“地-电离层”模式有源电磁场一维正演

“地-电离层”模式有源电磁法由于其在地球物理勘探和地震预报方面的良好应用前景,成为地球物理电磁法研究新的热点.近年来国内开始了“地-电离层”模式有源电磁法研究,作者已经实现了当地球层为均匀半空间时的正演,但实际上地球并不是均匀半空间.本文在此基础上,采用R函数法进行公式推导,以高采样密度的Hankel滤波系数实现数值模...     

长偶极大功率可控源电磁波响应特征研究

地球物理学中关于电磁波勘探研究通常采用的是地球半空间模型.然而,对于几十公里的有限长电缆源（长偶极源）,远距离电磁波场探测必须要考虑电离层的影响,它是一个全空间问题.关于包含电离层、空气层和地球介质（我们称“地-电离层”模式）的电磁波场特征的研究在国外较少,国内几乎是空白.本文采用全空间积分方程法首先对小尺度的可控源电磁波场特征进行了研究,由于此时电离层的影响可忽略,它应该和半空间成熟的CSAMT模拟结果一致,对比结果表明,二者是一致的,验证了全空间模拟方法的可靠性和有效性.随后进行了50 km长电缆电离层和空气层高度都为100 km的“地-电离层”模式大尺度电磁波场模拟,以探讨大尺度可控源电磁波场的特征.给定频率的“地-电离层”模式电磁场的衰减曲线表明长电缆远距离电磁波场由于受电离层的作用存在衰减逐渐变小的过渡场和衰减变小的波导场.为了探讨复杂介质“地-电离层”模式电磁波特征,对“地-电离层”模式的典型地盾和地台多层介质模型进行了数值模拟,得到了偶极源长度50 km、电流200A、收发距离远达1600 km和2500 km的合理的电磁场结果.最后,对一简单含油储层结构模型进行了长偶极、大功率、远距离电磁波场响应计算.储层横向不均匀复杂结构模拟的结果表明,考虑电离层和大气层的“地-电离层”模式大尺度深层复杂介质模拟时,电磁场对深部目标体仍有很好的异常响应.     

Seasonal changes in diurnal variation of potential gradient at Fargo,North Dakota

Summary The atmospheric electric potential gradient was recorded continuously by a field mill at Fargo, North Dakota, for the period August, 1972–March, 1973. Hourly averages were taken by the equal areas technique to eliminate short period variations. The diurnal variation of monthly averages is shown for the fair weather periods and all weather. In addition, the diurnal variation is shown for all positive values of the potential gradient, which excludes periods of major local space charge generators, but includes periods when the potential gradient might be influenced by regional conditions not otherwise present during fair weather. For a given month the diurnal variation curves are generally similar, with the fair weather curve giving the highest values, and all weather curve giving the lowest values. The months September–November have similar curves with the lowest values and least deviation from the average. The months December–February have similar curves with the highest values.Harmonic analysis is used to compute the times of maxima and contributions to variance of the first four harmonics for each diurnal variation curve. The fair weather first harmonic accounts for the majority of variance and has a maximum near 19.5 h GMT. It is attributed to the global diurnal variation of potential gradient due to thunderstorm activity in the tropics. The second harmonic has one maximum occurring from 9–12 h local time and is attributed to the austausch effect of convection, where ions affect the conductivity of the air locally.The differences in these monthly diurnal variation curves emphasize that the season of year, weather conditions, and length of time over which data is averaged must be specified in atmospheric electricity studies if meaningful conclusions are to be drawn.     

时变的准三维“红闪”电场模式研究

利用数值模拟的方法，研究了雷暴放电后，由雷暴电荷、感应电荷和晴天大气的背景电荷共同产生的准静电场(Quasi electrostatic field, 简称QEF)的时变过程，以及准静电场对中性大气的加热和电离. 结果表明: 在考虑电离层电势和晴天大气背景电场的影响后，时变的准三维的准静电场（QEF）模式能较好地解释“红闪”(Red sprites)的时空特征，特别是能模拟出“红闪”中的一种——“闪晕”（sprite halo）向上弯曲的空间结构.     

电离层-空气层-地球介质耦合下大尺度大功率可控源电磁波响应特征研究

电离层-空气层-地球介质（我们称为“地-电离层”模式）耦合下大功率可控源电磁波的研究在国内外较少.近年来,有学者做了相关的数值模拟,但没有考虑空气中位移电流的影响.我们根据研究对象和问题建立地质模型和相应的数学模型,采用R函数法进行“地-电离层”模式水平电缆接地偶极源的电磁波场强公式推导,同时考虑电离层和空气中位移电流的影响.在验证方法可靠的前提下,进行了数值计算.探讨了“地-电离层”模式大功率可控源电磁波的响应特征.数值计算结果表明,由于电离层和空气层中位移电流的影响,“地-电离层”模式大功率可控源电磁波的特征与地球半空间可控源电磁波的特征有很大的不同,体现在前者除了有近场、远场外,还存在由于电离层影响下场强衰减变小的波导场.并随着收发距增大和频率的增高,出现了电场和磁场方向图的变化.     

