利用克里金技术标定新疆及附近地区P/S震相幅值比及其在地震事件识别中的应用

针对中国的乌鲁木齐台（WMQ）和哈萨克斯坦的马坎奇台（MAK），采用贝叶斯克里金技术建立了新疆及附近地区地震事件的震相幅值比的校正曲面，并分析了校正曲面与地震波传播路径的关系，以及校正曲面对于改善震相幅值比判据识别效果的有效性.分析结果表明，建立的校正曲面基本合理，结合传播路径差异和地震波传播规律，能够较好地解释校正曲面的起伏特征. 而且，在传播路径差异较大，使得震相幅值比经震中距校正后离散度仍然较高的情况下，利用校正曲面修正震相幅值比，可以进一步降低其离散度，从而改善判据的识别效果.经校正曲面修正后，对天然地震的误识率由16.3%下降为5.2％.      

P/S震相幅值比判据对低震级地震事件的适用性检验c

基于中国新疆及中亚地区大量天然地震和地下爆炸，检验了较大震级情况下得到的区域P/S震相幅值比识别判据对低震级地震事件的适用性. 分析结果表明，对较大震级地震事件具有较好识别效果的P/S震相幅值比判据对低震级事件同样适用，而且对低震级事件也具有与较大震级事件大致相当的识别效果. 据WMQ、BLK、MUL和MAK台的25个识别效果较好的P/S震相幅值比判据统计， 大于ML3.5和ML3.5以下地震事件的误识率之差约为2个百分点.      

Applicability of P/S amplitude ratios for the discrimination of low magnitude seismic events

Applicability of regional P/S amplitude ratios for the discrimination of low-magnitude seismic events was tested and proved using earthquakes and explosions in Central Asia. Results obtained show that regional P/S amplitude ratios which may discriminate medium or large magnitude events well, are also applicable to low magnitude events. Their performances for low magnitude events are almost as good as that for medium or large events. Statistical comparisons based on 25 P/S discriminate from the four seismic stations WMQ, BLK, MUL and MAK showed that the average misclassification rate for low-magnitude seismic events averagely was only 2 percent higher than that for medium and large magnitude seismic events.     

CRPN: A cascaded classification and regression DNN framework for seismic phase picking*

Current deep neural networks (DNN) used for seismic phase picking are becoming more complex, which consumes much computing time without significant accuracy improvement. In this study, we introduce a cascaded classification and regression framework for seismic phase picking, named as the classification and regression phase net (CRPN), which contains two convolutional neural network (CNN) models with different complexity to meet the requirements of accuracy and efficiency. The first stage of the CRPN are shallow CNNs used for rapid detection of seismic phase and picking P and S arrival times for earthquakes with magnitude larger than 2.0, respectively. The second stage of CRPN is used for high precision classification and regression. The regression is designed to reduce the time difference between the probability maximum and the real arrival time. After being trained using 500,000 P and S phases, the CRPN can process 400 hours’ seismic data per second, whose sampling rate is 1 Hz and 25 Hz for the two stages, respectively, on a Nvidia K2200 GPU, and pick 93% P and 89% S phases with the error being reduced by 0.1s after regression correction.     

北天山地区S波非弹性衰减和场地效应研究/

采用中小地震的数字观测资料，依据地震观测谱和震源谱、传播路径衰减因子及场地效应的关系式，在对场地效应约束的条件下，反演S波非弹性衰减和软基岩场地效应，确定研究区路径、 场地参数. 该方法确定的参数， 避免了台站地形效应的影响，真实地反映了研究区自由软基岩场地的地震效应和传播路径非弹性衰减的影响. 研究区的平均软基岩场地效应， 在2~4 Hz频率范围为1.5倍左右; S波品质因子为QS=278 f 0.346.这些参数可以直接用于研究区的地面运动随机模拟.      

