3.3—5.8级,最大震中距为371 km。基于土层场地的竖直向记录,通过与我国目前常用的时程强度包络函数参数的衰减关系进行对比分析发现,t₁与震级之间有明显的相关性,实际应用中应考虑震级对t₁的影响;地震整体持时较短造成t_s上升趋势随距离的增加而变缓;下降段由衰减系数c的变化可见,记录整体衰减较快。     

System identification of instrumented bridge systems

Several recorded motions for seven bridge systems in California during recent earthquakes were analysed using parametric and non‐parametric system identification (SI) methods. The bridges were selected considering the availability of an adequate array of accelerometers and accounting for different structural systems, materials, geometry and soil types. The results of the application of SI methods included identification of modal frequencies and damping ratios. Excellent fits of the recorded motion in the time domain were obtained using parametric methods. The multi‐input/single‐output SI method was a suitable approach considering the instrumentation layout for these bridges. Use of the constructed linear filters for prediction purposes was also demonstrated for three bridge systems. Reasonable prediction results were obtained considering the various limitations of the procedure. Finally, the study was concluded by identifying the change of the modal frequencies and damping of a particular bridge system in time using recursive filters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分层土-基础-高层框架结构相互作用体系振动台模型试验研究

本文设计实现了分层土－基础－高层框架结构相互作用体系的振动台模型试验，再现了地震动激励下上部结构和基础的震害现象和砂质粉土的液化现象。通过试验，研究了相互作用体系地震动反应的主要规律：由于动力相互作用的影响，软土地基中相互作用体系的频率小于不考虑结构－地基相互作用的结构频率，而阻尼比则大于结构材料阻尼比；体系的振型曲线与刚性地基上结构的振型曲线明显不同，基础处存在平动和转动。土层传递振动的放大或减振作用与土层性质、激励大小等因素有关，砂土层一般起放大作用，砂质粉土层一般起减振隔振作用；由于土体的隔震作用，上部结构接受的振动能量较小，各层反应均较小。上部结构顶层加速度反应组成取决于基础转动刚度、平动刚度和上部结构刚度的相对大小。     

2012年彝良Ms5.7、Ms5.6地震场地地震动反应

2012年9月7日云南昭通彝良发生了M_s5.和、M_s5.6级两次地震,此次地震引发了极其严重的滑坡和崩塌等地震地质灾害,同时地震波放大效应还引起高烈度异常区。利用彝良地震烈度圈内6个台站记录到的主震加速度时程,通过截取S波窗,采用标准谱比法和水平垂直谱比法研究其场地地震动反应。结果表明:两种方法能给出较为一致的谱比曲线和卓越频率,但场地反应数值差异较大,标准谱比法的结果受到参考台站自身场地反应的影响;靖安台的软弱土层对地震动的放大作用较为显著,是造成烈度异常的主要原因。     

Probabilistic estimation of inelastic displacement demands in soil–structure interaction systems on cohesive soils

Inelastic displacement ratios (IDRs) of nonlinear soil–structure interaction (SSI) systems located at sites with cohesive soils are investigated in this study. To capture the effects of inelastic cyclic behavior of the supporting soil, the Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation (BNWF) model is used. The superstructure is modeled using an inelastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system model. Nonlinear SSI systems representing various combinations of unconfined compressive strengths and shear wave velocities are considered in the analysis. A set of strong ground motions recorded at sites with soft to stiff soils is used for considering the record-to-record variability of IDRs. It is observed that IDRs for nonlinear SSI systems are sensitive to the strength and the stiffness properties of both the soil and the structure. For the case of SSI systems on the top of cohesive soils, the compressive strength of the soil has a significant impact on the IDRs, which cannot be captured by considering only the shear wave velocity of the soil. Based on the results of nonlinear time-history analysis, a new equation is proposed for estimating the mean and the dispersion of IDRs of SSI systems depending on the characteristic properties of the supporting soil, dimensions of the foundation, and properties of the superstructure. A probabilistic framework is presented for the performance-based seismic design of SSI systems located at sites with cohesive soils.     