Estimation of global lightning activity and observations of atmospheric electric field

Variations in the global atmospheric electric circuit are investigated using a wide range of globally spaced instruments observing VLF (∼10 kHz) waves, ELF (∼300 Hz) waves, Schumann resonances (4–60 Hz), and the atmospheric fair weather electric field. For the ELF/VLF observations, propagation effects are accounted for in a novel approach using established monthly averages of lightning location provided by the Lightning Image Sensor (LIS) and applying known frequency specific attenuation parameters for daytime/nighttime ELF/VLF propagation. Schumann resonances are analyzed using decomposition into propagating and standing waves in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. Derived lightning activity is compared to existing global lightning detection networks and fair weather field observations. The results suggest that characteristics of lightning discharges vary by region and may have diverse effects upon the ionospheric potential.     

Effects of geomagnetic disturbances in daytime variations of the atmospheric electric field in polar regions

We have studied the influence of daytime polar substorms (geomagnetic bays under the IMF Bz > 0) on variations of the vertical gradient of the atmospheric electric field potential (Ez) observed at the Polish Hornsund Station (Svalbard, Norway). Only the observations of Ez under “fair weather” conditions were used, i.e. in the absence of strong wind, precipitations, low cloud cover, etc. We studied more than 20 events of daytime polar substorms registered by the Scandinavian chain of IMAGE magnetometers in 2010–2014 during the “fair weather” periods at the Hornsund Station. Analysis of the observations showed that Ez significantly deviates from the its background variations during daytime, as a rule, when the Hornsund Station is in the region of projection of the daytime auroral oval, the position of which was determined from OVATION data. It was shown that the development of a daytime polar substorm leads to fluctuating enhance of Ez values. It was found that Ez surges are accompanied by intensification of field-aligned electric currents outflowing from the ionosphere, which were calculated from the data of low-orbit communication satellites of the AMPERE project.     

基于地球-电离层空腔共振的地震电磁监测方法研究

多年来的观测研究表明,地震活动可能引发地球．电离层空腔共振异常。本文介绍了地球-电离层空腔共振的产生机理,主要的特征参数以及常用的观测方法等。总结了目前国际上对共振异常现象与地震活动关系的主要分析方法和研究结果。对地震活动引发地球-电离层空腔共振异常的下一步研究工作进行了探讨。     

On the conception ‘Fair weather condition’ in atmospheric electricity

Measurements of atmospheric electrical and meteorological parameters during different meteorological conditions indicate that the use of the conception Fair weather condition in atmospheric electricity is discussable. Fair weather contains a very broad stability range, from very unstable to strong stable stability of the atmosphere. For turbulent fluctuations of the electric parameters (the most local variations) the variations are determined by the micrometeorological processes for all stability conditions.These fluctuations represent frequencies greater than one period per four minutes. For lower frequencies (less local variations), however, the stability dependency increases. During stable conditions the electric field and vertical current density were nearly wholly influenced by the charges and their transfer in the nearest layer. During near-neutral and unstable conditions the electrical parameters were influenced by more separated sources. Measurements of how well Ohm's law was fulfilled also indicate the difficulties by using the conception fair weather. The measurements also indicate the importance of taking the convection current density into consideration in studies of the electric charge transfer in the atmosphere.In the more large scale of variations measurements of the electric field by radiosoundings show that 88% of the ionospheric potential is derived from the troposphere, where the meteorological processes are of fundamental character for the atmospheric electrical phenomena. The relatively great stability of the diurnal variation of the large scale or global electric field is also valid for the meteorological processes in this scale of variations.     

利用区域大气静电场监测网临震预估地震灾害

本文通过震例研究提出一种临震前形成晴天大气静电信号异常的物理机制.在大震临震阶段,震中区域附近地壳结构发生临界变化,产生大量的岩石微破碎,岩缝间的通道很可能相互连通起来,并通过土壤缝隙,将包含微量元素的气体释放到空中,其中放射性同位素在弥散到空中的过程中不断产生衰变,特别是产生α粒子的放射性电离辐射.这使得大气充满异常多的正负离子,这些异常多的正负离子可能会产生与晴天大气相反的极化电场并被仪器监测到.本文提出了利用这种晴天大气异常静电信号来评估灾害性大震事件发生的组网监测方法,以及确定潜在震中位置、震级大小和发震时段的技术思路.     