Regional features of coda attenuation of aftershocks of Wuding, Yunnan earthquake in near field

IntroductionSeismic wave is an important information source to analyze and study seismic source and internal structure of the earth. Studies of wave on different frequency ranges can provide many features of seismic source and internal structure of the earth. In recent years in quantitative study of seismic wave seismologists at home and abroad have developed a wide study field on the coda. Especially seismologists have done a lot of work in coda geneses, mechanism and its attenuation to explo…     

Path Corrections for Source Discriminants: A Case Study at Two International Seismic Monitoring Stations

—?Improving the performance of short-period regional seismic discriminants by applying propagation corrections is explored using observations from two seismic monitoring stations in Asia. Frequency-dependent regional phase amplitude ratio measurements at stations NIL and ZAL for earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions were obtained from the prototype-International Data Center (pIDC) that has been established for developing monitoring capabilities of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The pIDC discriminant measurements have large scatter, much of which is attributed to wave propagation effects in the heterogeneous crustal waveguide. Linear regressions indicate that the phase ratios are correlated with topographic characteristics along the individual paths, providing an empirical means for correcting for path effects beyond conventional distance corrections. Kriging, a spatial multiple regression algorithm, also reveals coherent spatial patterns in the data indicative of regional path effects. Using available high-resolution topography data, correction of regional P/S ratios for the best models obtained from multivariate regressions systematically reduces the data variance relative to distance corrections alone, as has been observed for other data sets. The reduced scatter in the measurements increases the separation between earthquake and explosion populations in most cases, enhancing the regional discriminant performance. The path-corrected discriminants isolate explosions better for NIL than for ZAL, even though some of the explosion sources are located in a common source area. Kriging achieves comparable or superior variance reduction for the discriminant measures, without requiring knowledge of the path structure, although this may not result in improved discriminant performance. While always desirable, corrections for heterogeneous path effects may prove inadequate in some cases, notably when phase blockage occurs or when strong attenuation eliminates the diagnostic high-frequency energy.     

Estimation on site-amplification from different methods using strong motion data obtained in Tangshan, China

Introduction It has been known that each soil type responds differently when it is subjected to ground mo-tion from earthquakes. So, the study of local site effects on seismic ground motions is one of the most important goals of earthquake engineering. It is practical importance to develop methods for assessing the nature and potential of sediment amplification, especially when choosing the location and design of critical and essential facilities. At present, however, the method by which site …     

用于高压电气设备的剪切型铅减震器性能影响研究

作为重要的电气设备抗震技术产品,剪切型铅减震器能够有效降低电气设备的地震响应。但随着电气设备电压等级的提高,设备结构规格不断增大,其地震作用力显著增大,对电气设备安装的减震器性能提出了更高要求。通过剪切型铅减震器的低周反复加载试验研究,分析其受力模型,对比减震器在不同加载频率下的力学和阻尼耗能性能,并根据试验结果提出优化工艺,进一步提高减震器性能,为电气设备抗震能力的提高提供更可靠的技术保障     

3?21响水爆炸的地震学分析及谱比法研究

使用P/S谱比法重点对响水爆炸中信噪比较高的几个台站记录进行了处理分析。选取2013年1月19日发生在距其7 km左右的一次天然地震事件作为对比。得出频率在2—15 Hz范围内,90%以上的台站,爆炸P/S谱比大于1,天然地震这一值小于1,而在4—15 Hz范围内,这一结果达到了100%。为了进一步验证此方法判断爆炸与天然地震的可行性,本文又对2015年天津港爆炸事件进行计算,得到了相同的结果。此研究为使用P/S谱比法验证低震级爆炸提供案例。本文在研究的同时,对响水爆炸事件进行了波形特征及频谱特征分析。得出此事件地震记录的震相较单一,与普通的爆破记录较相似,并没有出现像2015年天津港爆炸中那样低速的空气声波与地面耦合的Rayleigh波。得到此事件有两个主频率,分别为0.2—1 Hz和4—10 Hz。      

振幅衰减特性在地震与爆破识别中的应用

基于小震级地震与爆破事件,从快速识别要求出发,分析了P波初动振幅AI和P波最大振幅AP分别与S波最大振幅AS的幅值比判据及其对事件的识别能力．考虑到传播路径对地震与爆破各振幅的影响,选用合理的振幅随距离衰减公式,分别研究了P波、 S波各振幅随震中距的衰减特征,结果显示爆破振幅衰减比地震快; 在100 km处进行衰减校正后重新计算P波与S波幅值比,得到经过衰减校正后的幅值比AI/AS正确识别率从84%提高到98%,AP/AS正确识别率从92%提高到100%,表明经衰减校正后的幅值比判据可以更好地应用于小震级地震与爆破的识别中．      