Time-domain representation of frequency-dependent foundation impedance functions

Foundation impedance functions provide a simple means to account for soil–structure interaction (SSI) when studying seismic response of structures. Impedance functions represent the dynamic stiffness of the soil media surrounding the foundation. The fact that impedance functions are frequency dependent makes it difficult to incorporate SSI in standard time-history analysis software. This paper introduces a simple method to convert frequency-dependent impedance functions into time-domain filters. The method is based on the least-squares approximation of impedance functions by ratios of two complex polynomials. Such ratios are equivalent, in the time-domain, to discrete-time recursive filters, which are simple finite-difference equations giving the relationship between foundation forces and displacements. These filters can easily be incorporated into standard time-history analysis programs. Three examples are presented to show the applications of the method.     

斜拉桥地震破坏的计算研究

地震曾破坏了大量的桥梁结构。然而，尽管目前世界上斜拉桥数目正以指数函数规律增长，但还没有任何斜拉桥经历过强地震，斜拉桥可能的地震破坏形式、破坏机理还是一个有待探索的领域。本文对本世纪几次大地震中严重破坏的桥梁进行损坏部分的震害原因分析，总结出一般桥梁结构地震破坏机理及破坏形式。利用大型结构分析程序ＭＳＣ／ＮＡＳＴＲＡＮ，对斜拉桥地震反应特征进行了分析，并在综合考虑结构地震反应的三维性、行波效应、非     

广西靖西Ms5.2级地震房屋破坏特征

近年来广西地震发生频率明显提高,陆续发生了3次5级以上中强地震,包括2016年苍梧5.4级地震、2019年北流5.2级地震和2019年靖西5.2级地震,这可能意味着广西地区进入了地震活跃期。2019年靖西5.2级地震造成较重的房屋建筑物破坏,是分析广西房屋震害很好的样本。本文对各烈度区内不同结构类型房屋的震害现象进行了整理和统计,分析了不同结构类型房屋的震害特征与震害原因。结果显示:简易房屋除年久失修的之外基本完好;砌体结构房屋因结构不规则,缺乏抗震构造措施等,破坏较重,且破坏形式多样;框架结构房屋主体完好但填充墙会出现破坏。     

Performance-based earthquake assessment of bridge systems including ground-foundation interaction

Performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) assessment studies on highway bridges can only address post-earthquake repair fully when considering the response of the bridge-foundation-ground and the consequences of damage and repair to all system components. In this paper, nonlinear time history analysis of coupled bridge-foundation-ground systems is coupled with a PBEE framework to investigate a typical highway overpass bridge founded on different soil profiles. The prototype bridges are typical reinforced concrete highway overpass bridges with single-column bents founded on four sites of varying stiffness and strength profiles ranging from rigid rock to weak upper soil strata. Probabilistic repair cost and time response quantities are used to contrast performance of the four scenarios. Intensity-dependent repairs, repair hazard curves, and repairs disaggregated by performance groups indicate contributions to system repair for each scenario. A sensitivity study is presented that demonstrates the most important parameters to be the damage state and repair quantities related to the foundations and abutments.     

Effects of soil-structure interaction on seismic response of PC cable-stayed bridge

This paper attempts to assess the effects of dynamic soil-structure interaction (SSI) on the seismic behavior of a PC cable-stayed bridge placed on a moderately deep soil stratum overlying rigid bedrock, and to evaluate the applicability of a simple mass-spring model in evaluating SSI. Parametric analysis is performed to investigate the significance of SSI under various stiffness, foundation depth conditions using finite element methods. The applicability of a mass-spring model is discussed by comparison with FEM. The results of analysis reveal the influence of SSI on the seismic behavior of bridge-soil system, and recommendations for aseismic design are provided. The mass-spring model proves to be promising for representing the seismic behavior of the bridge-soil system, and the mechanism is interpreted in detail.