The measurement of electric fields in clouds

Summary The theory and practice of construction of field mills for static and slowly varying electric fields are discussed. A developed design for a differential field mill suitable for use inside thunderclouds is presented with methods for optimization of the device under usual conditions. This design has been tested both in clouds and in fair weather fields, comparing in the latter case with normal ground based electric field meters.     

On the connection between the atmospheric electric field measured at the surface and the ionospheric electric field in the Central Antarctica

Regular measurements of the atmospheric electric field made at Vostok Station (φ=78.45°S; λ=106.87°E, elevation 3500 m) in Antarctica demonstrate that extremely intense electric fields (1000–5000 V/m) can be observed during snow storms. Usually the measured value of the atmospheric electric field at Vostok is about 100–250 V/m during periods with “fair weather” conditions. Actual relation between near-surface electric fields and ionospheric electric fields remain to be a controversial problem. Some people claimed that these intense electric fields produced by snowstorms or appearing before strong earthquakes can re-distribute electric potential in the ionosphere at the heights up to 300 km. We investigated interrelation between the atmospheric and ionospheric electric fields by both experimental and theoretical methods. Our conclusion is that increased near-surface atmospheric electric fields do not contribute notably to distribution of ionospheric electric potential.     

不同发展阶段雷暴云中电荷的静电力散度分布及其动力作用

太阳活动与地球天气气候间关系的相关及其机理研究是当前日-地关系研究中的一个活跃领域。目前认为太阳活动影响天气最可能的途径之一是通过调制大气电状态来实现的。太阳活动可以影响大气电状态不仅已被大量观测结果的统计分析所证实,而且通过高空气球对气-地电流密度的实地观测表明,太阳耀斑暴发前后的气-地电流     

A modeling-based analysis of processes driving wave-dominated inlets

Among the different types of tidal inlets, wave-dominated inlets have been subjected to few quantitative studies, so that the physical processes controlling their dynamics are not fully understood. This study presents the application of a coastal area morphodynamic modeling system to a wave-dominated inlet (Óbidos Inlet, western coast of Portugal), in order to investigate the physical processes responsible for channel development during fair weather conditions and shoaling during periods of larger waves. The modeling system was able to reproduce reasonably well morphological changes at the Óbidos Inlet and subsequent tidal amplitude evolutions inside the lagoon over a period which includes 3 months of fair weather conditions, followed by 2 months representative of winter conditions. The inlet development during fair weather conditions was attributed to the strong ebb-dominance of the main channel without waves, enhanced by the combination of shallow channels and a meso-tidal range. The inlet infilling during the maritime winter was attributed to three main wave-induced mechanisms: (1) the onshore component of wave radiation stresse gradients, which is not fully compensated by the wave-induced setup in front of the inlet; (2) the acceleration and convergence of longshore transport toward the inlet, due to the presence of a strong lateral gradient in free surface elevation on both sides of the inlet, and, to a smaller extent, to wave refraction around the ebb-delta; and (3) the increase in mean water level inside the lagoon, which reduces tidal asymmetry and subsequent ebb-dominance.     

Growth of large-scale bed forms due to storm-driven and tidal currents: a model approach

An idealized morphodynamic model is used to gain further understanding about the formation and characteristics of shoreface-connected sand ridges and tidal sand banks on the continental shelf. The model consists of the 2D shallow water equations, supplemented with a sediment transport formulation and describes the initial feedback between currents and small amplitude bed forms. The behaviour of bed forms during both storm and fair weather conditions is analyzed. This is relevant in case of coastal seas characterized by tidal motion, where the latter causes continuous transport of sediment as bed load.The new aspects of this work are the incorporation of both steady and tidal currents (represented by an M₂ and M₄ component) in the external forcing, in combination with dominant suspended sediment transport during storms. The results indicate that the dynamics during storms and fair weather strongly differ, causing different types of bed forms to develop. Shoreface-connected sand ridges mainly form during storm conditions, whereas if fair weather conditions prevail the more offshore located tidal sand banks develop. Including the M₄ tide changes the properties of the bed forms, such as growth rates and migration speeds, due to tidal asymmetry. Finally a probabilistic formulation of the storm and fair weather realization of the model is used to find conditions for which both types of large-scale bed forms occur simultaneously. These conditions turn out to be a low storm fraction and the presence strong tidal currents in combination with strong steady currents during storms.     