Estimating seismic moments and Lg Q using Lg spectra

A multi-event and multi-station inverse method is presented in the paper to simultaneously estimate the seismicmoments (Mo) and source comer frequencies (fc) of several Jiashi (Xinjiang, China) earthquakes, as well as theapparent Lg Q models for the paths from Jiashi to eight seismic stations (WMQ, AAK, TLG MAKZ, KUR, VOS,ZRN and CHK) in Central Asia. The resultant seismic moments correlate well with the Mo values obtained by Harvard University using the centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversion and the surface-wave magnitudes as well. Afterthe correction by a typical value of average radiation coefficient for regional SV waves, the Mo values from Lgspectral inversion are still close to the corresponding values obtained from CMT inversion. The obtained apparentQOLg values (Lg Q at 1 Hz) are consistent with the tectonic features of corresponding propagation paths. The QoLgvalues are 351±87, 349±86 and 300±27 for the paths from Jiashi to AAK, TLG and MAKZ, respectively. They aresmaller than QoLg values for the paths to KUR, VOS, ZRN and CHK, which are 553±72, 569±58, 550±57 and603±65, respectively. These results agree with the condition that the paths to AAK, TLG and MAKZ mainlypropagate through the mountainous Tianshan area where relatively strong seismic activities and large variations oftopography are exhibited, while the paths to KUR, VOS, ZRN and CHK mainly propagate through the stable areaof Kazak platform. The QoLg value for the path to WMQ is 462±56. This is also in agreement with the conditionthat the path to WMQ is basically along the border area between Tianshan Mountain and Tarim Basin, and alongthis path the variations of topography and crustal thickness are moderate in comparison with that along the path toMAKZ.     

新疆地区环境噪声层析成像研究

本文利用北京大学宽频带流动地震台阵和新疆地震监测台网12个月连续地震记录数据,采用环境噪声层析成像方法获得了新疆地区的周期从10～35 s范围内的瑞利面波相速度异常分布图像.研究结果与地表地质构造相一致,新疆地区的天山、两盆大地构造与瑞利面波相速度异常有较好的对应关系.短周期10～20 s的图像显示两个盆地内都呈现低速...     

S wave inelastic attenuation and site effect in the northern Tianshan area

In this paper,according to the relationship of observation spectrum with source spectrum,travel-path attenuationfactor and site effect,we use the digital seismic data of moderate-small earthquakes to invert the soft rock site ef-fect and S wave inelastic attenuation under the constraint of site effect,and determine the parameters of path andsite.The parameters obtained by this method exclude the topographic effect of seismic stations,and truly reflectthe seismic effect of free soft rock sites and the S wave inelastic attenuation in the studied region.The average softrock site effect is about 1.5 times in the frequency domain of 2～4 Hz and the S wave quality factor is obtained asQS=278 f0.346,which can be directly applied to the stochastic modeling of ground motions in the studied region.     

Influence of geological factors on seismic ground-motions (seismic microzoning of Prague)

Summary Seismic microzoning of Prague was performed using geological data and seismic response (ground shaking) computations. The Prague territory was covered by a square grid, each square 250 m×250 m being characterized by a simplified geological cross-section from the Earth's surface to the bedrock boundary. The data were obtained from detailed engineering-geological maps 1:5000. The geological cross-sections were transformed into a set of layered models, specified by the thicknesses of individual layers and corresponding compressional and shear-wave velocities, densities and parameters of the causal absorption. The seismic responses were computed by the matrix method. The main amplitude and frequency characteristics of the responses are demonstrated in the form of microzoning maps. The maps do not depend on the specific type of seismic excitation. They make it possible to predict the relative amplification of P and S waves, with respect to the bedrock outcrop, all over the city.     

三河—平谷地区地脉动H/V谱比法探测:场地响应、浅层沉积结构及其反映的断层活动

1679年三河—平谷8级地震,造成了包括北京在内的华北广大地区严重的人员和经济损失,但是该地区和地震灾害密切相关的沉积结构和地震场地响应特征研究,相对比较缺乏.本文利用1~4 km台间距的高密度单台地脉动观测、几个小孔径台阵观测和钻孔测井数据,研究了三河—平谷地区的浅层沉积的场地响应和沉积层三维起伏特征,以及构造运动对沉积厚度的影响.结果表明,研究区沉积层的场地共振频率和沉积厚度有明显的分区特征：东北部场地共振频率主要在1.0~7.0 Hz之间,具有相对较薄的沉积厚度,沉积界面起伏也相对平稳;西南部场地共振频率大部分区域小于1.0 Hz,可低至0.3 Hz,相应的沉积厚度起伏显著,其中在大厂凹陷厚度可达300~600 m.沉积起伏和隐伏断裂带的分布有较好的对应关系,反映了夏垫断裂、南苑—通县断裂第四纪以来较为活跃的正断活动.北东走向的夏垫等隐伏断裂在东北部山前的正断活动相对不发育,以及东北部和西南部沉积厚度的显著差异,都可能受到北西走向的二十里长山断裂带活动的影响.按照Vs30场地分类,研究区内沉积较厚的凹陷地区主要为E类软土,其他区域为D类中硬土.研究结果与区域地质调查、钻孔数据和浅层地震勘探剖面结果基本相符,说明地脉动探测方法能够高效、低成本的获取区域沉积厚度和场地作用,为地震小区划和抗震设防提供有意义的参考.     

用随机模拟方法研究设定地震地面运动

用随机模拟方法研究设定地震地面运动可分两步进行：（1）采用中小地震的数字观测资料确定研究区路径、场地参数；（2）把确定的参数应用到研究区的强地面运动随机模拟中. 为此，本文首先采用了一种可行的方法，分离软基岩场地效应和非弹性衰减的影响，并把二者分别确定出来. 研究区北部中软基岩场地的平均效应在2～4Hz频率范围为15倍左右；研究区的S波品质因子为QS＝278f[KG*2]0.346. 把这些参数用于研究区的场地和路径模型中，并选择单拐角频率震源谱模型，随机模拟了研究区未来中强地震可能在北天山中段可能造成的地面运动，模拟加速度时程和反应谱可以服务于本地区的地震灾害预测和建筑物可靠性验算.     

Features of Radiation and Propagation of Seismic Waves in the Northern Caucasus: Manifestations in Regional Coda

Based on the Anapa (ANN) seismic station records of ~40 earthquakes (M_W > 3.9) that occurred within ~300 km of the station since 2002 up to the present time, the source parameters and quality factor of the Earth’s crust (Q(f)) and upper mantle are estimated for the S-waves in the 1–8 Hz frequency band. The regional coda analysis techniques which allow separating the effects associated with seismic source (source effects) and with the propagation path of seismic waves (path effects) are employed. The Q-factor estimates are obtained in the form Q(f) = 90 × f 0.7 for the epicentral distances r < 120 km and in the form Q(f) = 90 × f1.0 for r > 120 km. The established Q(f) and source parameters are close to the estimates for Central Japan, which is probably due to the similar tectonic structure of the regions. The shapes of the source parameters are found to be independent of the magnitude of the earthquakes in the magnitude range 3.9–5.6; however, the radiation of the high-frequency components (f > 4–5 Hz) is enhanced with the depth of the source (down to h ~ 60 km). The estimates Q(f) of the quality factor determined from the records by the Sochi, Anapa, and Kislovodsk seismic stations allowed a more accurate determination of the seismic moments and magnitudes of the Caucasian earthquakes. The studies will be continued for obtaining the Q(f) estimates, geometrical spreading functions, and frequency-dependent amplification of seismic waves in the Earth’s crust in the other regions of the Northern Caucasus.     

内蒙古区域背景噪声特征分析

应用PDF方法,计算了内蒙古现运行48个测震台站0.01~20 Hz频带范围内的功率谱密度(PSD)和1~20 Hz频带范围内噪声均方根(RMS)值,定量分析了内蒙古区域背景噪声水平。结果显示:平均噪声水平属于Ⅰ类的台站有45个,Ⅱ类有3个;台站背景噪声在1 Hz以上频段内,主要受公路和人为影响;在0.6~1 Hz频段内背景噪声水平差异较小;在低频段,水平向受温度和湿度影响大于垂直向,山洞台受影响小于地面台。     

朝鲜2009年和2013年两次核爆的地震学特征对比研究

利用布设在长白山地区临时地震台站接收到的朝鲜核爆的波形资料,对2009年5月25日和2013年2月12日两次朝鲜核试验的地震学特征进行比较.震中距范围从145km到420km.采用P/S型谱比值方法识别朝鲜核爆,通过与2009年3月20日长春地震和2013年1月23日沈阳地震事件的比较,表明在频率大于3 Hz时P/S型谱比值能够有效识别发生在中朝边境地区的地下核试验.选定参考台站,利用区域震相Pg波的振幅谱比值计算朝鲜核爆至各台站路径上的相对衰减.结合介质速度模型,在一定程度上反映了长白山地区衰减情况,为进一步研究长白山地区衰减层析成像提供初始模型.