大功率长偶极与环状电流源电磁波响应特征对比

为了在深部第二成矿带找矿,需要进一步提高电磁法可控源的强度,因此,一种新的大功率固定发射源的电磁法正在孕育之中.该方法采用长偶极源或者环状电流源,为了提高发射源的强度,偶极长度L或者环状源半径R需要非常大.然而,电磁场信号的强度不仅仅依赖于发射源,当L或者R为数十公里时,接收点的位置远离发射源,电离层对电磁场的影响不可以忽略.电离层的影响既可能是增强信号,也可能是削弱信号,这依赖于不同类型源产生的电磁波.本文利用三维积分方程法对包含电离层、空气层、固体地球层(简称地-电离层模型)的线状和环状大功率电流源电磁波响应进行了三维数值模拟,对两种源的电磁波的响应特征进行了对比研究.研究表明虽然磁性源的发射效率高于电性源,但是由于发射源在波导区产生的直达波经电离层的反射波要产生相长相消干涉,波导区的场特征既和发射源的特征有关,也和电离层有关.对比研究发现对于x方向的水平长偶极源电离层对电磁场 E_x 和 H_y 的影响是使场的幅值增强,即波导场的 E_x 和 H_y 的衰减是减缓的.而对于水平环状电流源,电离层对水平方向的电磁场的影响是使场的幅值减弱,即波导场的 E_x 和 H_y 的衰减是增大的.为此,认为采用大功率固定源在波导场工作时应该采用线状电流源.     

GPU-accelerated computing of three-dimensional solar wind background

High-performance computational models are required to make the real-time or faster than real-time numerical prediction of adverse space weather events and their influence on the geospace environment. The main objective in this article is to explore the application of programmable graphic processing units (GPUs) to the numerical space weather modeling for the study of solar wind background that is a crucial part in the numerical space weather modeling. GPU programming is realized for our Solar-Interplanetary-CESE MHD model (SIP-CESE MHD model) by numerically studying the solar corona/interplanetary solar wind. The global solar wind structures are obtained by the established GPU model with the magnetic field synoptic data as input. Meanwhile, the time-dependent solar surface boundary conditions derived from the method of characteristics and the mass flux limit are incorporated to couple the observation and the three-dimensional (3D) MHD model. The simulated evolution of the global structures for two Carrington rotations 2058 and 2062 is compared with solar observations and solar wind measurements from spacecraft near the Earth. The MHD model is also validated by comparison with the standard potential field source surface (PFSS) model. Comparisons show that the MHD results are in good overall agreement with coronal and interplanetary structures, including the size and distribution of coronal holes, the position and shape of the streamer belts, and the transition of the solar wind speeds and magnetic field polarities.     

The Carnegie Curve

The Earth’s fair weather atmospheric electric field shows, in clean air, an average daily variation which follows universal time, globally independent of the measurement position. This single diurnal cycle variation (maximum around 19UT and minimum around 03UT) is widely known as the Carnegie curve, after the geophysical survey vessel of the Carnegie Institution of Washington on which the original measurement campaigns demonstrating the universal time variation were undertaken. The Carnegie curve’s enduring importance is in providing a reference variation against which atmospheric electricity measurements are still compared; it is believed to originate from regular daily variations in atmospheric electrification associated with the different global disturbed weather regions. Details of the instrumentation, measurement principles and data obtained on the Carnegie’s seventh and final cruise are reviewed here, also deriving new harmonic coefficients allowing calculation of the Carnegie curve for different seasons. The additional harmonic analysis now identifies changes in the phasing of the maximum and minimum in the Carnegie curve, which shows a systematic seasonal variation, linked to the solstices and equinoxes, respectively.     

Influence of mechanical damage generated by small space debris on electrostatic discharge

Recent studies have indicated that hypervelocity impacts by meteoroids and space debris can induce spacecraft anomalies. However, the basic physical process through which space debris impacts cause anomalies is not entirely clear. Currently, impact-generated plasma is thought to be the primary cause of electrical spacecraft anomalies, while the effects of impact-generated mechanical damage have rarely been researched. This paper presents new evidence showing that impact-generated mechanical damage strongly influences electrostatic discharge. Hypervelocity impact experiments were conducted in a plasma drag particle accelerator, using particles with diameters of 200–500 ?m and velocities of 2–7 km/s. The impact-generated mechanical damage on a specimen surface was measured by a stereoscopic microscope and 3D Profilometer and it indicated that microscopic irregularities around the impact crater could be responsible for local electric field enhancement. Furthermore, the influence of impact-generated mechanical damage on electrostatic discharge was simulated in an inverted potential gradient situation. The experimental results show that the electrostatic discharge voltage threshold was significantly reduced after the specimen was impacted by particles.     

哨声谱与出口点的关系

一、引言 哨声波是一种在空间等离子体中传播的色散电磁波,一般以自然界中的闪电作为激励源。利用地面哨声资料可推算出赤道面内哨声路径顶点处的电子浓度N_(eq)和管电子含量N_T等电离层参数。要准确提取这些信息就需知道哨声传播的路径参数,即入口点和出口点位置。由于部分哨声透出电离层后,在地一电离层波导中传播了相当长的距离才被